Midterm 1 Flashcards
3 types of diversity
genetic diversity
species diversity
ecosystem diversity
native species
species that evolved in a certain geographical area
alien species
introduced or non native, species introduced deliberately or accidentally from a different geographical area
inavsive
species that spread subsequent to establishment affecting ecosystems and causing economic, biodiversity and or ecological losses
cultivated
agricultural or horticultural crops
feral/volunteer
plants escaped from cultivation
weed
plant growing in the wrong place, tend to have negative impacts on agriculture, forestry or human interests
Solidago Canadensis
Canada goldenrod, native here, invasive in Europe
Alliaria Petiolata
Garlic Mustard, native to Europe but invasive in North america
Brassica Napus
Canola, can be a crop if cultivated but can also be a feral weed in a crop of wheat
Rosa Multiflora
Japanese rose, can be cultivated as ornamental or feral and invasive
can native plants be invasive?
yes
- each plant has a conservation _______
2. a biodiversity assessment is necessary to establish _____ _________
rank
conservation ranks
do conservation ranks differ geographically?
yes
opuntia humifusa
eastern prickly pear cactus
inavsive species are a ______% of the reason for threatened or endangered species
49%
how do invasive species impact native species?
- can be competitors, parasites or hosts for diseases
- can modify the habitat
- can promote the spread of other invaders
- ultimately displace native species
what is the estimated annual costs of invasive species
2.2billion
around ______% of Canadian flora is alien
25%
what is the most popular way for invasive plants to be introduced?
agricultural crop (intentional) or with plant products, seed forage, wood products (unintentional)
about ______% of invasive plant species in Canada are the result of deliberate introduction
58%
what are 5 general characteristics of invasive plants?
there are more than 5
- high reproductive potential
- fast growth
- good competitors
- high tolerance to wide range of environmental conditions
- good at disperal
- thrive in habitats with degree of disturbance
what are the 3 stages of invasion?
- introduction (transport)
- Establishment
- spread
Garlic mustard
Alliaria petiolate
- introduced in N america from Eurasia
- invades forests or margins of wooded areas with degree of disturbance
- resistant to shading , plants remain green in winter after 1st year of allelopathy
Lythrum salicaria
purple loosestrife
- perennial plant invasive in wetlands
- introduced from Europe
- mature purple loosestrife are capable of producing 2 million seeds per plant, seeds can be viable for several years, seeds easily dispersed by water, wind , wildlife and humans
Amaranthus
pigweed
- c4 annual plant
- super rapid growth
Giant Hogweed
Heracelum Mantegazzianum
- perennial monocarpic, originally introduced and cultivated as ornamental
- increasingly common in riparian areas, floodplains, forest edges, threat to humans causes phytophotodermititis
- often forms monospecific strands where its tall stems and large leaves effectively compete for light against other plants
- seeds(fruits) dispersed by water
Taraxacum Officinale
Dandelion
- perennial invasie in grasslands and noxious weed in many crops
- thrives under broad climate conditions
- asexual reproduction
- great dispersal capacity
what is the major contemporary biodiversity problem ?
poor, incomplete knowledge of biodiversity itself
what are the key concepts when discovering a species?
- know that the species exists
2. know that the plant grows in certain geographical areas
what is taxonomy?
given a collection of objects, living organisms, information or other cognitive elements, involves
- defining and naming
- description
- classification
taxonomy is part of the _______ process
cognitive, everyone is a taxonomist
what are the 3 species concepts?
morphological
biological
evolutionary
morphological species concept
are morphologically distinct entities
biological species concept
are re productively isolated entities
evolutionary species concept
species are evolving lineages, very slowly incorporated into the species concept, only after 1950s
species are _____________ groups
monophyletic
taxonomy based on phylogeny is called __________
systematics
_______ are the units of evolution
species
plant names is also known as
botanical nomenclature
plant names are given in _____ using what system?
latin, polynomial
describe each section of the binomial naming system
genus first, specific epithet second, then an abbreviation of the author who discovered the species ex. “L” for linneas
acer rubrum
red maple
acer saccharum
sugar maple
any name is acceptable for plants if latinized (T?F)
true
what is the international code of botanical nomenclature?
