Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fishes > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of water on fish

diversity?

A

profoundly influenced distribution, structure and function and speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two major groups of modern fishes?

A
  1. Cyclostomata (jaweless fishes) ex. hagfish, lamprey
  2. Gnathostomata (jawed fishes)
    ex. chrondrichthyes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name a few functions of scales

A

protection, aid in swimming and calcium store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Red muscle is used more for _______ swimming while white muscle is used more for _______ swimming

A

endurance, burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

water has very ______ O2 solubility

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gills are effective with O2 ______

A

extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hyperventilation would lead to an _________and________ within systemic arteries

A

increase in PO2 decrease in PCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Bohr effect describes the decrease in CO2 hemoglobin affinity in response to increased PO2? (T/F)

A

False

The bohr effect describes the decrease in oxygen hemoglobin affinity from an increase in PCO2

OR

The haldane effect describes the decrease in CO2 Hb affinity in response to increased PO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bohr effect

A

The bohr effect describes the decrease in oxygen hemoglobin affinity from an increase in PCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

haldane effect

A

The haldane effect describes the decrease in CO2 Hb affinity in response to increased PO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the convective transport of carbon dioxide involves conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate which occurs in _________ and is catalyzed by the enzyme _________. However the majority of the bicarbonate is transported to the lungs in the ____________

A

red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase, plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

monophyletic

A

common ancestor and all descendents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

paraphyletic

A

excluding some descending groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bony fishes

A

osteichthyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cartiligenous fishes

A

chondrithyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Jawed fishes

A

Gnathistomota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Jaweless fishes

A

Agnatha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

craniata

A

brainc case or skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the vertebrate hypothesis?

A

fossil record, studying adult animals, group with other fishes, most studies based on anatomy have supported the vertebrate hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cyclostomata hypothesis

A

lamprey and hagfish form a clase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

*** Are hagfishes vertebrates?

A

yes supported by cyclostomata hypothesis, have vertebrate like development in juvenile but lost in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the cyclostomata hypothesis is supported by what?

A

molecular phylogenetics, mitochondrial DNA and rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

placoid scales are what shape?

A

tooth like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name 3 characteristics of chondrithyes

A
  • placoid scales
  • cartilaginous
  • endoskeleton
  • no swim bladder or lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the two sister groups of chondrithyes?

A

rays, skates, chimeras

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name a few characteristics of Osteichyes

A

Bony skeleton, lung/swim bladder, operculum covers gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sarcopterygii and ray finned fishes are part of ___________

A

Osteichthyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Spiracles

A

breathing holes on top of fish

- on many ray finned fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

______% of fish are freshwater

A

41

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

allopatric speciation

A

divergence due to geographic isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sympatric speciation

A

divergence without geographic isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

water has a high density 800x greater than air which is good for generating _______
but causes a resistance to motion ______

A

thrust, drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Euphotic

A

sunlight zone, to 200m, limit for most fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Disphotic

A

twilight zone, to 1000m, few fish, specializations include barbels, electric , luminescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Disphotic

A

twilight zone, to 1000m, few fish, specializations include barbels, electric , luminescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Aphotic

A

dark zone, fewer known sizes, similar specializations with darkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

FSGD stands for

A

fish specific whole genome duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

do fishes form a monophyletic group?

A

no they form a paraphyletic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are extant fishes?

A

Most numerous and diverse vertebrate group contains 3 main clades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

synapomorphy

A

trait that is shared by two or more taxa and present in most recent common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hagfishes are a ______ group to vertebrates

A

sister

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

lamprey and hagfish belong to a _________ group, and they are _______ groups

A

monophyletic, sister groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Gnathostomata are a ___________ with _____ nostrils

A

superclass, two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Gnathostomata have 3 groups which are:

A
  1. placoderms (heavy armoured)
  2. Chondrichthyes(cartilagenous)
  3. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what gave rise to terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Bony fishes, Osteichthyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Chonddrichytes use ____ as an osmolyte and salt secreting gland

A

urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

do sharks have a swim bladder?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the difference between skates and rays?

