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GEOG 1280 > Midterm 1 (chapters 1-3) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (chapters 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

Geography

A

The study of spatial variation. How and why things differ from place to place on the surface of the earth. Is concerned with the study of how observable spatial patterns of things evolve through time

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2
Q

Earth Space

A

The surface area occupied by, or available to be occupied by humans

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3
Q

Regional Geography

A

The study of characteristics of specific areal settings which are termed geographic regions. Is concerned with differences between regions (areal differentiation)

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4
Q

Systematic Geography

A

Involves the spatial analysis of specific classes of things on the earths surface

2 major subdivisions:
Physical and human

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5
Q

Physical Geography

A

Concerned with the natural environmental side of the human-environment structure. Directs attention to geographical distributions of landforms, climate, soils, vegetation

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6
Q

Human Geography

A

The human side of human environment structure. Particular emphasis is placed upon the spatial analysis of human populations

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7
Q

Staples Theory

A

Suggests that the essence of the Canadian economy and culture is influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of unprocessed raw materials such as fish, fur, timber, fossil fuels, etc.

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8
Q

Absolute Space/Location

A

The identification of a place using a system of coordinates - global grid of latitude and longitude

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9
Q

Relative Space/Location

A

Position of a place in relation to other places

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10
Q

Site

A

Concerned with the characteristics of the relative location of a place. Tells you about internal features of “that” place

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11
Q

Absolute Direction

A

Based on the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west

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12
Q

Relative Direction

A

Subjectively expressed. Culturally based and locationally variable

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13
Q

Absolute Distance

A

Spatial separation between 2 points on the earth’s surface measured by some accepted standard unit (kilometers or miles)

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14
Q

Relative Distance

A

Transformation of physical distance measurements into some other relevant unit (travel time between other places)

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15
Q

General Definition: Scale

A

The size of the area studied from local to global

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16
Q

Cartographic Definition: Scale

A

In cartography, scale is the ration between the size of the area on the map and the size of the same area on the earth’s surface

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17
Q

Natural landscapes

A

Physical environment unaffected by human activities

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18
Q

Cultural Landscapes

A

Natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a cultural group or society

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19
Q

Spatial Interaction, Accessibility and Connectivity

A

Involves the movement of goods, people, and information between places,.

Depends on:

Accessibility - the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations

Connectivity - The directness of routes linking pairs of places. An areal pattern of such linkages which is known as a network

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20
Q

Spatial Distribution

Density
Dispersion
Pattern

A

The arrangement of things on the earth’s surface s

Density - Quantity of anything per unit

Dispersion - Amount of spread of things over and area or around a central location

Pattern - Design or arrangement of things in earth’s space

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21
Q

Region

A

Earth area with distinctive and unifying physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish it from other areas

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22
Q

Regional Concept

A

View that physical and cultural earth features are rationally arranged by complex yet interrelated processes

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23
Q

Formal (Uniform) Regions

A

Non-overlapping areas of essential uniformity in one or a limited combination of physical or cultural features

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24
Q

Function (Nodal) Regions

A

Spatial systems defined by interactions and connections that provide an organizational basis (functional regions based on linkages between banks)

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25
Q

Perceptual Regions, and Vernacular Region

A

Perceived to exist by their inhabitants (or outsiders)

Vernacular - Region perceived by a group of people. Reflecting regional consensus and group awareness

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26
Q

Maps

A

Tools to identify places and regions and to analyze their content

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27
Q

Mental Maps

A

Map-like images of places that people carry in their minds (used as basis for travel decisions of people)

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28
Q

Map Projection

A

Systematic method of transferring the globe grid system from the earth’s curved surface to the flat surface of a map

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29
Q

Map Scale

A

Relationship between the size or length of a feature on the map and the same item on the earth’s surface

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30
Q

Representative Fraction

A

Measure of cartographic scale. Expressed as the ratio of a unit of distance on the map to the actual distance measured on the ground

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31
Q

Globe Grid

A

Set of imaginary lines of latitude and longitude that intersect at right angles to form a coordinate reference system for locating points on the surface of the earth

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32
Q

Latitude

A

Angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds

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33
Q

Longitude

A

North-South line known as a meridian

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34
Q

Topographic Maps

A

Provide detailed information about both physical features (forests, cover, drainage - lakes and rivers, etc.) and human features (highways, built-up areas, administrative areas)