- each taxon can only have one correct name
- each species name must be accompanied by a type of specimen
- correct name is established using the priority of publication (whoever was first)
name the taxonomic ranks
Division/Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
`Herbaceous plants life cycle can be ______ _______ or _______
annual (full life cycle over one year, seed to seed),
-plants live for a single growing season during which they germinate, grow vegetatively, form flowers, and produce fruits and seeds
biennial (two years for life cycle),
-live for two years; they are vegetative in the 1st year and produce flowers/fruit/seeds in the 2nd year.
perennial (lives more than two years)
- live for three or more years and usually flower and fruit yearly once they reach to sexual maturity. (have for multiple years)
woody plants such as trees, shrubs and lianas are always _______
perennial
the axes of plants are the ______which consists of what?
stems, consists of nodes (where leaves and axillary buds are produced) separated by internodes
where are leaves and axillary buds produced on plant stems?
nodes
Rhizomes are what?
specialized (modified stems)
Runners are _______ the ground while Stolons are ______ the ground
above, under
what are 5 types of modified stems? describe each
bulb - short erect underground stem surrounded by thick fleshy leaves or leaf base, can be layered or scaly
corm - short erect underground, fleshy stem, covered with thin, dry leaves or leaf bases
Rhizomes - Horizontal underground stems, bearing scale like leaves
Stolons - resemble rhizomes, but are above ground with thin/elongated internodes
Tuber - very swollen and fleshy tip of stolon
a leaf consists of
apex, blade, petiole, sheath, base , margin, apex
a leaf that lacks a petiole is said to be _______
sessile
leaf arrangement terms with descriptions
Basal leaves - all the leaves at base of stem forming a rosette
Alternate leaves - one at a node
Opposite leaves - pairs, positioned on both sides of stem,
Whorled leaves - when 3 or more leaves are positioned at a node
a common pattern of paired leaves is to be rotated to 90 degrees which is called _________
decussate
Venation patterns include ?
- dichotomous
- Pinnate
- Palmate
- Parallel
single vs compound leaves
single - has one single blade
compound - has several blades named leaflets
name the compound leaves
Pinnately compound
Palmately compound
Trifoliate
deciduous leaves fall at the ______ of a growing season while evergreen plants have _______ leaves
end, persistant
most leaves only function for _____ growing seasons
1-2
if there is one most prominent vein in a leaf its called the _______ or ________ veins, branches from this are called __________ veins
mid vein or primary vein, secondary
describe venation for dichotomous leaves
the veins branch in twos (bifurcate)
describe venation for pinnate leaves
single primary vein with secondary veins arising long length like comb
describe venation for palmate leaves
several major veins radiating from base of blade
describe venation in parallel leaves
numerous parallel veins from base
what are the 4 major leaf shapes?
ovate, obovate, elliptic, oblong
leaf margins can be either _______ incisions which are _______ 1/4 of leaf width or _______ incisions which are ______1/4 of leaf width
small, <1/4
Large, >1/4
what are the names for small incised leaf margins and large incised leaf margins
serrate, denate, crenate, sinuate
Palmately lobate or pinnately lobate
binomials are _______ and ________
italicized and underlined
why was Linnaeus so successful with his naming system?
success was due to simplicity of the binomial names and sexual method he proposed for the classification of plants
describe the stems of shrubs
multiple stems from the ground
describe the stems of trees
have mainly one single stem the trunk
Lianas
are woody but cannot sustain themselves therefore they need physical support (other plants, rocks etc. )
how do lianas attach to a support system?
with tendrils, suckers etc
rhizomes
horizontal underground stems, with distinct internodes bearing scale like leaves
reeds can have rhizomes around _____ cm long
50 cm
runners and stolons represent the _______ through their elongated internodes
rhizomes
how are runners and stolons different from rhizomes?
they are thinner and scale like leaves are not obvious
tuber
very swollen and fleshy tip of a stolon, modified specialized stems with buds
bulb
very short, disk like underground stem surrounded by thick fleshy modified leaves
what are the two types of bulbs?
