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PSYC 101 - INTRO TO PSYCH > CHPT 13: Social Psychology > Flashcards

CHPT 13: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A
  • study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
  • we tend to think others are vulnerable to social influence…but not ourselves
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2
Q

Humans are predisposed to forming intimate interpersonal networks of a particular size. How many people do we network with?

A
  • 150 people or so
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3
Q

What is the need-to-belong theory?

A
  • humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections
  • it literally hurts us to be isolated or rejected
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4
Q

Are social influence processes adaptive?

A
  • yes, under most circumstances
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5
Q

What are some cons to social influence?

A
  • they can turn maladaptive when they are blind or unquestioning
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6
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A
  • we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
  • upward (superiors) and downward (inferiors) social comparison
  • both can boost our self-concept
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7
Q

What is upward (superiors) social comparison?

A
  • comparing yourself to a person of authority, or someone who knows more or has more experience
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8
Q

What is downward (inferiors) social comparison?

A
  • comparing yourself to a person lesser than you, or someone who knows less or has less experience
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9
Q

What is social contagion?

A
  • the spread of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors from person to person and among larger groups as affected by shared information and mimicry.
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10
Q

What is mass hysteria?

A
  • mass hysteria is a contagious outbreak of irrational behaviour that spreads
  • ex.) UFO outbreaks, urban legends
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11
Q

What are attributions?

A
  • assigning causes to behaviour

- internal or external influence

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12
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • when we look at others’ behaviour
  • overestimate impact of dispositional influences
  • underestimate impact of situational influences
  • associated with cultural factors
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13
Q

Who is the least likely to consider the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • Japanese and Chinese are less likely to commit this error
  • look at broader picture of the situation
  • prone to seeing others’ behaviour as a combination of dispositional and situational influences
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14
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • the tendency to alter our behaviour as a result of group pressure
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15
Q

What were Solomans Asch’s experiments?

A
  • 1950s
  • comparison of a standard line to three lines of different length, with one matching the length of the standard size.
  • only 25% of people will stick to their belief
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16
Q

What is unanimity?

A
  • agreement by all people involved; consensus.
  • increases conformity when multiple agree
  • lower conformity if only one other person differed from the majority
  • only up to five or six confederates
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17
Q

Which cultures are most like to conform?

A
  • asian cultures more likely to conform
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18
Q

What is a factor that makes you more likely to conform?

A
  • having low self-esteem
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19
Q

What is deindividuation?

A
  • the tendency to engage in atypical behaviour when stripped of your usual identity
  • become more vulnerable to social influence
  • wearing masks and concealing identity leads to deindividuation (purge)
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20
Q

What was the Stanford Prison Study? (Zimbardo)

A
  • recruited normal young men for a two week “psychological study of prison life”
  • dehumanization of prisoners and prison guards make it likely that they’d lose themselves in the social roles to which superiors assigned them
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21
Q

What is an example of deindividuation in the real world?

A
  • Iraqi prison of Abu Ghraib

- individual differences in personality play a key role in conformity

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22
Q

What is groupthink?

A
  • an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking
  • lose the capacity to evaluate issues objectively
  • common knowledge is more often discussed opposed to unique knowledge
  • certain symptoms make it more likely to occur
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23
Q

What are some symptoms of groupthink?

A
  • conformity pressure
  • illusion of the group’s invulnerability
  • self-censorship
  • illusion of the group’s unanimity
  • an unquestioned belief in the group’s moral correctness
  • stereotyping of the out-group
  • mindguards (stifle disagreement)
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24
Q

How can group think be prevented?

A
  • appointing a ‘devils advocate’
  • encouraging dissent
  • independent expert evaluate decisions
  • holding individual follow up meetings
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25
Q

What is a cult?

A
  • groups that exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
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26
Q

How do cults promote groupthink in four major ways?

A
  • have a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty
  • disconnect members from the outside world
  • discourage questioning of assumptions
  • gradually indoctrinate members
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27
Q

What are some cult myths?

A
  • cult members are emotionally disturbed (most are normal, but leaders are often seriously mentally ill)
  • cult members are brainwashed and tuned into unthinking zombies
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28
Q

What is the inoculation effect?

A
  • approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking those reasons
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29
Q

What is obedience?

A
  • adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
  • essential in our everyday life (laws)
  • can produce trouble when people stop asking why they’re behaving as others want them to
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30
Q

How is the Stanley Milgram experiment a source of destructive obedience?

A
  • designed experiment to test the influence of obedience and authority on normal people
  • following orders blindly
  • became a landmark study
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31
Q

What is the Milgram Paradigm?

A
  • voluntary subjects were taken to a lab and introduced to a fellow “volunteer” and the researcher
  • “teachers” (subjects) were supposed to shock the “learners” (confederates) when they did not successfully repeat words
  • with each failure, the shock level increased
32
Q

What key themes emerged from the follow ups of the Milgram experiment?

