MIDTERM 1

Question 1

Includes all the spinal and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS from the muscles, joints, and skins. Also transmits outgoing motor instructions that produce movement.

Answer 1

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Question 2

Balances the body’s internal organs by producing the rest-and-digest response through the parasympathetic nerves or the fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nerves

Answer 2

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Question 3

Mesh of neurons embedded in the linings of the gut, running from the esophagus through the colons; controls the gut

Answer 3

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Question 4

Conducting towards a CNS structure

Answer 4

Afferent

Question 5

Conducting away from a CNS structure

Answer 5

Efferent

Question 6

Tough triple-layered protective covering of the brain

Answer 6

Meninges

Question 7

Three layers of the meninges

Answer 7

Dura mater (tough double layer of fibrous tissue)
Arachnoid layer (ultra thin sheet of delicate connective tissue)
Pia mater (inner moderately tough membrane of connective fibres that clings on brain surface)

Question 8

Thin folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is t he outer layer of the forebrain

Answer 8

Cerebral cortex

Question 9

Found between the arachnoid layer and pia mater which is a colourless solution of sodium chloride and other salts. Cushions the brain so that it can move or expand slightly without pressing on the skull

Answer 9

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 10

Part of the cerebral cortex that functions in connection with hearing, language, and musical abilities; lies below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at the side of the skull

Answer 10

Temporal lobe

Question 11

Generally characterized as performing the brain’s executive functions (decision making)
Lies anterior to the central sulcus and beneath frontal bone of the skull

Answer 11

Frontal lobe

Question 12

Direct movements toward a goal or to perform a task such as grasping an object;
Lies posterior to the central sulcus and beneath the parietal bone at the top of the skull

Answer 12

Parietal lobe

Question 13

Where visual processing begins; lies at the back of the brain and beneath the occipital bone

Answer 13

Occipital lobe

Question 14

Bumps on the brain are called…

Answer 14

Gyrus/gyri

Question 15

Cracks found on the surface of the brain are called

Answer 15

Sulcus (sulci)

Question 16

Sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of a severely interrupted blood flow in the brain

Answer 16

Stroke

Question 17

Darker regions of the nervous system composed predominantly of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that either collect and modify information or support this activity

Answer 17

Grey matter

Question 18

Lighter regions of the brain which are rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connection between brain cells

Answer 18

White matter

Question 19

Two-winged cavities that contain CSF and is one of the four cavities in the brain;
Play a role in maintaining brain metabolism

Answer 19

Ventricle

Question 20

A canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord where CSF flow into

Answer 20

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 21

Band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibres that connects the two cerebral hemisphere to provide a route for the direct communication between them

Answer 21

Corpus callosum

Question 22

Two main types of cell in the brain

Answer 22

Neurons (carry out the brain’s main functions)
Glial cells (modulate the neuron’s activities)

Question 23

Differentiate a never from a tract

Answer 23

Nerve = large collections of axons outside of the CNS
Tract = large collection of axons coursing together in the CNS

Question 24

Three parts of a brain of a fish or amphibian

Answer 24

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 25

The mammalian brain further develops into five parts namely...

Answer 25

``` Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon ```

Question 26

Responsible for most of our unconscious behaviour

Answer 26

Brainstem

Question 27

Three regions of the brainstem

Answer 27

Diencephalon Midbrain Hindbrain

Question 28

The hindbrain is most important in what kind of functions?

Answer 28

Motor functions

Question 29

The midbrain is especially important in what kind of functions?

Answer 29

Sensory functions

Question 30

The diencephalon is especially important in what kind of functions?

Answer 30

Integrative sensory functions

Question 31

Part of the hindbrain responsible for controlling complex movement; correlated with increased capacity for planning and executing complex behavioural sequences and increased tool use and language

Answer 31

Cerebellum

Question 32

Net-like mixture of neurons (gray matter) and nerve fibres (white matter) which is associated with sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal

Answer 32

Reticular formation

Question 33

Receives input from the cerebellum and actually forms a bridge from it to the rest of the brain

Answer 33

Pons

Question 34

Found at the rostral tip of the spinal cord; | Regulates vital functions such as breathing and cardio-vascular system

Answer 34

Medulla

Question 35

Central part of the brain; | Contains neural circuits for hearing, seeing and orienting movements

Answer 35

Midbrain

Question 36

Located at the roof of the midbrain; | Functions are sensory processing, particularly visual and auditory, and the production of orienting movement

Answer 36

Tectum

Question 37

Part of the tectum where optic nerves send a large bundle of fibres

Answer 37

Superior culliculus

Question 38

Part of the tectum which receives much of its input from the auditory pathways

Answer 38

Inferior colliculus

Question 39

Floor (area above the ventricle) of the midbrain; | A collection of nuclei with movement-related, species-specific and pain perception functions

Answer 39

Tegmentum

Question 40

Part of the tegmentum which controls limb movements

Answer 40

Red nucleus

Question 41

Part of the tegmentum which connects forebrain and important in initiating movement

Answer 41

Substantia nigra

Question 42

Made up of cell bodies that surround the aqueduct joining the third and fourth ventricles; Contains circuits controlling species typical behaviours

Answer 42

Pariaqueductal gray matter

Question 43

The between brain which integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

Answer 43

Diencephalon

Question 44

Lies along the brain’s midline which contains many nuclei (22) associated with temperature regulation, eating, drinking and sexual behaviour

Answer 44

Hypothalamus

Question 45

Critical function of the hypothalamus

Answer 45

Hormone production

Question 46

Much larger structure than the hypothalamus; Diencephalon structure through which information from all sensory systems is integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex

Answer 46

Thalamus

Question 47

Large fibre bundle in the thalamic region where the optic tract sends information

Answer 47

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 48

Evolutionary the newest part of the brain; Coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language; Contains the limbic system, basal ganglia and neocortex

Answer 48

Forebrain

Question 49

Most recently evolved outer layer (new bark) of the forebrain; Composed of about six layers of grey matter; Construct our reality

Answer 49

Neocortex (cerebral cortex)

Question 50

The older, more primitive three- or four-layered cortex which lies adjacent to the cerebral cortex; Plays a role in controlling motivational and emotional states, as well as in certain form of memory

Answer 50

Allocortex

Question 51

Distinct characteristics of the six layers of the neocortex

Answer 51

1) different layers have different types of cells 2) cell density varies from layer to layer, ranging from virtually no cells in layer I to the very dense cell packing in layer IV 3) other difference in appearance are both regional and functional

Question 52

Map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of the cells

Answer 52

Cytoarchitectonic map

Question 53

A kind of cortical activity where the cortex influences how the information os processed in lower regions of the hierarchy

Answer 53

Top-down process

Question 54

A collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex; Coordinates voluntary movements of the limbs and body; Connected to the thalamus and to the midbrain

Answer 54

Basal ganglia

Question 55

Three principal structures of the basal ganglia

Answer 55

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

Question 56

A motor system disorder characterized by severe tremors, muscular rigidity and a reduction in voluntary movement

Answer 56

Parkinson disease

Question 57

Another disorder of the basal ganglia which characterized by tics, involuntary vocalizations (incl curse words and animal sounds) and odd involuntary movements of the body, esp of the face and the head

Answer 57

Tourette syndrome

Question 58

Disparate forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviours and certain forms of memory

Answer 58

Limbic system

Question 59

Believed to contribute to the rewarding properties of psychoactive drugs snd other potentially addictive substances and behaviour