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35
Q

Thematic Maps

A

Presents a specific spatial distribution or a single category of data

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36
Q

Qualitative Maps

A

Show the spatial distribution of information of a particular class of features (distribution of Canadian national parks)

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37
Q

Quantitative Maps

A

Show spatial characteristics of numerical data relation to a specific variable (measures of population density)

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38
Q

Mental Maps

A

Images about an area or environment developed by and individual on the basis of information or impressions received, interpreted or sorted

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39
Q

Remote Sensing

A

Detects the nature of an object and the content of an area from a distance. Includes variety of techniques such as aerial photography or use of satellite sensors

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40
Q

Geographic information system (GIS)

A

An integrated software package for handling, processing and analyzing geographical data

Vector Approach - reminiscent of object conceptualization, the precise location of each object in a distribution described

Raster Approach - The study is divided into a set of small square cells, with the content of each cell described or quantified

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41
Q

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

A

Determine exact geographical locations from satellite data that includes time information.

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42
Q

Model

A

Idealized representation of reality which demonstrates certain of its properties

Map being an example of a model

43
Q

Spatial System

A

Arrangement and integrated operation of things

44
Q

Spatial Interaction

A

Movement of goods, people, and ideas within and between regions

45
Q

Globalization

A

Describes the increasing level of spatial flows, interconnections, and interdependence of people and places at a world scale

46
Q

Ullman’s Model

A

Edward Ullman which identifies 3 main factors that influence spatial interaction involving goods

Regional Complementarity
Intervening Opportunity
Transferability

47
Q

Distance Decay

A

Declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

48
Q

Friction of Distance

A

Retarding effect of distance upon spatial interaction

49
Q

Gravity Model

A

Model of spatial interaction developed by Henry C. Care, in 1850s

50
Q

Movement Bias, Distance Bias, Direction Bias, Network Bias

A

Any aggregate spatial control on the movement of people, commodities, or communication

Distance Bias - Favors short movements over long movements

Direction Bias - Where actual flows are mainly limited to only one, or a few directions

Network Bias - Occurs because the presence or absence of connecting channels strongly affects the likelihood that spatial interaction will occur

51
Q

Daily Travel - Activity Patterns

A

Involve mainly short-distance repetitive journeys such as trips to stores, workplaces etc

52
Q

Intercontinental Migrations

A

Involve movements between continents

53
Q

Intercontinental Migrations

A

Involve movements between countries but within the same continent

54
Q

Interregional Migrations

A

Involve movements between regions within the same nation

55
Q

Localized Residential Shifts

A

Mainly within metropolitan areas (in Western countries)

56
Q

Forced Migrations

A

Relocation decision is made by people other than the migrants themselves

The forcible expulsion of 2 million foreign workers from Nigeria in 1983

57
Q

Reluctant Migrations

A

Are less than fully voluntary migrations

E.G. The migrations of refugees from wars or political oppression

58
Q

Voluntary Migrations

A

Fully volitional moves. They represent individual responses to factors influencing migration decisions

59
Q

Push Factors

A

Unfavourable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and encourage their emigration

60
Q

Place Utility

A

Measure of an individual’s perceived satisfaction or approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes

61
Q

Step Migration

A

Where an eventual long-distance migration is undertaken in stages

E.G. Move from farm village to small town, to city

62
Q

Chain Migration

A

The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers

63
Q

Counter (Return) Migrations

A

The return of migrants to regions from which they earlier emigrated

64
Q

Migration Fields (2 types)

A
  1. The area which includes the destinations of the majority of out-migrants from a given center
  2. The area from which a given center draws the majority of its in-migrants
65
Q

Channelized Migration

A

Tendency for migrations between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, or trade connections or by some other affinity

66
Q

Intervening Opportunities

A

Migrations may be discouraged by barriers (cost factors) or deflected by intervening opportunities

67
Q

4 key concepts concerning daily travel-activity patterns

A
  1. Territoriality
  2. Personal Space
  3. Activity Space
68
Q

Territoriality

A

(Daily Travel Activity patterns)

Involves individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered an exclusive domain (the home territory)

69
Q

Personal Space

A

(Daily Travel activity pattern)

Invisible and usually irregular area around a person into which they do not willingly admit others. Zone of privacy and separation from other people

70
Q

Activity Space

A

(Daily travel activity pattern)

