Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Psych > Midterm 1 Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

This Greek word means “soul” or “mind.”

A

Psyche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

________ is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally the same.

A

Monism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

__________ is a process employed by Wilhelm Wundt by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible.

A

Introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In __________ view, the unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness.

A

Sigmund Freud’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

__________ studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced an unconscious reflexive response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the same response to a different stimulus.

A

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

__________ used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy.

A

Carl Rogers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

__________ seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior.

A

Evolutionary psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

__________ psychologists conduct research on a wide variety of topics, including prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts.

A

Social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

__________ is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.

A

Clinical psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who of the following was a prominent figure in the cognitive revolution?

A

Noam Chomsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Psyche in psychology refers to the __________.

A

Soul and Mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: Monism is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally distinct.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__________ is the methodology developed by Wilhelm Wundt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind.

A

Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A major emphasis of __________ psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.

A

Gestalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__________ holds that all humans have an innate potential for good; this view asserts that human beings are inherently good.

A

Humanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false: Unconditional positive regard is the fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____________ explores how patterns of thoughts and behaviors make each individual unique.

A

Personality psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

__________ psychologists research how specific communities, social institutions, and society in general impact individuals and groups of individuals.

A

Community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

__________ are medical doctors and, unlike counselors, can prescribe medications for mental health problems.

A

Psychiatrists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The “ology” in psychology refers to the __________.

A

The scientific study of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: Before the 19th century, those who were interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following focuses on how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment?

A

Functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The word __________ roughly translates to “whole”.

A

Gestalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

__________ was an American psychologist best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.

A

Abraham Maslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

By the 1950s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging, and these areas revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry. This movement has come to be known as __________.

A

The cognitive revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Many __________ psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior.

A

Biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Businesses often seek the aid of __________ psychologists to make the best hiring decisions and create environments that boost employee productivity and efficiency.

A

I-O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__________ deals with questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system.

A

Forensic psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

___________ was one of the founders of functionalism, while ___________ was one of the founders of structuralism.

A

William James;

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Observational studies test __________ while experiments test __________.

A

Relational hypotheses;

casual hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or false: Psychology is a science.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which of the following refers to the extent to which a variable measures what it is supposed to measure?

A

Validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

True or false?
Theories propose an explanation for observed phenomena. Theories are repeatedly checked against the world. Researchers create hypotheses to test specific aspects of a theory.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____________ is a method of dividing participants such that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group in an experiment.

A

Random assignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

________ is a study in which the researcher knows which groups the participants are in, while the participants do not.

A

A single-blind study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or false: A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

True or false: A correlation coefficient is always a positive number from 0 to 1.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A(n) _________________ is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.

A

Independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

According to the lecture, the three “levels of analysis” are the biological mechanism level, the psychological level, and the _________ level.

A

Social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or false: The source of scientific knowledge is careful and systematic observation.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which of the following refers to whether or not a measure is related to the measures that it should (theoretically) be related to?

A

Convergent Validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which of the following refers to a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon?

A

Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

True or false: When conducting a field study, a researcher studies behavior in a naturalistic environment.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which of the following problems are present in all correlational studies?

A

The directionality problem & the third variable problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In the scientific community, __________ can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.

A

Facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

A(n) ________ is a substance or treatment that is designed to have no therapeutic effect, it is often used for control conditions in experiments.

A

Placebo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In a __________ correlation, the variables move in the same direction. In a __________ correlation, the variables move in opposite directions.

A

Positive;

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

True or false: A research study has good construct validity if the operational definition of a variable measures what it is supposed to measure.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which of the following levels of analysis refers to the identity, personality, memory, motivation, and consciousness?

A

Psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

True or false: A variable must always represent more than one value.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which of the following types of validity refers to whether the measure is unrelated to the wrong things?

A

Discriminate validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

True or false: A relational hypothesis tests whether two variables are correlated with one another.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The __________ method is a method of data collection in which researchers measure what people think or feel about a variable (usually in the form of questionnaires or interviews).

A

Self-report

54
Q

In a(n) __________ study , a researcher manipulates the presence or absence of variable(s) and measures response(s) to that manipulation.

A

Experimental

55
Q

In __________, one goes from the general to the specific. In __________, one goes from the specific to the general.

