Midterm 1 Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
This Greek word means “soul” or “mind.”
Psyche
________ is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally the same.
Monism
__________ is a process employed by Wilhelm Wundt by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible.
Introspection
In __________ view, the unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness.
Sigmund Freud’s
__________ studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced an unconscious reflexive response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the same response to a different stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov
__________ used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy.
Carl Rogers
__________ seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior.
Evolutionary psychology
__________ psychologists conduct research on a wide variety of topics, including prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts.
Social
__________ is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.
Clinical psychology
Who of the following was a prominent figure in the cognitive revolution?
Noam Chomsky
The Psyche in psychology refers to the __________.
Soul and Mind
True or false: Monism is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally distinct.
False
__________ is the methodology developed by Wilhelm Wundt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind.
Structuralism
A major emphasis of __________ psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
Gestalt
__________ holds that all humans have an innate potential for good; this view asserts that human beings are inherently good.
Humanism
True or false: Unconditional positive regard is the fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do.
True
____________ explores how patterns of thoughts and behaviors make each individual unique.
Personality psychology
__________ psychologists research how specific communities, social institutions, and society in general impact individuals and groups of individuals.
Community
__________ are medical doctors and, unlike counselors, can prescribe medications for mental health problems.
Psychiatrists
The “ology” in psychology refers to the __________.
The scientific study of
True or false: Before the 19th century, those who were interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context.
True
Which of the following focuses on how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment?
Functionalism
The word __________ roughly translates to “whole”.
Gestalt
__________ was an American psychologist best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
Abraham Maslow
By the 1950s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging, and these areas revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry. This movement has come to be known as __________.
The cognitive revolution
Many __________ psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior.
Biological
Businesses often seek the aid of __________ psychologists to make the best hiring decisions and create environments that boost employee productivity and efficiency.
I-O
__________ deals with questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system.
Forensic psychology
___________ was one of the founders of functionalism, while ___________ was one of the founders of structuralism.
William James;
Wilhelm Wundt
Observational studies test __________ while experiments test __________.
Relational hypotheses;
casual hypotheses
True or false: Psychology is a science.
True
Which of the following refers to the extent to which a variable measures what it is supposed to measure?
Validity
True or false?
Theories propose an explanation for observed phenomena. Theories are repeatedly checked against the world. Researchers create hypotheses to test specific aspects of a theory.
True
____________ is a method of dividing participants such that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group in an experiment.
Random assignment
________ is a study in which the researcher knows which groups the participants are in, while the participants do not.
A single-blind study
True or false: A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable.
True
True or false: A correlation coefficient is always a positive number from 0 to 1.
False
A(n) _________________ is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
Independent variable
According to the lecture, the three “levels of analysis” are the biological mechanism level, the psychological level, and the _________ level.
Social
True or false: The source of scientific knowledge is careful and systematic observation.
True
Which of the following refers to whether or not a measure is related to the measures that it should (theoretically) be related to?
Convergent Validity
Which of the following refers to a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon?
Hypothesis
True or false: When conducting a field study, a researcher studies behavior in a naturalistic environment.
True
Which of the following problems are present in all correlational studies?
The directionality problem & the third variable problem
In the scientific community, __________ can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
Facts
A(n) ________ is a substance or treatment that is designed to have no therapeutic effect, it is often used for control conditions in experiments.
Placebo
In a __________ correlation, the variables move in the same direction. In a __________ correlation, the variables move in opposite directions.
Positive;
Negative
True or false: A research study has good construct validity if the operational definition of a variable measures what it is supposed to measure.
True
Which of the following levels of analysis refers to the identity, personality, memory, motivation, and consciousness?
Psychological
True or false: A variable must always represent more than one value.
True
Which of the following types of validity refers to whether the measure is unrelated to the wrong things?
Discriminate validity
True or false: A relational hypothesis tests whether two variables are correlated with one another.
True
The __________ method is a method of data collection in which researchers measure what people think or feel about a variable (usually in the form of questionnaires or interviews).
Self-report
In a(n) __________ study , a researcher manipulates the presence or absence of variable(s) and measures response(s) to that manipulation.
Experimental
In __________, one goes from the general to the specific. In __________, one goes from the specific to the general.
Deductive reasoning;
inductive reasoning
__________ research involves gathering data repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Longitudinal
A __________ is a third variable that is actually causing the systematic movement in variables of interest.
Confounding variable
True or false: A negative correlation is the same as no correlation.
False
__________ describe a dataset by identifying measures of central tendency and variability.
Descriptive statistics
True or false: A confound is the same as the third-variable problem.
False
The ___________ is the idea that significant findings get published and non-significant findings do not.
File-drawer problem
Which of the following are measures of variability?
Range, variance, standard deviation
The smaller the sample, the __________ the sampling error, while the larger the sample, the __________ the sampling error.
Larger;
Smaller
Which of the following is not relevant in the calculation of an effect size?
Sample size
True or false: A clinical or case study is a type of observational research study focusing on one or a few people.
True
True or false: Clinical studies rely on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.
False
True or false: When a researcher tests the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, they are conducting longitudinal research.
True
True or false: Outliers can have a large effect on the mean of a dataset.
True
True or false: A research study has good internal validity if the study produces a clear causal connection between the variables.
True
True or false: The third variable problem is a common issue in observational research, while confounding variables are a common problem in experiments.
True
____________ is a practice in which scientists submit their research analysis plan before they conduct a study.
Preregistration
___________ is found by calculating the square root of the variance; it tells you the average variation around the mean.
Standard deviation
___________ is found by calculating the square root of the variance; it tells you the average variation around the mean.
Null hypothesis
A correlation coefficient is a number from ____________ that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.
-1 to +1
True or false: Archival research is typically an inexpensive option when compared to other research methods.
True
The _______________ was an unethical study in which black men with syphilis were never informed of their disease and were not given treatments when they became available.
Tuskegee experiment
True or false: An important aspect of peer-reviewed journal articles is that they are read by several other scientists (generally anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter.
True
True or false: A research study has good external validity if the results generalize to other people, settings, and/or conditions.
True
True or false: Before a paper is published in a scientific journal it is reviewed by peers (experts in the field) who help the editor determine if the paper is fit for publication.
True
Measures of central tendency are __________ statistics.
Descriptive
True or false: A standard deviation of zero means absolutely no variability exists in the sample.
True
True or false: Internal review boards consider the costs and benefits of proposed research projects.
True
A __________ is a subset of individuals selected from a __________, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in.
Sample;
Population
__________ research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Longitudinal
___________ is a method of dividing participants such that all participants have an equal chance of being placed in either group in an experiment.
Random assignment
A(n) __________ form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research.
Informed consent
True or false: Leaders with a more interdependent style have more committed, creative, and productive employees than leaders with a more independent style.
True
True or false: Analytic thinkers tend to separate focal objects from their context, categorize using generic taxonomic rules, and avoid contradictions.
True
True or false: Cultural experience can impact perception.
True
The United States, Australia, Great Britain, The Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada are all ________ cultures—cultures in which people are taught to put themselves first, and where personal space and resources, privacy, and individual opinions are encouraged.
Individualistic
True or false: Compared to students whose parents finished college (continuing-generation students), first-generation students earn lower grades.
True
True or false: Culture is the ideas, institutions, and interactions that guide and reflect individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.
True
True or false: The culture cycle cannot be changed.
False
True or false: A greater percentage of African American parents talk about race with their children in comparison to White parents.
True
The __________ refers to the limits that women face in ascending to higher positions and the __________ refers to the limits that Asian Americans face in ascending to higher positions.
Glass ceiling;
Bamboo ceiling
A study found that US students estimated that __ percent of students were smarter than them, while Japanese students estimated that __ percent of students were smarter than them.
30;
50
A(n) __________ is an aspect of culture that represents how people in a society respond to basic problems in life, such as dealing with uncertainty or fitting into a hierarchy.
Cultural dimension
True or false: Power distance is related to how cultures solve the problem of social inequality or the relationship between more and less powerful members of society.
True
True or false: Compared to students whose parents finished college (continuing-generation students), first-generation students have a greater number of relationships with professors.
False
True or false: Women earn fewer advanced degrees than men.
False
Cultures that have _____________ scores on power distance try to minimize inequalities between individuals, while cultures that have _____________ scores on power distance are filled with hierarchies and rules of conduct for how the less powerful should treat the more powerful.
Low;
High
True or false: For Westerners, who tend to value independence, “leading” means talking, being unique, and getting excited.
True
Experiencing the self as stable across situations and across the lifespan is more associated with people and cultures with a(n) _________ view of self.
Independent
True or false: Firms with more diverse executives have lower earnings, market value, return on assets, and sales.
False
__________ cultures encourage individuals to think in terms of “we” instead of “I.”
Collectivistic
Which cultural framework focuses on whether you prioritize fairness and care or loyalty, authority, and sanctity?
Moral foundations theory
__________ tend to encourage unique, separate, in-control, independent individuals who are used to making choices.
Middle-class contexts
More rock songs contain themes related to _____________, while more country songs contain themes related to _____________.
Independence;
interdependence
_____________ is the process by which people adopt a new cultural system as they move from their country of birth to another country, while _____________ is the process by which people learn the culture they were born into.
Acculturation;
Enculturation
Power distance, collectivism-individualism, femininty-masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance are _____________.
Cultural dimensions
True or false: For East Asians, who tend to value interdependence, “leading” means talking, being unique, and getting excited.
False
The _____________ strategy is when people who tend to use independence use more interdependence and when people who tend to use interdependence use more independence.
Meet in the middle
__________ argued that mind and body are fundamentally distinct—a view referred to as dualism.
Rene Descartes
_________ (1832–1920) was a German scientist and the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.
Wilhelm Wundt
Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, _________ focuses on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.
Functionalism
________ theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences. This perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades.
Psychoanalytic
According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to __________, a process by which we achieve our full potential.
Self-actualization
_________ is an area of psychology that focuses on understanding how people learn, measuring aptitude and achievement, and related topics.
Educational psychology
__________ psychologists are interested in helping individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research.
Health
True or false: Part of a forensic psychologist’s job often includes appearing as an expert witness in a criminal trial.
True
True or false: Sigmund Freud gathered scientific evidence to support his claims.
False
_____________ categorization is based on the similarity of items and is characteristic of analytic systems of thought.
Taxonomic
_____________ is the idea that the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of bicultural (or multicultural) individuals are a unique combination of their cultural backgrounds.
Blending
__________ focuses on how cultures solve the problem of social inequality or the relationship between more and less powerful members of society.
Power distance
____________ tend to encourage similarity, connectedness, accommodation, interdependence, and the ability to cope with not getting what one chooses.
Working-class contexts
True or false: The more education Americans have, the less they participate in formal religious organizations.
True
_____________ tend to use their independent self, while _____________ tend to use interdependent self.
Men;
Women
_____________ focuses on how cultures deal with problems of balancing the past, present, and future.
Long term orientation
The saying “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” is more common in the __________.
West
True or false: Low self-consistency, or experiencing the self as somewhat fluid across situations, is more associated with people and cultures with an interdependent view of self.
True
