MIDTERM 1 CHAPTER 7

Question 1

The first and simplest technique used to remove or destroy tissue

Answer 1

Ablation

Question 2

What is the problem encountered when using electrolytic lesions?

Answer 2

Neurons of targeted tissue are killed and the nerve fibres too

Question 3

How is the problem with using electrolytic lesions solved?

Answer 3

By using neurotoxic lesion (selective toxin is injected to kill only neurons or a certain type of neuron)

Question 4

Neurosurgical technique where electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to produce or facilitate behaviour;
An approved technique for OCD

Answer 4

Deep-brain stimulation (DBS)

Question 5

Procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed oner the skull to stimulate the underlying brain; used to either induce behaviour or to disrupt ongoing behaviour

Answer 5

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 6

Transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue

Answer 6

Optogenetics

Question 7

Transgenic technique that combines genetics and synthetic drugs to activate targeted cell in living tissue

Answer 7

Chemogenetics

Question 8

Recording graded potentials by placing electrodes in the scalp

Answer 8

EEG

Question 9

Graded potentials recorded with the electrodes placed directly on the brain surface

Answer 9

Electrocorticography

Question 10

Regular wave pattern in an EEG, found in most people when they are relaxed and have their eyes closed

Answer 10

Alpha rhythm

Question 11

Complex electroencephalographic waveforms related in time to a specific sensory event which are not easily detected

Answer 11

Event-related potential (ERP)

Question 12

Magnetic potentials recorded from detectors placed outside of the skull

Answer 12

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

Question 13

X-ray technique that produces a static 3D image of the brain in cross section

Answer 13

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Question 14

Technique that produces a static #D brain image by passing a strong magnetic field through the brain, followed by a radio wave, then measuring a radio frequency signal emitted from hydrogen atoms

Answer 14

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 15

Magnetic resonance imaging method that can image fibre pathways in the brain by detecting the directional movements of water molecules

Answer 15

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 16

Magnetic resonance imaging method that uses the hydrogen proton signal to determine the concentration of brain metabolites; useful for detecting persisting abnormalities in brain metabolism

Answer 16

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Question 17

Magnetic resonance imaging in which changes in elements such as Fe or O2 are measured during the performance of a specific behaviour; used to measure cerebral blood flow during behaviour or resting

Answer 17

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 18

Ma functional imaging technique that operates on the principle that an object can be reconstructed by gathering light transmitted through it

Answer 18

Optical tomography

Question 19

Advantage of fNIRS

Answer 19

Relatively easy to hook subjects up repeatedly and record from them for short periods (from infancy to senescence)

Question 20

Imaging technique that detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose; used to analyze the metabolic activity of neurons

Answer 20

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 21

Advantages of PET scan

Answer 21

1) can detect decay of literally hundreds of radiochemicals, which allow the mapping of wide range of brain changes and conditions
2) can detect relative amounts of a given neurotransmitter, density of NT receptor and metabolic activities associated with learning, brain poisoning, and degenerative process linked to aging

Question 22

Technique used to determine the chemical constituents of extracellular fluid in freely moving animals

Answer 22

Microdialysis

Question 23

Technique used to identify the concentration of specific chemicals in the brain as animals behave freely

Answer 23

Cerebral voltammetry