A) layered bulbs - the bulb leaves cover entirely each other
B) the bulb leaves cover only partially each other, layers don’t completely cover one another
corm
short erect underground fleshy stem covered with thin, dry (modified leaves called tunics.
- functions to reposition the bulb
phylotaxy
arrangement of leaves on stems, sepals and petals in flower etc. can be described mathematically through Fibonacci numbers. This is because the formation of leaf primordial In the apical meristem is patterned mathematical
dichotomous venation is primitive and encountered in what?
ferns, some gymnosperms and basal angiosperms
monocots have _______ venation
parallel
dicots can have _____ ______ and ______
dichotomous, pinnate, or palmate venation
what is the key from differentiating a compound leaf from a deeply lobed ones?
presence of petioles in leaflets
lobes can reach as deep as the mid vein but never have _______
petioles
leaves with large inscions are defined as using _______
lobed
plant hairs are _____
trichomes
trichomes can be ________ or ___________
secretory or non secretory
bracts
floral leaves, modified leaves found in flowers and inflorescence, colourful and have advertising role for pollinators, similar to petals or petaloid tepals
euphorbia pulcherrima
poinsetta, important native plant to Mexico, cultivated for the colourful bracts and sold during xmas holidays
complete flower is __________
hermaphrodite
incomplete flowers are male _______or female ______
staminate
pistillate
what are the types of plants with unisexual flowers
Monoecious - male and female flowers present on the same individual ex pinus spp.
Dioecious - male and female flowers develop on different individuals ex. Cannabis app.
there are also polygamous plants which are?
with hermaphrodite, male and/or female flowers on the same individual or on different individuals.
flowers without a calyx and corolla differentiated have perianth elements which are called _____
tepals
petaloid tepals vs sepalod tepals
resemble petals, they are large and nicely coloured
Sepalod tepals resemble sepals, they are small and greenish
peduncle
The stalk of a flower
receptacle
The swollen part at the end of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached
Sepal
The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) which enclose the flower. Totality of sepals in a flower constitute the calyx
petal
The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored. The totality of petals in a flower constitute the corolla.
perianth
calyx + corolla
identical sepals and petals they are called _______
tepals
Androecium (male part
the totality of stamens in a flower. A stamen is formed from anther, which is supported by a slender filament.
Anther
The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
Gynoceium (female part)
totality of carpels in a flower. A carpel is formed from: ovary, style and stigma. The term Pistil has been used in the past to describe the gynoecium which can cause some confusion in terminology
Ovary
The enlarged basal portion of the carpels where ovules are produced.
Stile
the part supporting the stigma.
Stigma
The part where pollen germinates.
Monocioius
Male and female flowers on the same individual.
Dioecious
Male and female flowers are separated on different individuals, which are therefore, male and female.
Actinomorphic
Radially symmetric; divisible into two essentially equal portions along any median longitudinal plane (it has multiple plans of symmetry).
Zygomorphic
Bilaterally symmetric; divisible into two essentially equal portions along only one median longitudinal plane (it has only one plane of symmetry).
A5
5 stamens , free
A(5)
5 stamens, fused
A2.2
4 stamens but 2 of the stamens are different, e.g. didynamous androecium.
A 3+3=6
6 stamens but on two different circles
6 stamens but on two different circles
what is pollen morphology associated with?
pollen morphology is associated with pollination vectors and therefore it has a functional and evolutionary significance
describe the position of the gynocium in willow flowers?