The area within which a person moves freely on his/her rounds of regular activity

71
Q

Awareness Space

A

Includes locations or spaces about which an individual has knowledge even without vising all of them

72
Q

Space-Term Prism

A

Describes the volume of space and length of time within which our activities must be confined

73
Q

Information Flows, and 2 types

A

Form of spatial interaction which ultimately influence human spatial behaviour

  1. Individual (person to person) exchanges
  2. Mass (source to area) communication
74
Q

Formal Exchanges

A

Involve the use of interposed channels to convey messages

75
Q

Informal Exchanges

A

Require no such institutionalized message carriers

76
Q

Personal Communication Field

A

Based on informal exchanges. Comprised of relevant information sources withing activity space

77
Q

Mass Communication

A

Formal structured transmission of information

78
Q

Place Perception

A

Concept that helps us gain a fuller understanding of the nature of human spatial behaviour. The basis of decisions people make about their actions in space.

79
Q

Geographers

A

Focus on interaction of people and social groups with their environment and with each-other. Seek to understand how and why physical and cultural spatial patterns evolved through time and continue to change

80
Q

Areal Differentiation

A

One place is different than another

81
Q

3 Scholarly traditions of Geographic thought

A
  1. Literary tradition - travel logs written about foreign places
  2. Cartographic tradition - places were mapped
  3. Mathematical Tradition - Involved measuring and calculating spatial and non-spatial information about places
82
Q

Areal Variation

A

Physical and human phenomena on the surface of the earth

83
Q

Geographic Features

A

Mountains, Rivers, Forests, oceans and atmospheric fronts. Cultural feature: Building, roads, cornfields, cities, and countries

Zero Dimensional - Water, well, mountain peak

One Dimensional - Curved or straight lines (river or highway)

Two Dimensional - Areas or polygons like forests or neighbourhoods

Three Dimensional - Oil deposit and a cloud

84
Q

Objects

A

Discrete entities that we think of as having sharp boundaries and being separated by space that may be conceived of as empty. Mountain peaks or roads

85
Q

Fields

A

Continuously varying surfaces on the earth that we think of as completely covering the space of the landscape that they occupy without overlapping other fields

86
Q

Situation

A

External relations of locale

87
Q

Absolute Distance

A

Physical separation between 2 points on the Earth’s surface measured by some accepted standard unit such as miles or kilometers for widely separated locales, feet or meters for more closely spaced points

88
Q

Generalization

A

Averaging over details, so that a large-scale unit of study generalized more than a small-scale unit of study

89
Q

Natural Landscape Attributes

A

Physical characteristics referring to natural aspects of a locale as its climate and soil, presence or absence of water supplies and mineral resources, its terrain features and the like

90
Q

Connectivity

A

Concept implying all the tangible and intangible ways in which places are linked: by physical telephone lines, street and road systems, pipelines and sewers, etc…..

91
Q

Spatial Diffusion

A

Processes of dispersion of an idea or item from a center of origin to more distant points with which it is directly or indirectly connected

92
Q

Globalization

A

Implies the increasing interconnection of peoples and societies in all parts of the world as the full range of social, cultural, and political, economic, and environmental processes becomes international in scale and effect

93
Q

Spatial Association

A

2 distributions of features often spatially correspond with each other

94
Q

Administrative Region

A

Created law, treaty, or regulation

95
Q

Thematic Regions

A

Based on one or more objectively measurable themes or properties

96
Q

Graticule

A

Identifies 2 dimensions of Earth-Surface location with lines running horizontally, in the direction of the equator, and lines running vertically, from pole to pole

97
Q

Cartography

A

Art and science of maps and map-making

98
Q

Graduated Circle Maps

A

Use circles of different size to show the magnitude of variable of interest in different places

99
Q

Dot Maps

A

Single or specified number occurrences of them item studied is recorded by a single dot

100
Q

Isoline Map

A

Features lines that connect points registering equal values of the item mapped

101
Q

Isotherms

A

Shown on daily weather maps connect points recording the same temperature as the same amount of time or the same average temperature during the day

102
Q

Contour Line

A

Identical elevations above sea level may be shown by a form of isoline

103
Q

Choropleth map

A

Presents average value of the data studies per pre-existing areal unit

104
Q

Satistical Map

A

Records the actual numbers or occurrences of the mapped item per established unit area or location

GEOG 1280 (7 decks)

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