Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 101 - INTRO TO PSYCH > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2, 9.

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Psychology

A
  • the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Level of analysis

A
  • rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Multiply determined

A
  • caused by many factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Individual differences

A
  • variation among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Naive realism

A
  • belief that we see the world precisely as it is
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scientific theory

A
  • explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Confirmation bias

A
  • tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Belief perseverance

A
  • tendency to stick to out initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metaphysical claim

A
  • assertion about the world that is not testable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pseudoscience

A
  • set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patternicity

A
  • the tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Terror management theory

A
  • theory proposing that the awareness of our death leaves us with underlying sense of terror with which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural world views
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bandwagon fallacy

A
  • lots of people believe it so it must be true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Not Me Fallacy

A
  • other people may have those biases, but not me
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scientific skepticism

A
  • approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Critical thinking

A
  • set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Correlation-causation fallacy

A
  • error of assuming that one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Variable

A
  • anything that can vary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Falsifiable

A
  • capable of being disproved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Replicability

A
  • when study’s findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Introspection

A
  • method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Structuralism

A
  • school of psychology that is aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functionalism

A
  • school of psychology that is aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cognitivism

A
  • school of psychology that focuses on understanding mental processes underlying thinking in a variety of contexts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Psychoanalysis

A
  • school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Types of psychologists

A
  • clinical
  • counselling
  • school
  • developmental
  • experimental
  • biopsychologists
  • forensic
  • industrial-organizational
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Basic vs. applied research

A
  • basic: research examining how the mind works

- applied: research examining how we can use basic research to solve-real world problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A
  • surgical procedure that severs fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Intuitive vs Analytical thinking

A
  • intuitive thinking: fast, no effort, quick and reflexive, snap judgement
  • analytical: slow, requires effort, problem solving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Heuristic

A
  • mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Naturalistic observation

A
  • watching behaviour in real-world setting without trying to manipulate the situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

External vs Internal validity

A
  • external validity: extend to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
  • internal validity: extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Case study

A
  • research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
36
Q

Existence proof

A
  • demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
37
Q

Random selection

A
  • process that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
38
Q

Test-retest reliability

A
  • similar scores over time

- obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals

39
Q

Interrater reliability

A
  • two raters should produce similar scores

- degree of agreement among raters

40
Q

Response sets

A
  • tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
41
Q

Halo Effect

A
  • the tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to spill over to influence the ratings of other characteristics
42
Q

Horns Effect

A
  • the tendency of ratings of one negative characteristic to spill over to influence the ratings of other characteristics
43
Q

Correlational design

A
  • research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associates
44
Q

Scatterplot

A
  • grouping of points on a two dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data
45
Q

Illusory correlations

A
  • perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
46
Q

Features of an experiment

A
  • random assignment of participants (experimental/control)
  • independent variable in manipulated while the dependent variable in measures
  • confounds - differences between participation groups
  • cause and effect
47
Q

Between-subjects design

A
  • in an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition
  • experiment that has two or more groups of subjects each being tested by a different testing factor simultaneously.
48
Q

Within-subjects design

A
  • in an experiment, each participant acts as his or her own control
  • all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition.
49
Q

Operational definition

A
  • a working definition of what a researcher is measuring
50
Q

Placebo effect

A
  • improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
51
Q

Nocebo effect

A
  • said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have
  • opposite of placebo
52
Q

Experimenter expectancy effect

A
  • phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of the study
53
Q

Demand characteristics

A
  • cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypothesis
54
Q

Informed consent

A
  • informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
55
Q

Debriefing

A
  • the procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded
  • it involves an interview between the researcher and the subjects whereby all elements of the study are discussed in detail
56
Q

Descriptive statistics

A
  • numerical characterizations that describe data
57
Q

Inferential statistics

A
  • mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
58
Q

Base rate

A
  • how common a characteristic of behaviour is in the general population
59
Q

Replicability

A
  • when a studies findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
60
Q

Intelligence test

A
  • diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
61
Q

Abstract thinking

A
  • capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
62
Q

General intelligence (g)

A
  • hypothetical factors that accounts for overall difference in intellect among people
63
Q

Fluid intelligence

A
  • capacity of learning new ways to solve problems
64
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A
  • accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
65
Q

Multiple intelligences

A
  • idea that people vary their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
66
Q

Triarchic model (Sternberg)

A
  • model of intelligence proposed by Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative
67
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ test

A
  • intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University
  • measure five factors of cognitive ability: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory
  • the ability to learn
68
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A
  • systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
69
Q

Mental age

A
  • age corresponding to the average individual’s performance on an intelligence test
70
Q

Deviation IQ

A
  • expression of a persons IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers
71
Q

Eugenics

A
  • the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics
  • early twentieth century
  • discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing
72
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A
  • most widely used intelligence test for adult today, consisting of 15 subjects to assess different types of mental abilities
73
Q

Culture-fair IQ test

A
  • abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
74
Q

Bell curve

A
  • distribution in scores in which the bulk of the score fall towards the middle, with progressively fewer scores towards the “tails” or extremes
75
Q

Intellectual disability

A
  • condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
76
Q

Flynn effect

A
  • finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade
77
Q

Within-group heritability

A
  • extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
78
Q

Between-group heritability

A
  • extent to which the difference in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
79
Q

Test bias

A
  • tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another
80
Q

Stereotype threat

A
  • fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype
81
Q

Divergent thinking

A
  • capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
82
Q

Convergent thinking

A
  • capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
83
Q

Emotional intelligence

A
  • ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our daily lives
84
Q

Anecdotal

A
  • not necessarily true or reliable

- based on personal accounts rather than facts or research.

85
Q

Standard deviation

A
  • measures of dispersion accounting for how far each data point us from the mean
86
Q

Dispersions

A
  • how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are

PSYC 101 - INTRO TO PSYCH (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions