Midterm 1 Chapters 4-5 Flashcards
Which of the following refers to the surface of the brain?
The cerebral cortex
Which of the following refers to a thick band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
The corpus callosum
Which of the following parts of the brain is essential for speech comprehension?
Wernicke’s area
The __________ is an essential brain structure for learning and memory.
The hippocampus
The __________ nervous system connects the brain to the body.
Peripheral
True or false: The sympathetic nervous system is part of the central nervous system.
False
The word for the front part of the brain is __________.
Anterior
Another term for the back/tail of the brain is __________.
Caudal
What area of the brain handles conscious thinking?
The cerebrum
True or false: The reticular formation is related to alertness and motor activity.
True
The pattern of folds or bumps on the surface of the brain are known as __________.
Gyri
The brain’s motor centers are located at the __________ of the head.
Front
Which of the following lobes of the brain is associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language?
Temporal lobe
Which of the following parts of the brain regulates a number of homeostatic processes, including the regulation of body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure?
Hypothalamus
The __________ nervous system involves “conscious” activity and the __________ nervous system involves “unconscious” activity.
Somatic;
Autonomic
True or false: The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the central nervous system.
False
The word for the back part of the brain is __________.
Posterior
__________ refers to the middle of the brain and __________ refers to the side of the brain.
Medial;
Lateral
Which of the following areas of the brain handles fine motor coordination?
The cerebellum
Which of the following is part of the brainstem?
The pons
The pattern of grooves on the surface of the brain are known as __________.
Sulci
The ___________ is the outer surface of the brain. It is associated with higher-level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.
Cerebral cortex
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
The __________ controls the automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Medulla
The __________ nervous system involves sensory and motor information and the __________ nervous system involves the internal organs.
Somatic;
Autonomic
True or false: The spinal cord is part of the peripheral nervous system.
False
Another term for the top of the brain is __________.
Dorsal
Which of the following slice orientations divides the brain into ventral and dorsal (top and bottom) sections?
Axial
Which of the following areas of the brain supports unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate?
The brain stem
Which part of the brainstem contains many functions of the autonomic nervous system?
Medulla
The _________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves or hemispheres.
Longitudinal fissure
Which of the following parts of the brain is essential for language production?
Broca’s area
The __________ is a sensory relay for the brain. All of our senses, with the exception of smell, travel through this before being directed to other areas of the brain for processing.
Thalamus
The __________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
Cerebellum
The __________ nervous system is calming, while the __________ nervous system is activating.
Parasympathetic;
Sympathetic
The word for the top part of the brain is __________.
Superior
Another term for the bottom/stomach part of the brain is __________.
Ventral
Which of the following slice orientations divides the brain into medial and lateral (side to side) sections.
Sagittal
True or false: Scientists generally believe that the innermost regions of the brain evolved before the outermost regions of the brain.
True
Which of the following refers to a map of the body represented on the cortex?
Homunculus
The nervous system is composed of these basic cell types?
Neurons and Glial cells
The nucleus of the neuron is located in the __________.
Soma
When a neuron is in the resting state, __________ is at higher concentrations outside the cell, so it will tend to move into the cell. __________, on the other hand, is more concentrated inside the cell, and will tend to move out of the cell.
Sodium;
Potassium
__________ block or impede the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor
Antagonists
What secretes sexual hormones?
Gonads
___________ is a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which are normally round, take on a crescent-like shape.
Sickle-cell anemia
_________ is a specific version of a gene.
An allele
True or false: A Punnett square is a tool used to predict how genes will interact in the production of offspring.
True
True or false: Neurons communicate electrochemically.
True
__________ provide the scaffolding the nervous system is built upon.
Glial cells
The soma of the neuron has branching extensions known as __________, which serve as sites where signals are received from other neurons.
Dendrites
What refers to the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?
Action potential
The __________ system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones.
Endocrine
A(n) __________involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person’s body or brain.
CT scan
True or false: The theory of evolution by natural selection states that organisms that are better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited to their environment will die off.
True
True or false: The egg and the sperm each contain 21 chromosomes.
False
A __________ trait is controlled by more than one gene.
Polygenic
Which of the following parts of the neuron receives incoming information from other neurons?
Dendrites
__________ signals travel through individual neurons while __________ signals travel between different neurons across synapses.
Electrical;
Chemical
__________ serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system.
Neurons
Which part of the neuron houses the neurotransmitters?
Synaptic vesicles
True or false: The action potential is an all-or-none phenomenon.
True
The __________ releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite.
Thyroid gland
In ________, a computer monitors the movement of a tracer (mildly radioactive substance) and creates a rough map of active and inactive areas of the brain during a given behavior.
Pet scan
__________ focus on universal patterns that evolved over millions of years, while __________ study how individual differences arise, in the present, through the interaction of genes and the environment.
Evolutionary psychologists;
Behavioral geneticists
True or false: A phenotype refers to the individual’s inherited physical characteristics, which are a combination of genetic and environmental influences.
True
Which of the following parts of the neuron carries information over a distance?
Axon
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder, involves a large-scale loss of the ___________ throughout the nervous system.
Myelin sheath
True or false: Glial cells outnumber neurons ten to one. They are traditionally thought to play a supportive role to neurons, both physically and metabolically.
True
The _______ is the fatty substance which coats the axon and acts as an insulator, increasing the speed at which the signal travels.
Myelin sheath
__________ medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance.
Psychotropic
The __________ sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Adrenal gland
___________ uses a magnetic field to show changes in brain activity over time by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels.
fMRI
The term _____________ refers to the idea that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate. According to this idea, our environment interacts with our genes to determine where in that range we will fall.
Range of reaction
When someone has two copies of the same allele, they are said to be __________ for that allele.
Homozygous
_____________ is the idea that our genes influence our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes. According to this perspective, not only do our genes and environment interact, but they also influence one another bidirectionally.
Genetic environmental correlation
Which of the following parts of the neuron passes information along to other neurons?
Terminals
True or false: During the resting potential, the charge inside of the neuron is slightly negative relative to the charge outside of the neuron.
True
