MIDTERM 1 CHAPTER 7 Flashcards
The first and simplest technique used to remove or destroy tissue
Ablation
What is the problem encountered when using electrolytic lesions?
Neurons of targeted tissue are killed and the nerve fibres too
How is the problem with using electrolytic lesions solved?
By using neurotoxic lesion (selective toxin is injected to kill only neurons or a certain type of neuron)
Neurosurgical technique where electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to produce or facilitate behaviour;
An approved technique for OCD
Deep-brain stimulation (DBS)
Procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed oner the skull to stimulate the underlying brain; used to either induce behaviour or to disrupt ongoing behaviour
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue
Optogenetics
Transgenic technique that combines genetics and synthetic drugs to activate targeted cell in living tissue
Chemogenetics
Recording graded potentials by placing electrodes in the scalp
EEG
Graded potentials recorded with the electrodes placed directly on the brain surface
Electrocorticography
Regular wave pattern in an EEG, found in most people when they are relaxed and have their eyes closed
Alpha rhythm
Complex electroencephalographic waveforms related in time to a specific sensory event which are not easily detected
Event-related potential (ERP)
Magnetic potentials recorded from detectors placed outside of the skull
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
X-ray technique that produces a static 3D image of the brain in cross section
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Technique that produces a static #D brain image by passing a strong magnetic field through the brain, followed by a radio wave, then measuring a radio frequency signal emitted from hydrogen atoms
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging method that can image fibre pathways in the brain by detecting the directional movements of water molecules
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Magnetic resonance imaging method that uses the hydrogen proton signal to determine the concentration of brain metabolites; useful for detecting persisting abnormalities in brain metabolism
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Magnetic resonance imaging in which changes in elements such as Fe or O2 are measured during the performance of a specific behaviour; used to measure cerebral blood flow during behaviour or resting
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Ma functional imaging technique that operates on the principle that an object can be reconstructed by gathering light transmitted through it
Optical tomography
Advantage of fNIRS
Relatively easy to hook subjects up repeatedly and record from them for short periods (from infancy to senescence)
Imaging technique that detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose; used to analyze the metabolic activity of neurons
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Advantages of PET scan
1) can detect decay of literally hundreds of radiochemicals, which allow the mapping of wide range of brain changes and conditions
2) can detect relative amounts of a given neurotransmitter, density of NT receptor and metabolic activities associated with learning, brain poisoning, and degenerative process linked to aging
Technique used to determine the chemical constituents of extracellular fluid in freely moving animals
Microdialysis
Technique used to identify the concentration of specific chemicals in the brain as animals behave freely
Cerebral voltammetry