A

Deductive reasoning;

inductive reasoning

56
Q

__________ research involves gathering data repeatedly over an extended period of time.

A

Longitudinal

57
Q

A __________ is a third variable that is actually causing the systematic movement in variables of interest.

A

Confounding variable

58
Q

True or false: A negative correlation is the same as no correlation.

A

False

59
Q

__________ describe a dataset by identifying measures of central tendency and variability.

A

Descriptive statistics

60
Q

True or false: A confound is the same as the third-variable problem.

A

False

61
Q

The ___________ is the idea that significant findings get published and non-significant findings do not.

A

File-drawer problem

62
Q

Which of the following are measures of variability?

A

Range, variance, standard deviation

63
Q

The smaller the sample, the __________ the sampling error, while the larger the sample, the __________ the sampling error.

A

Larger;

Smaller

64
Q

Which of the following is not relevant in the calculation of an effect size?

A

Sample size

65
Q

True or false: A clinical or case study is a type of observational research study focusing on one or a few people.

A

True

66
Q

True or false: Clinical studies rely on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.

A

False

67
Q

True or false: When a researcher tests the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, they are conducting longitudinal research.

A

True

68
Q

True or false: Outliers can have a large effect on the mean of a dataset.

A

True

69
Q

True or false: A research study has good internal validity if the study produces a clear causal connection between the variables.

A

True

70
Q

True or false: The third variable problem is a common issue in observational research, while confounding variables are a common problem in experiments.

A

True

71
Q

____________ is a practice in which scientists submit their research analysis plan before they conduct a study.

A

Preregistration

72
Q

___________ is found by calculating the square root of the variance; it tells you the average variation around the mean.

A

Standard deviation

73
Q

___________ is found by calculating the square root of the variance; it tells you the average variation around the mean.

A

Null hypothesis

74
Q

A correlation coefficient is a number from ____________ that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

A

-1 to +1

75
Q

True or false: Archival research is typically an inexpensive option when compared to other research methods.

A

True

76
Q

The _______________ was an unethical study in which black men with syphilis were never informed of their disease and were not given treatments when they became available.

A

Tuskegee experiment

77
Q

True or false: An important aspect of peer-reviewed journal articles is that they are read by several other scientists (generally anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter.

A

True

78
Q

True or false: A research study has good external validity if the results generalize to other people, settings, and/or conditions.

A

True

79
Q

True or false: Before a paper is published in a scientific journal it is reviewed by peers (experts in the field) who help the editor determine if the paper is fit for publication.

A

True

80
Q

Measures of central tendency are __________ statistics.

A

Descriptive

81
Q

True or false: A standard deviation of zero means absolutely no variability exists in the sample.

A

True

82
Q

True or false: Internal review boards consider the costs and benefits of proposed research projects.

A

True

83
Q

A __________ is a subset of individuals selected from a __________, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in.

A

Sample;

Population

84
Q

__________ research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.

A

Longitudinal

85
Q

___________ is a method of dividing participants such that all participants have an equal chance of being placed in either group in an experiment.

A

Random assignment

86
Q

A(n) __________ form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research.

A

Informed consent

87
Q

True or false: Leaders with a more interdependent style have more committed, creative, and productive employees than leaders with a more independent style.

A

True

88
Q

True or false: Analytic thinkers tend to separate focal objects from their context, categorize using generic taxonomic rules, and avoid contradictions.

A

True

89
Q

True or false: Cultural experience can impact perception.

A

True

90
Q

The United States, Australia, Great Britain, The Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada are all ________ cultures—cultures in which people are taught to put themselves first, and where personal space and resources, privacy, and individual opinions are encouraged.

A

Individualistic

91
Q

True or false: Compared to students whose parents finished college (continuing-generation students), first-generation students earn lower grades.

A

True

92
Q

True or false: Culture is the ideas, institutions, and interactions that guide and reflect individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

A

True

93
Q

True or false: The culture cycle cannot be changed.

A

False

94
Q

True or false: A greater percentage of African American parents talk about race with their children in comparison to White parents.

A

True

95
Q

The __________ refers to the limits that women face in ascending to higher positions and the __________ refers to the limits that Asian Americans face in ascending to higher positions.

