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Intro to Psych > Midterm 1 Chapters 6-7 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Chapters 6-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false: Sensation occurs when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

A

True

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2
Q

Which of the following systems provides information about balance?

A

The vestibular sense

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3
Q

True or false: It is possible for us to receive messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness.

A

True

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4
Q

____________ refers to how our available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts influence our interpretations of sensations.

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

What can affect perception?

A

Motivation and attention

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6
Q

Which of the following is often expressed in terms of hertz (Hz)?

A

Frequency

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7
Q

_________ refers to a sound’s purity, and it is affected by the complex interplay of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves.

A

Timbre

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8
Q

The _________ is the colored portion of the eye.

A

Iris

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9
Q

_________ are directly involved in our ability to perceive color.

A

Cones

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10
Q

Linear perspective is an example of a(n) __________.

A

Monocular cue

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11
Q

Which of the following refers to the light-sensitive lining of the eye?

A

Retina

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12
Q

__________ are involved in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field.

A

Rods

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13
Q

The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the _________.

A

Ossicles

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14
Q

True or false: Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli.

A

True

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15
Q

What system provides information about body position and movement?

A

Proprioception and kinesthesia

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16
Q

What changes depending on the stimulus intensity?

A

The just noticeable difference

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17
Q

__________ is a physical process, while _________ is a psychological process.

A

Sensation;

Perception

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18
Q

The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background is called __________.

A

Signal detection theory

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19
Q

In humans, which characteristic of light waves is associated with color?

A

Wavelength

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20
Q

Which of the following is the transparent covering over the eye?

A

Cornea

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21
Q

The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as __________.

A

Transduction

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22
Q

Which system provides information about pain?

A

Nociception

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23
Q

__________ refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

A

Perception

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24
Q

We often don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time. This is known as __________.

A

Sensory adaptation

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25
Q

The __________ of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough).

A

Amplitude

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26
Q

In humans, what characteristic of light waves is associated with brightness?

A

Amplitude

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27
Q

What part of the eye is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye?

A

Cornea

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28
Q

Which of the following portions of the eye contains densely packed specialized photoreceptor cells?

A

Fovea

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29
Q

True or false: The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

A

True

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30
Q

__________ refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head.

A

Interaural level difference

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31
Q

What refers to our sense of smell?

A

Olfaction

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32
Q

What provides information about temperature?

A

Thermoception

33
Q

True or false: Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing

A

True

34
Q

True or false: Attention does not affect sensation and perception.

A

False

35
Q

__________ refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next.

A

Wavelength

36
Q

The loudness of a given sound is closely associated with the __________ of the sound wave.

A

Amplitude

37
Q

The __________ is the small opening in the eye through which light passes.

A

Pupil

38
Q

True or false: The rods are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions

A

False

39
Q

Humans can detect light on all points of the visual field.

A

False

40
Q

_____________ is the idea that we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.

A

The principle of closure

41
Q

____________ tends to involve unconscious processes, while _____________ tends to involve conscious processes.

A

Classical conditioning;

operant conditioning

42
Q

In Pavlov’s experiments, his dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. He paired the meat powder with a bell and noticed that the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell, even when the meat powder was not present. In this example, the meat powder is the _____________.

A

Unconditioned stimulus

43
Q

Which of the following refers to the ability to respond differently to various stimuli through learning?

A

Stimulus discrimination

44
Q

__________ involves observing someone else feeling afraid and having an emotional reaction, then having a conditioned response from that reaction.

A

Vicarious conditioning

45
Q

_____________ occurs when a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.

A

Positive reinforcement

46
Q

True or false: Operant punishment is anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

A

True

47
Q

What is most likely to lead to fear and elicit aggression?

A

Punishment

48
Q

_____________ reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (e.g., after 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours).

A

Fixed interval

49
Q

What refers to learning by watching and imitating the actions of another person and noting the consequences?

A

Modeling and observational learning

50
Q

True or false: Everyone is born with the same level of amygdalar reactivity and sensitivity.

A

False

51
Q

True or false: Classical conditioning is an involuntary response.

A

True

52
Q

A parent brings her child to the doctor to get a shot. The next time that she brings her child to the doctor, the child begins to cry as soon as she walks in the room and sees the doctor. In the example, the child crying as soon as she walks in the room and sees the doctor is the _____________.

A

Conditioned response

53
Q

True or false: In stimulus discrimination, the greater the similarity of the stimulus, the more able we are to discriminate between them.

A

False

54
Q

_________ refers to when one learns to associate a second conditioned response to an already conditioned response.

A

Higher order conditioning and/or second order conditioning

55
Q

True or false: Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a behavior.

A

True

56
Q

In _____________, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

A

Positive punishment

57
Q

A child gets a lollipop after doing well on a spelling test. This is an example of __________.

A

Positive reinforcement

58
Q

Every time that Michael raises his hand in class, he gets a piece of candy. This is an example of a(n) __________.

A

Fixed ratio schedule

59
Q

__________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

A

Learning

60
Q

True or false: A conditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

A

False

61
Q

In Watson’s Little Albert experiment, a small child played with a white rat without any fear. Watson then paired a loud and scary noise that made the child afraid in the presence of the rat. Watson then observed that the child became frightened of the rat. In this example, the rat is the _____________.

A

Conditioned stimulus

62
Q

True or false: If the conditioned stimulus is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus, after a period of time, extinction will occur.

A

True

63
Q

True or false: Certain associations are more easily made since they are meant to keep us safe.

A

True

64
Q

True or false: In operant reinforcement, positive refers to adding something and negative refers to taking something away.

A

True

65
Q

To get him to stop texting, a teacher scolds a student in front of the class. This is an example of _____________.

A

Positive punishment

66
Q

A child gets their video game taken away after having a temper tantrum at a restaurant. This is an example of _____________.

A

Negative punishment

67
Q

In a _____________ reinforcement schedule, a set number of correct responses leads to a reinforcement, while in a _____________ reinforcement schedule, a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.

A

Fixed ratio;

variable ratio

68
Q

True or false: Latent learning is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

A

True

69
Q

__________ is the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

A

Acquisition

70
Q

True or false: An unconditioned response is a response that naturally comes from a stimulus that is not learned.

A

True

71
Q

What refers to the phenomenon when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus trigger a response?

A

Stimulus generalization

72
Q

What refers to the re-emergence of extinguished learning?

A

Spontaneous recovery

73
Q

Classical conditioning is a(n) _____________ response while operant conditioning is a(n) _____________ response.

A

Involuntary;

voluntary

74
Q

Which of the following refers to taking something aversive away to make it more likely for a response to happen?

A

Negative reinforcement

75
Q

A child spills his juice on the living room rug. In response, his mother spanks him so that he is less likely to spill his juice on the rug in the future. Here, the spanking is an example of _____________.

A

Positive punishment

76
Q

A child gets yelled at after coloring with a crayon on the walls. This is an example of __________.

A

Positive punishment

77
Q

Michael raises his hand in class and gets a piece of candy every 30 seconds if he responds correctly. This is an example of a(n) _____________ reinforcement schedule.

A

Fixed interval

78
Q

A _____________ model demonstrates a behavior in person (e.g., a ballet instructor demonstrating a pirouette in front of their class.

A

Live

79
Q

_____________ is the decrease and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.

A

Extinction

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

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