A
  • the greater physical distance between teacher and experimenter, the less obedience
  • the greater the physical distance between teacher and learner, the more the obedience
  • 62% displayed complete compliance
33
Q

What are some predictors of disobedience?

A
  • people who were more morally advanced were less likely to comply
  • those with high levels of authoritarianism were more likely to comply
34
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A
  • behaviour intended to help others
35
Q

What affects what type of social behaviour we display?

A
  • situational factors
36
Q

What is antisocial behaviour?

A
  • behaviour by a person which causes, or is likely to cause, harassment, alarm or distress to persons
37
Q

What is bystander nonintervention?

A
  • when people see someone in need but fail to help them
38
Q

What is an example of bystander nonintervention?

A
  • Kitty Genovese’s murder
39
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A
  • error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
40
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A
  • reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
41
Q

Are people more likely to help when in a group or alone?

A
  • alone
42
Q

What is social loafing?

A
  • phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
  • due partly to diffusion of responsibility and influenced by cultural factors
43
Q

What is a way to get past social loafing?

A
  • one antidote is to ensure that each person in the group is identifiable
  • having a very specific task
44
Q

What is altruism?

A
  • helping other for unselfish reasons
45
Q

What impacts the likely hood of us helping somebody?

A
  • situational influences can impact helping such as when you can’t escape the situation
  • characteristics of the victim
  • enlightenment effect from exposure to research
  • empathy
46
Q

What is aggression?

A
  • behaviour that is intended to harm others, either verbally or physically
47
Q

What are some aspects that can influence aggression?

A
  • interpersonal provocation
  • frustration
  • media influences
  • aggressive cues
  • arousal level
  • alcohol and other drugs (disinhibits the prefrontal cortex)
  • temperature
48
Q

What is the enlightenment effect?

A
  • learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better
49
Q

What are some personality aspects that can impact aggression?

A
  • certain personality traits influence aggression (impulsivity and neuroticism)
50
Q

How do males generally engage in aggression compared to females?

A
  • males engage in more physical aggression, females in more relational aggression
51
Q

What is an attitude?

A
  • a belief that included an emotional component

- moderate correlation with actual behaviours

52
Q

How does culture impact aggression?

A
  • collectivist cultures have lower aggression rates
53
Q

what is relational aggression?

A
  • form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading of rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation
54
Q

What are some origins of attitudes?

A
  • recognition heuristic
  • personality traits
  • political views
  • religiosity
55
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A
  • unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
  • we are motivated to reduce or eliminate this feeling
56
Q

What is Festinger and Carlsmith’s “Measures of Performance” study?

A
  • people who got less money for the task they performed reported it as more enjoyable than those who were paid more
57
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A
  • we can reduce the conflict between two cognitions in multiple ways: by changing the first cognition, changing the second cognition, or introducing a third cognition that resolved the conflict
58
Q

What is the self-perception theory?

A
  • proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours
59
Q

What is the impression management theory?

A
  • proposes that that we don’t change our attitudes, but report that we have for consistency
60
Q

What are some routes to persuasion?

A
  • dual processes model says that there are two pathways to persuading others
  • central route focuses on informational content
  • peripheral route focuses on more surface aspects of the argument
61
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A
  • persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
62
Q

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A
  • persuasive technique involving making an unreasonable large request before making the small request we’re hoping to have granted
63
Q

What is the low-ball technique?

A
  • persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all the “add-on” cost once the customer has agreed to purchase the product
64
Q

How can characteristics of the messenger persuade people?

A
  • attractive or famous persons
  • highly credible people
  • if messenger is similar to receiver
  • implicit egotism effect
65
Q

What is prejudice?

A
  • drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
66
Q

What is a stereotype?

A
  • a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
  • some may be accurate, but others are due to illusory correlations and the confirmation bias
  • can result in ultimate attribution error
67
Q

What is discrimination?

A
  • negative behaviour towards members of out-groups
68
Q

What is out-group homogeneity?

A
  • tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
69
Q

What is the ultimate attribution error?

A
  • assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
70
Q

What is adaptive conservatism?

A
  • evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition towards distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
71
Q

What is in-group bias?

A
  • tendency to favour individuals within out group over those form outside our group
72
Q

What are the roots of prejudice?

A
  • scapegoat hypothesis – arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
  • just-world hypothesis – behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair, and all things happen for a reason
  • conformity – going along with others’ opinions
73
Q

What is explicit prejudice?

A
  • unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
74
Q

What is implicit prejudice?

A
  • unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
75
Q

What is a jigsaw classroom?

A
  • educational approach to designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project
76
Q

What is the robbers cave study?

A
  • cooperating to achieve an overarching goal, or towards a shared higher purpose

PSYC 101 - INTRO TO PSYCH (3 decks)

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