A

Glass ceiling;

Bamboo ceiling

96
Q

A study found that US students estimated that __ percent of students were smarter than them, while Japanese students estimated that __ percent of students were smarter than them.

A

30;

50

97
Q

A(n) __________ is an aspect of culture that represents how people in a society respond to basic problems in life, such as dealing with uncertainty or fitting into a hierarchy.

A

Cultural dimension

98
Q

True or false: Power distance is related to how cultures solve the problem of social inequality or the relationship between more and less powerful members of society.

A

True

99
Q

True or false: Compared to students whose parents finished college (continuing-generation students), first-generation students have a greater number of relationships with professors.

A

False

100
Q

True or false: Women earn fewer advanced degrees than men.

A

False

101
Q

Cultures that have _____________ scores on power distance try to minimize inequalities between individuals, while cultures that have _____________ scores on power distance are filled with hierarchies and rules of conduct for how the less powerful should treat the more powerful.

A

Low;

High

102
Q

True or false: For Westerners, who tend to value independence, “leading” means talking, being unique, and getting excited.

A

True

103
Q

Experiencing the self as stable across situations and across the lifespan is more associated with people and cultures with a(n) _________ view of self.

A

Independent

104
Q

True or false: Firms with more diverse executives have lower earnings, market value, return on assets, and sales.

A

False

105
Q

__________ cultures encourage individuals to think in terms of “we” instead of “I.”

A

Collectivistic

106
Q

Which cultural framework focuses on whether you prioritize fairness and care or loyalty, authority, and sanctity?

A

Moral foundations theory

107
Q

__________ tend to encourage unique, separate, in-control, independent individuals who are used to making choices.

A

Middle-class contexts

108
Q

More rock songs contain themes related to _____________, while more country songs contain themes related to _____________.

A

Independence;

interdependence

109
Q

_____________ is the process by which people adopt a new cultural system as they move from their country of birth to another country, while _____________ is the process by which people learn the culture they were born into.

A

Acculturation;

Enculturation

110
Q

Power distance, collectivism-individualism, femininty-masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance are _____________.

A

Cultural dimensions

111
Q

True or false: For East Asians, who tend to value interdependence, “leading” means talking, being unique, and getting excited.

A

False

112
Q

The _____________ strategy is when people who tend to use independence use more interdependence and when people who tend to use interdependence use more independence.

A

Meet in the middle

113
Q

__________ argued that mind and body are fundamentally distinct—a view referred to as dualism.

A

Rene Descartes

114
Q

_________ (1832–1920) was a German scientist and the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

115
Q

Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, _________ focuses on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.

A

Functionalism

116
Q

________ theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences. This perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades.

A

Psychoanalytic

117
Q

According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to __________, a process by which we achieve our full potential.

A

Self-actualization

118
Q

_________ is an area of psychology that focuses on understanding how people learn, measuring aptitude and achievement, and related topics.

A

Educational psychology

119
Q

__________ psychologists are interested in helping individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research.

A

Health

120
Q

True or false: Part of a forensic psychologist’s job often includes appearing as an expert witness in a criminal trial.

A

True

121
Q

True or false: Sigmund Freud gathered scientific evidence to support his claims.

A

False

122
Q

_____________ categorization is based on the similarity of items and is characteristic of analytic systems of thought.

A

Taxonomic

123
Q

_____________ is the idea that the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of bicultural (or multicultural) individuals are a unique combination of their cultural backgrounds.

A

Blending

124
Q

__________ focuses on how cultures solve the problem of social inequality or the relationship between more and less powerful members of society.

A

Power distance

125
Q

____________ tend to encourage similarity, connectedness, accommodation, interdependence, and the ability to cope with not getting what one chooses.

A

Working-class contexts

126
Q

True or false: The more education Americans have, the less they participate in formal religious organizations.

A

True

127
Q

_____________ tend to use their independent self, while _____________ tend to use interdependent self.

A

Men;

Women

128
Q

_____________ focuses on how cultures deal with problems of balancing the past, present, and future.

A

Long term orientation

129
Q

The saying “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” is more common in the __________.

A

West

130
Q

True or false: Low self-consistency, or experiencing the self as somewhat fluid across situations, is more associated with people and cultures with an interdependent view of self.

A

True

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions