Midterm 1 Chapters 6-7 Flashcards
True or false: Sensation occurs when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
True
Which of the following systems provides information about balance?
The vestibular sense
True or false: It is possible for us to receive messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness.
True
____________ refers to how our available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts influence our interpretations of sensations.
Top-down processing
What can affect perception?
Motivation and attention
Which of the following is often expressed in terms of hertz (Hz)?
Frequency
_________ refers to a sound’s purity, and it is affected by the complex interplay of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves.
Timbre
The _________ is the colored portion of the eye.
Iris
_________ are directly involved in our ability to perceive color.
Cones
Linear perspective is an example of a(n) __________.
Monocular cue
Which of the following refers to the light-sensitive lining of the eye?
Retina
__________ are involved in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field.
Rods
The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the _________.
Ossicles
True or false: Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli.
True
What system provides information about body position and movement?
Proprioception and kinesthesia
What changes depending on the stimulus intensity?
The just noticeable difference
__________ is a physical process, while _________ is a psychological process.
Sensation;
Perception
The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background is called __________.
Signal detection theory
In humans, which characteristic of light waves is associated with color?
Wavelength
Which of the following is the transparent covering over the eye?
Cornea
The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as __________.
Transduction
Which system provides information about pain?
Nociception
__________ refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
Perception
We often don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time. This is known as __________.
Sensory adaptation
The __________ of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough).
Amplitude
In humans, what characteristic of light waves is associated with brightness?
Amplitude
What part of the eye is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye?
Cornea
Which of the following portions of the eye contains densely packed specialized photoreceptor cells?
Fovea
True or false: The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
True
__________ refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head.
Interaural level difference
What refers to our sense of smell?
Olfaction
What provides information about temperature?
Thermoception
True or false: Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing
True
True or false: Attention does not affect sensation and perception.
False
__________ refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next.
Wavelength
The loudness of a given sound is closely associated with the __________ of the sound wave.
Amplitude
The __________ is the small opening in the eye through which light passes.
Pupil
True or false: The rods are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions
False
Humans can detect light on all points of the visual field.
False
_____________ is the idea that we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.
The principle of closure
____________ tends to involve unconscious processes, while _____________ tends to involve conscious processes.
Classical conditioning;
operant conditioning
In Pavlov’s experiments, his dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. He paired the meat powder with a bell and noticed that the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell, even when the meat powder was not present. In this example, the meat powder is the _____________.
Unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following refers to the ability to respond differently to various stimuli through learning?
Stimulus discrimination
__________ involves observing someone else feeling afraid and having an emotional reaction, then having a conditioned response from that reaction.
Vicarious conditioning
_____________ occurs when a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.
Positive reinforcement
True or false: Operant punishment is anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
True
What is most likely to lead to fear and elicit aggression?
Punishment
_____________ reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (e.g., after 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours).
Fixed interval
What refers to learning by watching and imitating the actions of another person and noting the consequences?
Modeling and observational learning
True or false: Everyone is born with the same level of amygdalar reactivity and sensitivity.
False
True or false: Classical conditioning is an involuntary response.
True
A parent brings her child to the doctor to get a shot. The next time that she brings her child to the doctor, the child begins to cry as soon as she walks in the room and sees the doctor. In the example, the child crying as soon as she walks in the room and sees the doctor is the _____________.
Conditioned response
True or false: In stimulus discrimination, the greater the similarity of the stimulus, the more able we are to discriminate between them.
False
_________ refers to when one learns to associate a second conditioned response to an already conditioned response.
Higher order conditioning and/or second order conditioning
True or false: Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a behavior.
True
In _____________, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Positive punishment
A child gets a lollipop after doing well on a spelling test. This is an example of __________.
Positive reinforcement
Every time that Michael raises his hand in class, he gets a piece of candy. This is an example of a(n) __________.
Fixed ratio schedule
__________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
Learning
True or false: A conditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.
False
In Watson’s Little Albert experiment, a small child played with a white rat without any fear. Watson then paired a loud and scary noise that made the child afraid in the presence of the rat. Watson then observed that the child became frightened of the rat. In this example, the rat is the _____________.
Conditioned stimulus
True or false: If the conditioned stimulus is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus, after a period of time, extinction will occur.
True
True or false: Certain associations are more easily made since they are meant to keep us safe.
True
True or false: In operant reinforcement, positive refers to adding something and negative refers to taking something away.
True
To get him to stop texting, a teacher scolds a student in front of the class. This is an example of _____________.
Positive punishment
A child gets their video game taken away after having a temper tantrum at a restaurant. This is an example of _____________.
Negative punishment
In a _____________ reinforcement schedule, a set number of correct responses leads to a reinforcement, while in a _____________ reinforcement schedule, a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.
Fixed ratio;
variable ratio
True or false: Latent learning is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
True
__________ is the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Acquisition
True or false: An unconditioned response is a response that naturally comes from a stimulus that is not learned.
True
What refers to the phenomenon when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus trigger a response?
Stimulus generalization
What refers to the re-emergence of extinguished learning?
Spontaneous recovery
Classical conditioning is a(n) _____________ response while operant conditioning is a(n) _____________ response.
Involuntary;
voluntary
Which of the following refers to taking something aversive away to make it more likely for a response to happen?
Negative reinforcement
A child spills his juice on the living room rug. In response, his mother spanks him so that he is less likely to spill his juice on the rug in the future. Here, the spanking is an example of _____________.
Positive punishment
A child gets yelled at after coloring with a crayon on the walls. This is an example of __________.
Positive punishment
Michael raises his hand in class and gets a piece of candy every 30 seconds if he responds correctly. This is an example of a(n) _____________ reinforcement schedule.
Fixed interval
A _____________ model demonstrates a behavior in person (e.g., a ballet instructor demonstrating a pirouette in front of their class.
Live
_____________ is the decrease and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
