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PSYCO 275 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Includes all the spinal and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS from the muscles, joints, and skins. Also transmits outgoing motor instructions that produce movement.

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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2
Q

Balances the body’s internal organs by producing the rest-and-digest response through the parasympathetic nerves or the fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nerves

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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3
Q

Mesh of neurons embedded in the linings of the gut, running from the esophagus through the colons; controls the gut

A

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

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4
Q

Conducting towards a CNS structure

A

Afferent

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5
Q

Conducting away from a CNS structure

A

Efferent

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6
Q

Tough triple-layered protective covering of the brain

A

Meninges

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7
Q

Three layers of the meninges

A 
Dura mater (tough double layer of fibrous tissue)
Arachnoid layer (ultra thin sheet of delicate connective tissue)
Pia mater (inner moderately tough membrane of connective fibres that clings on brain surface)
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8
Q

Thin folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is t he outer layer of the forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Found between the arachnoid layer and pia mater which is a colourless solution of sodium chloride and other salts. Cushions the brain so that it can move or expand slightly without pressing on the skull

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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10
Q

Part of the cerebral cortex that functions in connection with hearing, language, and musical abilities; lies below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at the side of the skull

A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

Generally characterized as performing the brain’s executive functions (decision making)
Lies anterior to the central sulcus and beneath frontal bone of the skull

A

Frontal lobe

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12
Q

Direct movements toward a goal or to perform a task such as grasping an object;
Lies posterior to the central sulcus and beneath the parietal bone at the top of the skull

A

Parietal lobe

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13
Q

Where visual processing begins; lies at the back of the brain and beneath the occipital bone

A

Occipital lobe

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14
Q

Bumps on the brain are called…

A

Gyrus/gyri

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15
Q

Cracks found on the surface of the brain are called

A

Sulcus (sulci)

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16
Q

Sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of a severely interrupted blood flow in the brain

A

Stroke

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17
Q

Darker regions of the nervous system composed predominantly of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that either collect and modify information or support this activity

A

Grey matter

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18
Q

Lighter regions of the brain which are rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connection between brain cells

A

White matter

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19
Q

Two-winged cavities that contain CSF and is one of the four cavities in the brain;
Play a role in maintaining brain metabolism

A

Ventricle

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20
Q

A canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord where CSF flow into

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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21
Q

Band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibres that connects the two cerebral hemisphere to provide a route for the direct communication between them

A

Corpus callosum

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22
Q

Two main types of cell in the brain

A 
Neurons (carry out the brain’s main functions)
Glial cells (modulate the neuron’s activities)
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23
Q

Differentiate a never from a tract

A 
Nerve = large collections of axons outside of the CNS
Tract = large collection of axons coursing together in the CNS
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24
Q

Three parts of a brain of a fish or amphibian

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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25
Q

The mammalian brain further develops into five parts namely…

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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26
Q

Responsible for most of our unconscious behaviour

A

Brainstem

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27
Q

Three regions of the brainstem

A

Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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28
Q

The hindbrain is most important in what kind of functions?

A

Motor functions

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29
Q

The midbrain is especially important in what kind of functions?

A

Sensory functions

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30
Q

The diencephalon is especially important in what kind of functions?

A

Integrative sensory functions

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31
Q

Part of the hindbrain responsible for controlling complex movement;
correlated with increased capacity for planning and executing complex behavioural sequences and increased tool use and language

A

Cerebellum

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32
Q

Net-like mixture of neurons (gray matter) and nerve fibres (white matter) which is associated with sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal

A

Reticular formation

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33
Q

Receives input from the cerebellum and actually forms a bridge from it to the rest of the brain

A

Pons

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34
Q

Found at the rostral tip of the spinal cord;

Regulates vital functions such as breathing and cardio-vascular system

A

Medulla

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35
Q

Central part of the brain;

Contains neural circuits for hearing, seeing and orienting movements

A

Midbrain

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36
Q

Located at the roof of the midbrain;

Functions are sensory processing, particularly visual and auditory, and the production of orienting movement

A

Tectum

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37
Q

Part of the tectum where optic nerves send a large bundle of fibres

A

Superior culliculus

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38
Q

Part of the tectum which receives much of its input from the auditory pathways

A

Inferior colliculus

39
Q

Floor (area above the ventricle) of the midbrain;

A collection of nuclei with movement-related, species-specific and pain perception functions

A

Tegmentum

40
Q

Part of the tegmentum which controls limb movements

A

Red nucleus

41
Q

Part of the tegmentum which connects forebrain and important in initiating movement

A

Substantia nigra

42
Q

Made up of cell bodies that surround the aqueduct joining the third and fourth ventricles;
Contains circuits controlling species typical behaviours

A

Pariaqueductal gray matter

43
Q

The between brain which integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

A

Diencephalon

44
Q

Lies along the brain’s midline which contains many nuclei (22) associated with temperature regulation, eating, drinking and sexual behaviour

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

Critical function of the hypothalamus

A

Hormone production

46
Q

Much larger structure than the hypothalamus;
Diencephalon structure through which information from all sensory systems is integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex

A

Thalamus

47
Q

Large fibre bundle in the thalamic region where the optic tract sends information

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

48
Q

Evolutionary the newest part of the brain;
Coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language;
Contains the limbic system, basal ganglia and neocortex

A

Forebrain

49
Q

Most recently evolved outer layer (new bark) of the forebrain;
Composed of about six layers of grey matter;
Construct our reality

A

Neocortex (cerebral cortex)