A

most rays live bearing while skates are mostly egg bearing, rays have whip like tail with poisonous spine, skates have fleshy tail without spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Osteichthyes have a _______ that covers gills

A

operculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sarcopterygii are part of ___________ and name 3 characteristics

A

Bony fishes, fleshy or lobed fins, common ancestor with tetrapods, notochord retained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ray finned fishes are part of _________ name a few characteristics

A

bony fishes, fins have web of skin, two sub groups (chondrostei, Neopterygii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

relic

A

plant or animal is taxon that persists as a remenant of what was once a diverse and widespread
ex. gar pike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are the two groups of Ray finned fishes

A

Teleostei (see tree), Holostei (relic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

most oceans are ______ and ______ light

A

unproductive and without light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

_____% of species are in the open ocean with the most distribution being in the ______ zone

A

13%, bottom benthic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Human edges have the most distribution of fish near __________

A

nearshore and coastal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

difference between density and viscosity?

A

density (measure of mass of substance per unit volume)

Viscosity ( describes a liquids resistance to flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

in case of water in a higher temperature there is ______ density and ______ viscosity

A

lower, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are some adaptations for density and viscosity in water?

A

streamlining, high proportion to swimming muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

how do fish detect sounds through water?

A

detection via inner ear, swim bladder, and lateral line system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

sound in water is ___ times faster than air

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

buccal opercular pump

A

gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

whats the difference in oxygen content in air vs water

A

water 1-10m/L DO (dissolved oxygen)

Air 210 ml/L DO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

water is a _______ solvent

A

universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are 4 important properties of water?

A
  1. oxygen is limiting
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Organic compounds and nutrients
  4. Xenobiotics (metals, pesticides)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

fishes have a ____ evolutionary history

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are the two major groups of modern fishes

A

Cyclostomata (jaweless)

Gnathostomata (jawed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

______ of _____ profoundly influenced distribution, structure and

A

properties of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

medial fins consist of ?

A

dorsal, caudal and anal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

parcel fins consist of?

A

pectoral and pelvic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

describe some characteristics of rover predators

A

Streamlined fusiform, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, constant movement, swordfish, tuna, shark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

describe some characteristics of lie in wait predators:

A

flattened heads, long pointed snouts, large teeth filled mouth, narow and elongate (torpedo), pike, gar, barracuda, rapid exceration, not endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

describe some characteristics of surface oriented fish:

A

small, upward pointing, flattened head, large eyes, fusiform deep to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the function of surface oriented fish?

A

capture phytoplanton and small fishes at surface, and obtain O2 from water air interface, (auatic respiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

name some characteristics of bottom fish

A

swim bladder reduced or absent, flattened,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what are the 5 subtypes of bottom fish?

A

bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfishes, rattails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

_______ provides protection, is used for calcium storage, drag reduction, and independently evolved in cartilagenous and bony fishes

A

scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what are the 3 scale types?

A

Placoid (sharks)
Ganoid (gars)
Elasmoid (bony fishes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

tiny toothlike, sandpaper and improve hydrodynamic efficiency sclaes

A

placoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

heavy bone base, interlocking scales, ancestral condition in bony fishes

A

ganoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

derived in bony fishes,bony ridged, two sub types (cycloid, ctenoid scales)

A

elasmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Cycloid scales are _____ while stenoid scales are _______ like projections

A

round, comb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is an example of biomimetics?

A

the speedo LZR racer fast swimsuit, replicate of sharks to reduce drag and speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

bony fishes scales are superoleophobis, what does this mean?

A

when submerged, allows for self cleaning surface resistance to fouling as water washes away the contaminating particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

is shark skin antifouling?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what are the 6 categories which place fish into different body shapes?

A
  1. body shape
  2. scale type if present
  3. shape and placement of fins
  4. mouth shape and possition
  5. gill openings
  6. sense organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

even distribution of fins is good for

A

stability and maneuvering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

dorsal and anal fins far back for ambush predators is good for generating ________

A

thrust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

this bottom fish has grippers or suction cups and modified pelvic fins to grip the bottom in fast flowing streams

A

bottom clingers, ex. mudskipper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

bottom hiders ______ clinging devices but are similar to _______

A

lack, clingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Flounder are a flatfish, how do they feed?

A

mouth oriented to allow bottom feeding and eyes positioned dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

skates and rays have extremely large pectoral fins used as ______

A

wings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

deep bodied fish have a laterally flattened ___________ shape

A

compressiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what is the functional significance of fin placement for deep bodied fish?

A

maneuver in tight spaces, bottom foragers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

eel like fish are _________

A

anguilliform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what is a good example of a body form not conforming to phylogeny?

A

eel like anguilliform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

placoid scales (sharks) improve what?

A

hydrodynamic efficiency by reducing drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

a sturgeon has _____ scales

A

ganoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

ctenoid scales are __________ scales and improve what?

A

elasmoid scales and improve hydrodynamic efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

how is shark skin antifouling?

A

combination of features including low drag, riblets, flexion of scales and mucous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what reflects the design of a fish for living in an aquatic environment

A

gross anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

the body shape of a fish are related to lifestyle and ____ restricted to phylogeny

A

not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what are the 3 functions of fins, name the specific fin per function

A
  1. propulsion (caudal)
  2. stability (paired fins)
  3. maneuverability (typically paired fins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

explain the convergent evolution of fins

A

caudal fin for prepulsion, paired medial fins to control picth roll and yaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

fin rays for structural support include

A

ceratotrichia (sharks stiff, unbranched cartilage)

Lepidotrichia ( bony fish, flexible, segmented, unbranched)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

These fins are a ancestral condition and assist in steering and breaking

A

Pelvic fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

these fins reduce rolling, and are for fast swimmers

A

dorsal and anal fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

rearmost fins, finlets with anal and dorsal fins reduce _____

A

drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

this fin is primarily for prepulsion

A

caudal fin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

what are the 3 shapes of caudal fins

A
  1. Homoceral
  2. Heterocercal
  3. Diphycercal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what are the two subtypes of homoceral caudal fins?

A
  1. Lunate (stiff like caudal peduncle, deeply forked)

2. Isoceral (lack defined lobes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

lunate fines are very efficient for ______ , with a _____ aspect ratio for fish like tuna and marlin

A

thrust, high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

isoceral fins have a _______ aspect ration that generates ________ for _____________ swimming

A

low, thrust, burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Heterocercal fins are stiff in sharks which generates _________ while being _______ in sturgeon which _________ generate lift

A

lift, flexible, doesnt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

lungfishes have ______ fins which merge to form one ______ fin

A

diphycercal, caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

what is the adipose fin?

A

fleshy fin that lacks fin rays, not for fat storage, vestigial not functional but present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

what are fin spines?

what are they for?

A

derived in many groups of fishes frequently in centre of body mass, defense mechanism by increasing effective size, larger than mouth of predator, often associated with posion glands, catfishes etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

the muscular system in fish is the ______ of body mass

A

majority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

energy storage included lipids for _________, polysaccharides for __________, and proteins for __________ of life

A

endurance, burst swimming, end of life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

this muscle is used for aerobic endurance, slow speed of contraction, slow speed swimming

A

red muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

red muscle has fatigue resistant fibres that does what?

A

slow atp consumption rate, has numerous mitochondria, O2 buffering and storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

ATP is supplied via what in red muscle?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

an abundant capillary supply in red muscle is for ?

A

O2 delivery

124
Q

White muscle is good for

A

anaerobic Burst swimming

125
Q

this muscle has a high glycogen content, high contraction velocity, thick fibre, short term activity and acceleration

A

white muscle

126
Q

white muscle has a ____ buildup in which _______ is needed

A

lactate, recovery

127
Q

For continuously highly active fish ex. marlin would have what type of muscle?

A

red muscle

128
Q

Intermittent sustained high speed swimming fish, ex striped bass, would have what type of msucle?

A

large lateral bands of red muscle,

129
Q

intermittent burst swimming, for rover predators such as dog fish, sharks etc would have what type of muscle?

A

mainly white muscle with thin red muscle bands

130
Q

what is a drifter?

A

ex european eel, uses gulf stream to get home, transparent and leaf shaped

131
Q

***what are the two componants for a propulsive wave of biomechanics of swimming?

A

generating thrust

overcoming drag

132
Q

what is a propulsive wave?

A

wave of contraction that travels down the body

133
Q

during the generation of thrust amplitude ______ as wave moves from head to tail

A

increases

134
Q

pressure drag vs vortex drag

A

pressure drag
(displacement of cross sectional area, form drag)

Vortex drag ( pull back by vortices)

135
Q

what is fictional drag ?

A

water molecules stick to skin

136
Q

what is an adaptation for overcomming drag ?

A

fusiform (almond) shaped body, tappered at both ends which decreases drag

137
Q

muscles and scales ______ friction

A

decrease

138
Q

what is drag ?

A

force exerted in opposite direction to movement

139
Q

what are interstitial forces?

A

tendancy of masss to remain at rest or keep moving unless upon by force

140
Q

define swimming?

A

continued forward motion between strokes due to inertia, interstitial forces (momentum) is greater than viscous forces (drag)

141
Q

what is reynolds number?

A

predicts ratio of inertia vs viscous forces

142
Q

reynolds number is _________ in fast swimmers

A

high

143
Q

Re>1 means fish moves ______

A

forward

144
Q

what is power?

A

proportional to rate of contraction, proportional to amplitude of undulations

145
Q

what is anguliform swimming?

A

whole body flexion, eels, lamprey, assumed inneficient

146
Q

what is sub carangiform swimming?

A

undulation of posterior 1/3 to 1/2 of body, rover predators, salmon and bass

147
Q

what is carangiform swimming?

A

undulation of posterior 1/3 of body, amplitude increases anterior to tail, jacks, tuna and mackeral

148
Q

what is thunniform swimming?

A

oscillation of tail, convergent evolution, fast cruising speed, low drag, decreased turbulance, billfish, marlins, lamnid sharks

149
Q

what is ostraciform swimming?

A

boxfish, sculling with caudal fin, low velocity, slow,

150
Q

what is MPf swimming?

A

fins alone swimming, many teleost, median and paired fins

151
Q

labriform vs rajiform?

A

both fins alone swimming, labriform ( rowin or flapping ), rajiform (undulatory waves using enlarged pectoral fins )

152
Q

skates and rays use what type of swimming?

A

rajiform

153
Q

what is isometric scaling ?

A

linear dimensions of an object change in proportion to one another as it gets larger

154
Q

what is allometric scaling?

A

systemic changes in body proportions with increasing body size

155
Q

most groups of animals follow ________ scaling

A

allometric

156
Q

how are metabolic costs of locomtion measured?

A

swim tunnels, respirometers

157
Q

O2 consumptions ________ swimming speed

A

increases

158
Q

increasing temperature _____ water viscosity

A

decreases

159
Q

O2 solubility _______ with increasing temp

A

decreases

160
Q

what are pitch roll and yaw?

A

pitch (up and down movements of head and tail)
roll (rotation about central axis)
yaw (side to side of head)

161
Q

fast swimmers have pectoral fins that reduce drag how?

A

fold into slots

162
Q

aspect ratio

A

height to SA, preformence indicator

163
Q

the adipose fin was though to be vestigial but could possibly be ?

A

precaudal flow sensor, allowing maneuverability in turbulent waters

164
Q

the vertebral column in fish is _________ but __________

A

incompressible but flexible

165
Q

the central axis for muscle attatchment is what?

A

the vertebral column

166
Q

the muscular system is vertically organized into ______ shaped _______

A

w shaped myomeres

167
Q

oxidative phosphorylation takes place along the ?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

168
Q

which muscle requires recovery?

A

white muscle due to lactate buildup

169
Q

_________ _________ reflects muscle fibre use and makeup

A

lifestyle

170
Q

water is ________ meaning exert force _________

A

incompressible, exert force against

171
Q

the lateral forces of swiming ________ out

A

cancel eachother out

172
Q

mechanisms of swimming include rythmic undulations of all body parts accompanied by what?

A

sequential contraction of myomeres

173
Q

power is ______ to rate of contraction and ________ to amplitude of undulations

A

proportional and proportional

174
Q

BCF vs MPF

A

body and or caudal fin propulsion vs median and or paired fin propulsion

175
Q

______% of fish use non BCF models

A

15

176
Q

MPF models can be used along with BCF models for what?

A

manoevering and stabalization

177
Q

_______ scaling rarely occurs in animals

A

isometric

178
Q

drag ratio

A

speed proportional to the power

179
Q

power is reliant on ______ -_______

A

muscle contraction

180
Q

power increases in proportion to ______ _____________

A

body mass

181
Q

surface area ______ as the power to drag ratio _______ in fishes

A

decreases, increases

182
Q

larger fish should swim _____

A

faster

183
Q

O2 consumption ____ with swimming speed

A

increases

184
Q

SMR

A

standard metabolic rate, is the metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed ectotherm , at a particular temp

185
Q

ucrit

A

critical swimming speed,

186
Q

BMR

A

basic metabolic rate, amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in post absorptive state, meaning digestive system is inactive, requires 12 hours fasting in humans

187
Q

the mass specific metabolic rate represents the costs per unit weight, this ________ with larger body sizes

A

decreases,

more efficient at higher body sizes

188
Q

how does rotary valve assembly work?

A

fish attracted to controlled stream flow, enter slowly pivoting rotary valves, fish exit through chamber, and continue to swim updamn or culvert, fish swim easily upward to bouyancy

189
Q

vertical slot fishways are more for _____ swimming while denil fishways are more for _______ swimming

A

burst, prolongued

190
Q

what do PIT tags do?

A

passive integrated transponder tags, track individual fish when they pass through an array

191
Q

most fishes have _____gills

A

internal

192
Q

internal gills are covered by ____________

positioned with ____ slits and irrigated mainly via _______-_______ pump

A

operculum, gill slits, buccal-opercular pump

193
Q

external gills are found on a few fish name one?

A

lungfish

194
Q

whats better for repsiration water or air and why?

A

water is less efficient medium for repsiration due to its lower o2 solubility, lower O2 difusibility, greater density and viscosity

195
Q

does increased temperature increase of decreased disolved oxygen?

A

lead to lower DO

196
Q

O2 availibility ______ as metabolic demand increases

A

decreases

197
Q

what are 4 consequences of water breathing?

A

greater ventilatory flow required to deliver O2 to gills

  1. High ventilatory costs
  2. Lower O2 consumption MO2 per unit weight in water
  3. Low blood PCO2
198
Q

O2 and CO2 diffuse from ______Pgas to ______ Pgas

A

high to low

199
Q

the ______ is the most efficient gas organ in vertebrates

A

gill

200
Q

how is non resspiratory blood supplied?

A

supplied to gills via Venolymphatic vessels and basal blood vessels

201
Q

O2 is sensed by __________

A

chemoreceptors

202
Q

why is countercurrent gas exchange usefull?

A

maximizes O2 uptake by maintaing relatively stable PO2 gradient

203
Q

oxygen must flow from an area of _____ to _____

A

high to low

204
Q

describe counter current gas exchange

A

Fish gills use a design called ‘countercurrent oxygen exchange’ to maximize the amount of oxygen that their blood can pick up. They achieve this by maximizing the amount of time their blood is exposed to water that has a higher oxygen level, even as the blood takes on more oxygen. Countercurrent oxygen exchange means the blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction as the water flowing over the gills. This flow pattern ensures that as the blood progresses through the gills and gains oxygen from the water, it encounters increasingly fresh water with a higher oxygen concentration that is able to continuously offload oxygen into the blood. The low-oxygen blood, which is just entering the gill, meets low-oxygen water. Since there is more oxygen in the water, the oxygen can flow from water to blood. Likewise, the high-oxygen blood, which has nearly passed the entire length of the gill, meets fresh, high-oxygen water, and oxygen continues to flow from water to blood

205
Q

is there a cost to a higher surface area oxygen uptake wise?

A

yes there is a osmoregulatory compromise

206
Q

what is gill remodelling in crucian carp?

A

lamellae becomes protruding in hypoxic conditions , where lamellar SA increases, in normoxia lacks protruding lamellae

207
Q

ILCM

A

interlamellar cell mass

208
Q

larval lampreys use what type of ventilation?

A

velar pump

209
Q

larval lampreys are ________ breather

A

unidirectional

210
Q

Vellar pump is a ________ -_______ recoil of brachial chamber

A

compression recoil

211
Q

post metamorphic lampreys use what ventilation?

A

tidal ventilation

212
Q

describe tidal ventilation

A

Contraction of branchial musculature forces water across the gills and out the external branchiopore, followed by elastic recoil which expands branchial pouch to draw in water.

213
Q

is tidal ventilation always used by post metamorphic lampreys?

A

no only used when feeding, because not very efficient

214
Q

what fish uses uniderectional ventilation using vellar pump?

A

hagfish

215
Q

do hagfish tidally ventillate when feeding?

A

no they undure apnea

216
Q

elasmobranchs use what ventilation mechanism?

A

buccal parabranchial pump

217
Q

descirbe the buccal parabranchial pump

A

dual pump mechanism, creates alternerate negative sucction and positive pressure to draw water and then force across gills.

218
Q

the pressure is always __________ in the parabranchial cavity vs the buccal cavity despite _________ pressures in both

A

lower, oscillating

  • increase volume of parabranchial cavity
219
Q

describe inhalation vs exhalation in buccal parabranchial pump

A

inhalation ( floor of buccal cavity drops, flap valves closed, decreased pressure in buccal cavity, draws water in)

Exhalation ( spiracle closed, floor of buccal cavity rises, increased pressure in buccal cavity and pharnyx forces water across gills into parabranchial chamber and forces open flap valves)

220
Q

RAM ventilation is initiated by

A

rapid swimming, critical velocity, mouth opens and water is forced through buccal cavity across gills

221
Q

RAM ventilation is generally initiated at ?

A

1-2 body lengths per second

222
Q

aquatic cutaneous ventilation occurs 96% of the time in ________ fish

A

larval

223
Q

in adult fish is skin a usual organ of gas exchange?

A

no as it is poorly vascularized

224
Q

what are faculative air breathers

A

some fish retain the ability to breath in water

225
Q

obligate air breathers are

A

must breath through air, will drown if denied acess

226
Q

why would fish air breath?

A
  1. take advantage of O2 at water air interface
  2. desication of habitat
  3. receding waters
  4. overland migrations
227
Q

what are some solutions to the challenges air breathers face?

A
  1. thicker widely spaced lamellae
  2. retain gills in moist microenvironmnet
  3. limit migrations to moist periods
  4. use other mechanis of airiel respiration
228
Q

accessory air breathing organs are?

A

cutaneous respiration, skin, buccal cavity, swallow air, swim bladders, lungs etc

229
Q

gills are generally _______ in air breathers

A

reduced

230
Q

what are some mechanisms for air breathing?