Answer 59

Amygdala

Question 60

Lies at the base of the forebrain, connects to the receptor cells that lei in the nasal cavity, and sends most of the input to the pyriform cortex en route to the amygdala and thalamus

Answer 60

Olfactory bulb

Question 61

One of the set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and internal organs

Answer 61

Cranial nerve

Question 62

Bones that form the spinal column

Answer 62

Vertebrae

Question 63

Lies inside the bony spinal column ,which is made up of series of small bones called vertebrae

Answer 63

Spinal cord

Question 64

Body segment corresponding to segment of the spinal cord

Answer 64

Dermatome

Question 65

The principle that sensory fibres are dorsal and the motor fibres are ventral

Answer 65

Law of Bell and Magendie

Question 66

Part of the autonomic nervous system; Arouses the body for action such as mediating the involuntary fight or flight response to alarm by increasing heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 66

Sympathetic division

Question 67

Part of the ANS which acts in opposition to the sympathetic division; Prepares body to rest and digest by reversing the alarm response or stimulating digestion

Answer 67

Parasympathetic division

Question 68

States that neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 68

Neuron theory

Question 69

Core region of the cell containing the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins

Answer 69

Cell body (soma)

Question 70

Branching extension of a neuron’s cell membrane; greatly increased the cell’s surface area; collects information from other cells

Answer 70

Dendrite

Question 71

Root, or single fibre, of a neuron that carries message to other neurons

Answer 71

Axons

Question 72

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 72

Neural network

Question 73

Comprehensive map of the all structural connectivity (the physical wiring) in an organism’s nervous system

Answer 73

Connectome

Question 74

Protrusion that greatly increased the dendrites surface area; Typical point of dendritic contact with the axons of other cells

Answer 74

Dendritic spine

Question 75

Juncture of soma and axon

Answer 75

Axon hillock

Question 76

Branch of an axon is called

Answer 76

Axon collateral

Question 77

Knob at the tip of an axon that conveys information to other neurons

Answer 77

Terminal button (end foot)

Question 78

Spatial junction between one neuron and another; | Forms the information transfer site between neurons

Answer 78

Synapse

Question 79

Cells that detects or carries sensory information into the spinal cord and the brain; Simplest structurally

Answer 79

Sensory neurons

Question 80

Sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite

Answer 80

Bipolar neuron

Question 81

Brain cell that bring sensory information from the body to the spinal cord (long distance)

Answer 81

Somatosensory neuron

Question 82

Associated cell that interposed between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron; In mammals, interneurons constitute most of the brain’s neurons

Answer 82

Interneuron

Question 83

Distinctively shaped interneuron found on the cerebral cortex

Answer 83

Pyramid cell

Question 84

Distinctively shaped (extremely branched forming a fan shape) interneuron found in the cerebellum

Answer 84

Purkinje cell

Question 85

Cells that have extensive dendritic networks that carries efferent information from the brain and spinal cord to make muscle contract’ Reside in the lower brain stem and spinal cord

Answer 85

Motor neurons

Question 86

Glial cell that makes and secretes CSF; found on the walls of the brain ventricles

Answer 86

Ependymal cells

Question 87

Buildup of fluid pressure in the brain, and in infants, swelling of the head, if the flow of CSF is blocked; Can result in intellectual impairment

Answer 87

Hydrocephalus

Question 88

Mass of new tissue that grows uncontrolled and independent of surrounding structures

Answer 88

Tumor

Question 89

Also called astroglia, these cells provide structural support to the CNS. Their extensions attach to blood vessels and to the brain’s lining, forming a scaffolding that holds neuron in place. May also serve as pathways for certain nutrients to move between blood vessel and neurons. Also contribute to healing damaged brain tissue.

Answer 89

Astrocytes

Question 90

Tight junctions between the cells that compose blood vessels in the brain providing a barrier to the entry of an array of substances, including toxins into the brain

Answer 90

Blood-brain barrier

Question 91

Originate in the blood as an offshoot of the immune system and migrate throughout the nervous system, where they make up 20% of all glial cells. Engulf any foreign tissue and dead brain cells through phagocytosis.

Answer 91

Microglia

Question 92

Glial coating that surrounds axons in central and peripheral nervous system; Preventing adjacent neurons from short circuiting

Answer 92

Myelin

Question 93

Glial cells in the CNS that myelinate axons by sending out large, flat branches that enclose and separate adjacent axons

Answer 93

Oligodendroglia

Question 94

Glial cells in the PNS that myelinate sensory and motor axons by wrapping itself repeatedly around a part of an axon, forming a structure somewhat like a bead on string

Answer 94

Schwann cells