Willows are dioecius, with male and female flowers. Both lack a perianth (they only have a bract at the base). Since the perianth is absent, we cannot talk about the position of the ovary because we lack the referential context
monocarpous
1 carpel
apocarpous
free carpels
syncarpous
fused carpels
in order to be apocarpous or syncarpous the gynoecium must have ______ carpels
2 or more
G2
Gynoecium with two free carpels, superior
G(2)
Gynoecium with two fused carpels, superior
G(3) with line over 3
Gynoecium with 3 fused carpels, inferior
G(infinity with line underneath)
Gynoecium with numerous free carpels, superior
inflorescences
a group of flowers organized according to certain development rules
involurcre
cluster of bracts in inflorescence
what is the main supporting stalk of inflorescences?
peduncle
the oldest of the racemose flowers are the most ______
latera
Cymose inflorescence can be Dichazial or Monochazial which are?
2 sided branched and one sided branched
racemose inflourecences
are indeterminate or centripetal: the terminal bud continues to produce new flowers and vegetative growth. Therefore the oldest flowers are either at the base of the inflorescence or most farther to the main axis
cymose inflorescence
are “determinate” and centrifuge. Growth of the main axis of the inflorescence is stopped by a flower and continued by secondary, tertiary, etc. axes, which are also stopped in growth by newly formed flowers. Therefore, the oldest flowers are those that are closest to the main axis. If growth is continued by 2 axes we speak of dichazial cymes; if growth advances with only one axis we distinguish monochazial cymes.
is a racemose that is solitary an inflourescence ?
no
what are pollination syndromes?
The flower morphology reflects its pollination strategy. This is why by examining the morphology of a flower, one can often infer its pollinator.
The word “syndrome” reflects this ability of the flower morphology to predict its pollination strategy.
wind pollination
anemophily
with anemophily we often see what?
- flowers small, numerous, unisexual, perianth absent or not showing, sepaloid
- pollen produced in large amounts
- stigmas are usually larger and feathery, to create a greater surface of pollen grains and are sticky
cannabis has what type of pollination?
anemophily
juggles nigra
black walnut tree where male flowers are arranged in catkins which hang down to be blown by the wind and female flowers have large sticky stigmas
there are many trees with catkins in the _____ such as birch, willows, poplars etc
spring
what 3 plants also have catkins in late summer and early fall?
lambsquaters, pigweed, plantains
the amazing flower diversity is the result of what?
coevolution with different pollinators, often isnects
entomophily
insect pollination, bees and bumblebees
in order for bee and buble bee polination flowers have _______ ________. and _______ ________
nectar guides and landing platforms
what are nectar guides?
regions, strips or lines of low uv reflectance
many bilabiate flowers have pollination devices including ?
landing platforms
do butterflies need nectar guides?
no
what do butterflies use for pollination?
showy, colourful flowers that are fragrant and have long corolla tubes or spurs
how do moths pollinate?
large, white, yellow or pink fragrant flowers, dont use nectar guides, and usually flowers have long corolla tubes or spurs
flies and carrion beetle pollinate which type of flowers?
commonly stapelia, marron or brown flesh coloured, foul smelling like rotting flesh
Canadian wild ginger is a _____ ______
carrion flower
ornithophily
bird pollination
how do birds pollinate flowers?
red flowers that are often tubular
hummingbirds pollinate flowers similar to to butterflies but __________ coloured
bright
cheiropterophily
bat pollination
how do bats pollinate?
nocturnal anthesis, large colourful or white with corolla wide open, produce copies nectar or pollen
is pollination by mammals as common as insect pollination?
no but it is possible
hydrochory
pollination by water
in fruits what happens after fertilization?
the carpels develop into fruit and the ovules develop into seeds
what are the main differences between simple fruits aggregate fruits and multiple fruits?
simple - each single flower, one fruit,
Aggregate fruits - each single flower one fruit but 2 + fruitlets aggregated into a single fruit
multiple - all flowers of an inflorescence produce one fruit
simple fruits can be _______ or ________
fleshy ( wall of the fruit the pericarp is fleshy) or dry (the wall at maturity is dry)
a _______ fruit Wall is completely fleshy at maturity , and the seeds are embedded in the fleshy tissue
berry
lots of peppers and chillies are also ________ but with an empty space inside
berries
a pepo is what type of fruit?
simple fleshy fruit, covered with a rind that is hard and thick, fruit of the cucurbitaceae
name some fruits of the cucurbitaceae
pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, pepo
drupe
simple fleshy fruit, like the berry but inner part becomes a hard and stony pit containing only one seed
pome
apple, simple fleshy fruit, special because the fruit is mainly formed from the receptacle of the flower, the free carpels produce only the cartilaginous core that encloses seeds
Hesperidium
orange, simple fleshy fruit, covered with leathery rind, and partitions separating the carpels are tough and fibrous, citrus fruit like lemon and grapefruits
simple dry fruits can be Dehiscent or Indehiscent what does this mean?
Dehiscent - if they open
indehiscent - if they dont open
legume
splits along two lines of dehiscence, the legume is derived from a gynoceium with one carpel GI with two rows of ovules
the fruit of the Fabacea are ?
Leguminosae
Follicle
simple dry dehiscent fruit, resembles legume but splits along one line of dehiscence. The fruit of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.)
Silique and Silicle
simple dry dehiscent fruits,
Silique
- the silique is a long fruit that splits in 2 valves along 4 dehiscence lines and originates from a G2. very characteristic is the septum that separates the fruit into 2 cavities and on which the seeds are attached. Together with the silicone they are the fruit of the brassicaceae
- very much resemble the legume superficially
Silicle
- essentially same type of fruit as the silique
what is the only difference between the silique and the silicle?
the ration length, the width
- the silicle is max 3 times longer than wide
- the silique is more than 3 times longer than wide
capsule- valvicide
simple dry dehiscent fruit
- originates from 2 or more fused carpels, the valvicide capsules like those of the Lilly, split lengthwise into sections corresponding to the number of carpels.
capsule- poricide
like those of the poppy open and release their seeds through small pores
impatiens capensis, touch me not are ?
explosive capsules
Achene
- simple dry indehiscent fruits
- pericarp is free, doesn’t adhere to the seed, one of the most common type of fruit
- it is often accompanied by the paps which is the persistent calyx
Nuts
a nut is an achene but bugger, often not accepted as a distinct type of fruit and referred to as achene
Samara
is a winged achene, ash and elm
Caryopsis (grain)
like the achene but fused pericarp intimately to the seed. the fruit of grasses (poaceae)
some aggregate fruits include:
strawberry, raspberry, tulip tree
some multiple fruits include?
pineapple, synconium of fig
ferns
- plants without flowers and seeds
- propagation by spores and vegetative
gymnosperms
- Carpels flat, scale-like with naked ovules, and later, after fertilization with naked seeds.
- Fruit is absent.
- Flowers without perianth
angiosperms
- Carpels closed to form the ovary which encloses the ovules, and later, after fertilization the seeds, which are enclosed in the fruit.
- Flowers with or without perianth
the three major groups of vascular plants are what?
- ferns
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
Equisetaceae
Horetails
- rhizomes, branched whorled, leaves reduced to sheath of scales, spores grouped in spikes
what are some uses of horsetails (Equisetaceae)?
Toxic in large quantities because it contains thiaminase, an enzyme that can deplete the body of vitamin B complex.
Antibacterial; Antiinflammatory; Diuretic; Expectorant; Febrifuge.
Equiaetum is the _____ and ______ of horstail
stem and stomata
Equisetum contains large amounts of _______
silica
what are some species with annual stems?
field horsetail, (sterile(closed) and fertile (open) and woodland H
what species has evergreen and perennial stems?
rush horstail, both wet and dry habitats
Lycopodiaceae
dichotomously branched stems and roots, leaves scale like, spores groupd in spikes, grows in woods, requires moist soil and shade, toxic as the plant contains lycopodium which is poisonous by paralysis the motor nerves, it also contains the cavatine which is toxic to many mammals, the spores are not toxic
lycopodium spores are used for ?
- dusting powder to stop things from sticking together, explosive fire works , can be dipped In water without becoming wet, sign for survival with sick patients with tribes in the past
firms (Huperzia)
china and india, alkaloid (huperzine), alzheimer, memory and cognitive impairment
Polypodiaceae sensu-lato
circinate vernation
manner in which a fern leaf develops from its meristems
- As the fern leaf develops, it is tightly curled in a spiral so that the tender growing tip of the leaf (and each subdivision of the frond) is protected within a coil.
fiddle heads
can be used for cooking but caution is advised as they may contain carcinogens
why are ferns dangerous to consume?
contain thiamine that can deplete vitamin B, contain carcinogens, is Bette to be cooked or dried first before consuming
monomorphic leaves
All the leaves of plant look the same and they are both photosynthetic and spore-producing
Dimorphic leaves
each plant produces two types of leaves, fertile or sterile, and 2 types are dissimilar
spores
- Spores grouped in sporangia, and sporangia are grouped in sori on the lower part of the leaves
- Sori are variously shaped and covered or not by a membrane named indusium.
Sorus
singular
sori
plural
Asplenium
American harts tongue fern, live in moist rocky areas, and shaded areas, this far is rare and threatened in Ontario
polypodium
fern, deeply pinnately lobed, sori are round and naked where the indusuium is absent, grow on rocks with mosses in shady forests, the root contains sugars, tannins and oils, used by some First Nations peoples as liquorice, stimulated bile secretions and is a gentle laxative
athyrium
lady fern
- 2 times pinnately compound, sori comma shaped and protected by indium
- moist woods
- A tea of the boiled stems has been used to relieve labour pains. The young unfurled leaves have been eaten to treat internal ailments such as cancer of the womb. A liquid extract of the root is an effective anthelmintic, though it is less powerful than the male fern, Dryopteris felix-mas.
dryopteris
male fern
- Lvs. 2-3 times (pinnately) compound, Sori reniform (kidney-shaped), protected by indusium
- same ecology as anthurium
Pteridium
- 3-4 times compound
- bracken fern
- Bracken fern’s production and release of allelopathic chemicals is an important factor in its ability to dominate other vegetation
- Not merely well adapted to fire, it promotes fire by producing a highly flammable layer of dried fronds every fall.
- Bracken fiddleheads have been considered edible by many cultures throughout history, and are still commonly used today as a foodstuff. Bracken fiddleheads are either consumed fresh
Onoclea
sensitive fern
- Sterile lvs. deeply lobed and the lobes crenate or lobed again.
- Sensitive fern gets its common name from the tendency of the sterile leaves to wither at the first slight frost.
- grows in marshes, boggy woods and borders of shaded ponds, usually in neutral to slightly acid soil.
- North American aboriginal groups did employ it quite widely to treat various women’s complaints, A decoction of the rhizomes has been used to treat fertility in women, to give strength after childbirth, to start the menses, and to treat swellings, cramps and a sore abdomen.
Matteuccia
Ostrich Fern
- Fertile lvs. shorter, brown when mature, with highly modified and constricted leaf tissue curled over the sporangia; they develop in autumn, persist erect over the winter and release the spores in early spring.
-moist thickets, especially along streams and rivers
Salvinia
floating plants
- small floating aquatic ferns
- submearged leaves bear sori
- great floating devices
- special morphology of the dense hairs (they look a little like eggbeaters to me) located on the upper side of the leaves allows then to retain air in these trichomes helping the plant buoy.
- capably of doubling its population in two days
what plant became very invasive in which they eventually got biological control?
salvinia auriculata
- At that time researchers though the offending species was Salvinia auriculata, a native of American tropics. So in early 1960s entomologists traveled to Trinidad and Guyana to learn what insects ate the fern.