50
Q

The older, more primitive three- or four-layered cortex which lies adjacent to the cerebral cortex;
Plays a role in controlling motivational and emotional states, as well as in certain form of memory

A

Allocortex

51
Q

Distinct characteristics of the six layers of the neocortex

A

1) different layers have different types of cells
2) cell density varies from layer to layer, ranging from virtually no cells in layer I to the very dense cell packing in layer IV
3) other difference in appearance are both regional and functional

52
Q

Map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of the cells

A

Cytoarchitectonic map

53
Q

A kind of cortical activity where the cortex influences how the information os processed in lower regions of the hierarchy

A

Top-down process

54
Q

A collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex;
Coordinates voluntary movements of the limbs and body;
Connected to the thalamus and to the midbrain

A

Basal ganglia

55
Q

Three principal structures of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

56
Q

A motor system disorder characterized by severe tremors, muscular rigidity and a reduction in voluntary movement

A

Parkinson disease

57
Q

Another disorder of the basal ganglia which characterized by tics, involuntary vocalizations (incl curse words and animal sounds) and odd involuntary movements of the body, esp of the face and the head

A

Tourette syndrome

58
Q

Disparate forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviours and certain forms of memory

A

Limbic system

59
Q

Believed to contribute to the rewarding properties of psychoactive drugs snd other potentially addictive substances and behaviour

A

Amygdala

60
Q

Lies at the base of the forebrain, connects to the receptor cells that lei in the nasal cavity, and sends most of the input to the pyriform cortex en route to the amygdala and thalamus

A

Olfactory bulb

61
Q

One of the set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and internal organs

A

Cranial nerve

62
Q

Bones that form the spinal column

A

Vertebrae

63
Q

Lies inside the bony spinal column ,which is made up of series of small bones called vertebrae

A

Spinal cord

64
Q

Body segment corresponding to segment of the spinal cord

A

Dermatome

65
Q

The principle that sensory fibres are dorsal and the motor fibres are ventral

A

Law of Bell and Magendie

66
Q

Part of the autonomic nervous system;
Arouses the body for action such as mediating the involuntary fight or flight response to alarm by increasing heart rate and blood pressure

A

Sympathetic division

67
Q

Part of the ANS which acts in opposition to the sympathetic division;
Prepares body to rest and digest by reversing the alarm response or stimulating digestion

A

Parasympathetic division

68
Q

States that neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron theory

69
Q

Core region of the cell containing the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins

A

Cell body (soma)

70
Q

Branching extension of a neuron’s cell membrane; greatly increased the cell’s surface area; collects information from other cells

A

Dendrite

71
Q

Root, or single fibre, of a neuron that carries message to other neurons

A

Axons

72
Q

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Neural network

73
Q

Comprehensive map of the all structural connectivity (the physical wiring) in an organism’s nervous system

A

Connectome

74
Q

Protrusion that greatly increased the dendrites surface area;
Typical point of dendritic contact with the axons of other cells

A

Dendritic spine

75
Q

Juncture of soma and axon

A

Axon hillock

76
Q

Branch of an axon is called

A

Axon collateral

77
Q

Knob at the tip of an axon that conveys information to other neurons

A

Terminal button (end foot)

78
Q

Spatial junction between one neuron and another;

Forms the information transfer site between neurons

A

Synapse

79
Q

Cells that detects or carries sensory information into the spinal cord and the brain;
Simplest structurally

A

Sensory neurons

80
Q

Sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite

A

Bipolar neuron

81
Q

Brain cell that bring sensory information from the body to the spinal cord (long distance)

A

Somatosensory neuron

82
Q

Associated cell that interposed between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron;
In mammals, interneurons constitute most of the brain’s neurons

A

Interneuron

83
Q

Distinctively shaped interneuron found on the cerebral cortex

A

Pyramid cell

84
Q

Distinctively shaped (extremely branched forming a fan shape) interneuron found in the cerebellum

A

Purkinje cell

85
Q

Cells that have extensive dendritic networks that carries efferent information from the brain and spinal cord to make muscle contract’
Reside in the lower brain stem and spinal cord

A

Motor neurons

86
Q

Glial cell that makes and secretes CSF; found on the walls of the brain ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

87
Q

Buildup of fluid pressure in the brain, and in infants, swelling of the head, if the flow of CSF is blocked;
Can result in intellectual impairment

A

Hydrocephalus

88
Q

Mass of new tissue that grows uncontrolled and independent of surrounding structures

A

Tumor

89
Q

Also called astroglia, these cells provide structural support to the CNS. Their extensions attach to blood vessels and to the brain’s lining, forming a scaffolding that holds neuron in place. May also serve as pathways for certain nutrients to move between blood vessel and neurons. Also contribute to healing damaged brain tissue.

A

Astrocytes

90
Q

Tight junctions between the cells that compose blood vessels in the brain providing a barrier to the entry of an array of substances, including toxins into the brain

A

Blood-brain barrier

91
Q

Originate in the blood as an offshoot of the immune system and migrate throughout the nervous system, where they make up 20% of all glial cells. Engulf any foreign tissue and dead brain cells through phagocytosis.

A

Microglia

92
Q

Glial coating that surrounds axons in central and peripheral nervous system;
Preventing adjacent neurons from short circuiting

A

Myelin

93
Q

Glial cells in the CNS that myelinate axons by sending out large, flat branches that enclose and separate adjacent axons

A

Oligodendroglia

94
Q

Glial cells in the PNS that myelinate sensory and motor axons by wrapping itself repeatedly around a part of an axon, forming a structure somewhat like a bead on string

A

Schwann cells

PSYCO 275 (4 decks)

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