A
  1. cutaneous respiration
  2. mouth( well vascularized buccal cavity, reduced gills which have ability to shed CO2)
  3. Gut (swallow air, O2 delivered in specialized gut regions, CO2 excreted at gills)
  4. lungs or swim bladders
231
Q

lungfish are ________ air breathers

A

obligate

232
Q

gars are _______ air breathers

A

faculative

233
Q

what are 6 factors affecting O2 consumption rate?

A
  1. life stage, eggs have low Mo2, juveniles have greater than adults
  2. Body size (allometric scaling)
  3. feeding (specific dynamic action)
  4. activity level (MO2 is proportional to red muscle activity)
  5. Temperature (greater BMR at higher temp)
  6. Lowered dissolved oxygen (ventilation icnreased to sustain MO2, MO2 reduced below critical PO2)
234
Q

water has very _____ O2 solubility

A

low

235
Q

external gills on fish like the african lungfish can cause ___________ why?

A

vulnerability, colourful or looks like food for other fish, exposed

236
Q

respiartion is depependent on ________ _______ gradients

A

partial pressure

237
Q

Hypoxia is _____ O2 while anoxia is ____ O2`

A

low O2, No O2

238
Q

normoxia

A

a state in which the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired gas is equal to that of air at sea level

239
Q

why are gills the most efficient gas exchange organ in vertebrates?

A

according to ficks law, with a large surface area and short diffusion distance the rate rate of difusion can be maximized

240
Q

_______% of oxygen is extracted from water`

A

80

241
Q

slow species would have ______ laminae while active species would have _______ laminae

A

thicker, thinner

242
Q

there is a greater surface area of gill laminae in ________ species compared to ________ species

A

greater in active than slow

243
Q

crucian carp can do what with their gills?

A

remodel then to increase lamenar surface area when introduced to hypoxia for 7 days which is low O2 in the water,

244
Q

describe the buccal opercular pump

A

suction pump and pressure pump, work synchrinously expansion and contraction and as even water flow as possible, buccal cavity has negative pressure as mouth opens and sucks water in

245
Q

what breathing mechanism is specific to lamprey?

A

velar pump, compression recoil of cartilagenous scaffold

246
Q

lamprey breath _______ when feeding

A

tidally

247
Q

hagfish have water inflow through their ________

A

nostril

248
Q

hagfish endure apnea and ________ when feeding

A

hold their breath

249
Q

why do some larval fish use cutaneous respiration?

A

SA ratio okay very small gills not well developed

250
Q

what are some functions of the cirulatory system?

A
  • oxygen delivery
  • nutrient uptake and delivery
  • waste removal
  • osmotic and ion balance
  • communication, hormones
  • thermoregulation
  • damage repair
  • immunity
251
Q

the circulatory system of fish is a _____ circuit

A

single

252
Q

the circulatory system composes of what 3 componants ?

A
  1. blood
  2. blood vessels
  3. the heart (pump)
253
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, nucleated, associated with immunity

254
Q

leukocytes are responsible for

A

removal of damaged cells and debris

255
Q

erythrocytes (RBCs) usually have ______ and are larger in _________

A

haemoglobin, larger in elasmobranchs

256
Q

RBC size ________ with activity level, why?

A

decreases, lower diffusion distance and greater exchange SA

257
Q

haematocrit (Hct)

A

Packed RBC volume, reflects O2 demand, percentage of RBC

258
Q

blood cell production arises from?

A

hemocytoblast precursors as immature RBCs or WBCs

259
Q

does blood cellcproduction happnen in bone marow?

A

no bone marrow

260
Q

MCHC depends on

A

mean hematocrit concentration, life stage, environment, activity level, gender, season

261
Q

Haemoglobin does reversible _______ binding

A

oxygen

262
Q

the cooperative O2 binding in haemoglobin increases ______ for bidning of O2 to other subunits

A

affinity

263
Q

_________ increases blood O2 carrying caacity

A

Haemoglobin

264
Q

less than _____% of O2 is disolved in the plasma

A

5

265
Q

Plasma O2 carriage _______ at cold temperatures

A

increases

266
Q

the croccodile ice fish doesnt have haemoglobin what adaptations does this fish have?

A

low metabolic rate, sluggish lifestyle, very large heart

267
Q

lampreys and hagfish have _____ haemoglobin

A

monomeric (when oxygenated)

268
Q

bony fishes have _______ haemoglobin

A

tetrameric ( 4 subunits )

269
Q

P50

A

the point at which 50% saturation is attained

270
Q

P50 is ______ proportional to HbO2 affinity

A

inversely

271
Q

a low p50 is important during ________ or warm water

A

hypoxia

272
Q

a higher P50 promotes _____ unloading at _______

A

O2 unloading at tissue

273
Q

Tense state (deoxy state) has a _____ affinity for O2

A

low

274
Q

Relaxed state (oxy state) has a _____ affinity for O2

A

high

275
Q

The bohr effect means _______ HbO2 affinity

A

decreased

276
Q

with the Bohr effect there is _______ PCO2 and _______ pH

A

increased, decreased

277
Q

the bohr affect is important for?

A

O2 unloading at tissue

278
Q

blood with high hb-O2 affinity often show a lack of __________

A

cooperativity

279
Q

what is the root affect?

A

exaggerated bohr effect, decreased HbO2 carrying capacity

280
Q

H+ production leads to _______ of O2

A

Jettisoning

281
Q

Organic phosphates affect HbO2 affinity how?

A

conformational change in Hb

282
Q

what will happen to HbO2 affinity if ATP and GTP are present compared to depleted?

A

present lower HbO2 affinity therefore improved O2 uloading

if depleted improved O2 loading by RBC

283
Q

the greater the temperature the ______ HbO2 affinity

A

lower

284
Q

Haldane effect

A

reverse bhor effect

- HbCO2 affinity lowered when Hb is oxygenated, CO2 can be carried by Hb

285
Q

when is the Haldane effect greatest?

A

fish living in stagnant water, carp

286
Q

what is the cortex?

A

dense compact myocardium, coronary artery

287
Q

the cortex is well developed in ______ fishes and __________

A

active fishes and elasmobranchs

288
Q

the cortex is less associated with _____ fish

A

sluggish

289
Q

the spongy mycocardium is the universal _____ layer

A

inner

290
Q

what part of the heart depends upon O2 reserves and nutrients in venous blood

A

spongy myocardium

291
Q

fish hearts are _____

A

myogenic

292
Q

pacemakeer cells are in the ______ region

A

sinoatrial

293
Q

do fish hearts have conducting fibres?

A

no

294
Q

cardiac preformance relys on what equation?

A

cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

295
Q

chrontropic effects

A

altered heart rate in beats per min

296
Q

intropic effects

A

altered stroke volume

297
Q

whats an intrope?

A

agent that alters the force or energy of msucular contractions

298
Q

describe the heart in burst swimming compared to endurance swimming

A

burst (lower cardiac output, lower stroke volume and lower arterial pressure, but opposite for recovery)

endurance (increased cardiac output, greater stroke volume, greater

299
Q

Cardiac output ______ with temperature

A

increases

300
Q

during hypoxia what happens to cardiac output?

A

its maintained

301
Q

what is the frank starling mechanism?

A

stroke volume is greater with ventricular filling

302
Q

the frank starling mechanism is influenced by ?

A

diastolic volume and cardiac filling pressure

303
Q

what is contractility?

A

the change in development force at a given resting muscle fibre length

304
Q

what are the factors that influence cardiac filling?

A
  1. Vis atergo (push0

2. Vis a fronte (pull)

305
Q

the PNS is used for __________ while the SNS is used for ___________

A

rest and digest

fight or flight

306
Q

what are the sites for release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

EP (chromaffin tissue outside heart, heart in cyclostomes (lungfish))

NEP (adrenergic nerves )

307
Q

fish hearts have _____ chambers

A

4

Fishes (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions