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Fishes > EXAM Notes > Flashcards

EXAM Notes Flashcards

1
Q

A neutral buoyancy means the fish would ________ while a positive buoyancy would mean the fish would ______

A

float , rise

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2
Q

A negative buoyancy would mean the fish would ______

A

sink

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3
Q

establishing and maintaining neutral buoyancy is _____ specific

A

species

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4
Q

What are the four strategies to achieve buoyancy in fishes?

A

retention of low density compounds, generation of lift during forward movement , minimize high density substances (tissues) , use of gas bladder (swim bladders)

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5
Q

The Bohr effect affects Hb-O2 affinity how?

A

decreases

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6
Q

Hyper osmotic regulators are _______ fishes

A

freshwater

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7
Q

Is-osmotic regulators and hyposmotic regulators are _______fishes

A

saltwater

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8
Q

Hagfish are __________

A

osmoconformers

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9
Q

How is absorptive surface area optimized ? (2)

A

pyloric cecae, spiral intestine

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10
Q

Buoancy saves ______ energy

A

energy

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11
Q

gas bladder increases _____ ______ levels

A

blood gas levels

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12
Q

Explain how niche expansion is an advantage for ectothermic fish?

A

competetive advantage, being warm means better chemical reaction rates

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13
Q

Hyposmotic regulators gain _____ and loose ______

A

ion gain and water loss

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14
Q

hyperosmotic regulators gain ____ and loose _______

A

water gain, ion loss

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15
Q

Is euryhaline salmonids and reciprocal regulation of ion transport common?

A

no, few fish use this

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16
Q

A vast majority of fish are carnivores over herbivores, name two benefits of this diet

A

high quality and energy diet

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17
Q

Pyloric cecae, spiral intestine provide what 3 benefits for digestion?

A

increase intestinal length, increase volume and increase time for digestion

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18
Q

what are the two mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products? differentiate the two

A

Ammoniotelism (ammonia is toxic) and Ureotelism (urea is less toxic, but energetically expensive to make)

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19
Q

what are 5 ways fish have evolved ways in which they can perceive their environment?

A
  • Bioelectric field
  • Vision, eyes
  • Olfaction (smell) and taste
  • acousticolateralis system
  • ear and lateral line system
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20
Q

what is archimedes principle?

A

an object completely or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

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21
Q

weightlessness is the same as ______ buoyancy

A

neutral

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22
Q

positive buoyancy

A

density of object less than density of water

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23
Q

negative buoyancy

A

density of object is greater than density of water

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24
Q

what are two low density compounds that help buoyancy ?

A

fats and oils

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25
Q

what are some strategies to improve buoyancy in agnatha ? (jaweless fishes, lampreys etc)

A
  • retention of fat, fatty livers
  • cartilagenous skeleton
  • ** do not have swim bladder
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26
Q

what are some strategies to improve buoyancy in sharks?

A

large livers, stored lipids, squalene (compound in sharks, oil substance), heterocercal caudal fin and streamlining to help generate lift, cartilagenous skelton
** lacks swim bladder

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27
Q

sharks have a close to ______ buoyancy

A

neutral

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28
Q

when limiting low density compounds for buoyancy there are some limitations, what are these?

A
  • restricted activity

- inhability to rapidly alter density and therefore depth in response to changing pressure, temperature and salinity

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29
Q

do fish swim with swim bladder?

A

no

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30
Q

where did swim bladder/gas bladder originate?

A

arose from ancestral lung in early jawed vertebrates

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31
Q

the Coelocanth has a special swimbladder because it is a deep water bottom fish, what is this specialty?

A

lung/swimbladder is filled with fat that provides buoyancy

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32
Q

what is the difference between the physostomous and physoclistous gas bladder?

A

physostomous (stoma = mouth, is located in soft ray finned teleosts, digestive tract is attaced to swim bladder)

Physoclistous ( spiny ray finned teleosts, closed gas bladder, digestive tract closed off from swim bladder, separate)

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33
Q

boyles law:

A

P1V1=P2V2

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34
Q

how does inflation of physostomos bladder occur?

A

gulping and swallowing air at water surface, air diverted through pneumatic duct by increasing pressure in buccal cavity

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35
Q

why is gulping air less effective in deep water?

A

high pressure, therefore you would need large amounts of gas in deep water to achieve neutral buoyancy

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36
Q

how does deflation of physostomous bladder by reflux occur?

A

relax puckreflex, relax pneumatic sphincter, contraction of smooth muscle and elastic recoil of gas bladder wall and contraction of body wall, gas released into pneumatic duct, esophagus and negative buoyancy occurs

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37
Q

pneumatic duct has tissue which ________ ______ vented from gas bladder

A

reabsorbs gas (O2)

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38
Q

how do spiny ray finned fishes with a physoclistous (closed) gas bladder undergoe volume control?

A

well vascularized, rete mirable (capillary bed, vascularized),

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39
Q

rete mirable is in both physoclistous and physostomous gas bladder fishes (T/F)

A

true

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40
Q

Physoclistous gas bladders are missing the pneumatic duct and have a gas gland for ____________ and oval patch for ______________

A

gas gland for seceretion of gas, and oval patch for reapsortion of gas

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41
Q

counter current multiplier _________ O2 uptake by maintaining relatively stable PO2 gradient.

A

maximizes

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42
Q

Afferent capilalries have lactate and H+ which does what?

A

lactate (salting out of CO2, N2, O2)

**H+(root off effect, bhor shift, combine with HCO3 to generate CO2)

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43
Q

efferent capillaries have a slow root on effect meaning

A

ten seconds to restore HbO affinity, delay ensures PO2 sufficiently high to maintain efferent to afferent capillary PO2 gradient

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44
Q

the counter current multiplier effect can achieve gas exchange partial pressure up to _____atm

A

300 atm

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45
Q

Diffusion of gases from venous ________ to arterial _________ capillaries ensures very high gas partial pressures at swim bladder

A
  1. (efferent)

2. (afferent)

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46
Q

the longer the capillaries the more _______ unloaded

A

gas

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47
Q

multiplication is ______ to the length of retial capilalries

A

proportional

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48
Q

what are the 3 concepts in thermoregulation

A
  1. properties of water vs air
  2. high body surface area in contact with water
  3. low metabolic rates (most fishes)
  • high rates of connective heat loss in water
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49
Q

name and describe the 4 strategies of thermoregulation

A
  1. Poikilothermy
    ( Body Temperature varies with environment)
  2. Homeothermy
    (maintenance of constant body temperature)
  3. Ectothermy
    (Body Temperature determined 1º by environment )
  4. Endothermy
    ( Internal generation of Heat, Regional endothermy)
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50
Q

what strategy do majority of fishes use for thermoregulation?

A

poikilothermy, body temp varies with environment

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51
Q

what is behavioural thermoregulation and why is this beneficial?

A

select the optimal temperature range, conserves energy, greater metabolic efficiency, temperature selection often transient (quick)

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52
Q

there are high rates of connective heat loss in _______ with thermoregulation

A

water

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53
Q

which fish species use regional endothermy?

A

continuous swimmiing species including mackeral and tuna, swordfish, billfish, large body sizes, large cutaneous arteries, those with heat exchange organs

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54
Q

what is the advantage (s) of heterothermy in macheral, sharks etc?

A

temperature of swimming muscle is greater than water temp, niche expansion, greater power output, higher axtivity for oxidative enzymes, red muscle rich in myoglobin, thicker blood vessels in rete mirable minimizes O2 loss to venous capillaries

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55
Q

regional endothermy in swordfishes and billfishes occurs where? why is it important

A

they have constant cranial temperature, and a heater organ at base of brain, CNS activity, unaltered by changing temps, vision maintained at all depths

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56
Q

lamnid sharks and tunas have a ____ ______ heat exchanger only

A

cranial heat

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57
Q

what are the 5 types of water environments?

A
  1. freshwater FW = 0.1 to 0.2 ppt
  2. saltwater SW = 34-37 ppt
  3. hypersaline water HSW = >40 ppt
  4. Brackish water BW = 0.5 to 30 ppt
  5. Inland Saline Lakes 6 up to 200 ppt
    (e. g. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea)
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58
Q

compare osmolarity with fresh and saltwater

A

fresh 0.5-10 mosM

salt 1050 mosM

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59
Q

osmoregulation

A

maintenance of osmolarity within body’s normal operating limits

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60
Q

Ionregulation

A

control of internal ion concentrations in body fluids

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61
Q

ions are ______ which makes osmoregulation and ionregulation closely linked

A

osmolytes

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62
Q

Osmoconformer

A

body fluid osmotic pressure changes with medium

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63
Q

Osmoregulator

A

regulate internal osmotic concentrations

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64
Q

Ion Regulation

A

Control body fluid solute concentrations

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65
Q

ison regulation is used by _________ and ________

A

osmoconformers and osmoregulators

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66
Q

Euryhaline

A

tolerant to wide range of external salts

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67
Q

stenohaline

A

narrow tolerance range to external salts

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68
Q

***Osmoregulator vs conformer

A

slide 7

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69
Q

Hyperosmoregulation

A

diffusion salt across body surface, salt and water in feces

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70
Q

what are the 4 strategies of ion osmoregulatio in freshwater fishes?

A
  1. Do not drink
  2. Highly imperable tegument, deep tight junctions make gill less ion permeable
  3. produce copius dilute urine
  4. Active ion uptake via gills, freshwater ionocytes and respiratory cells
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71
Q

Bilge pump is used by ______ and ______ fishes

A

lampreys and bony fishes

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72
Q

the bilge pump and glomular kidney has a high ______ filtration rate and _______ flow rate

A

glomular (GFR) and urinary flow rate (UFR)

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73
Q

how does the bilge pump work?

A
  • High rate of Na+, Cl- reabsorption at Proximal (PT) & Distal Tubules (DT)
  • Little water reabsorption at underdeveloped/absent intermediate segment (IS) and at collecting tubule (CT)
74
Q

movement against chemical gradients is _________ transport

75
Q

compare the bloods ionocytes to freshwater

A

freshwater (low Na+, Cl-, K+, Variable Ca2+)

Blood (high Na+, Cl-, low K+, Ca2+)

76
Q

what are the freshwater acid base equivalents providing linkage between acid base regulation and ion regulation

77
Q

Describe ion exchange with acid base regulation

A

Na+/H+ (Na+ uptake for H+ or acid excretion, direct or indirect coupling)

Cl-/HCO-3 (Cl- uptake for HCO3 or base excretion)

78
Q

what is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA)

A

provides H+ and HCO3 from CO2 hydration reaction

79
Q

Marine fishes have a salt influx when ________

80
Q

what are some challenges marine fish have during osmoregulation

A

entry of toxic divalents, Mg2+, SO42-, salt influx during feeding, osmotic water loss

81
Q

Hagfish are osmocofnormers with a ________ kidney and have ion secretions in _______

A

mesonephric, slime

82
Q

osmoocnforming ion regulators are slightly ____________but hypoionic to seawater

A

hyperosmotic

83
Q

urea osmoregulation

A

High [Urea] 100 times greater than in mammals,

Slight, inwardly directed osmotic gradient, TMAO retained as a counterbalancing solute

84
Q

What are the retention site for retaining solutes

A

the gill and kidney

85
Q

The kidney ______concentrate NaCl

86
Q

__________blocks ures reuptake

87
Q

Rectal gland secretes ____ and ______

A

Na+ and cl-

88
Q

NaCl secretion stimulated by _______

A

ANP (Atrial Natiuretic Peptide)

89
Q

Gills have ionocytes but involved in acid base regulation and not _______ secretion

90
Q

the coelacanth retains _____ and _____

A

urea and TMAO

91
Q

what are some strategies for Hypoosmoregulators , marine teleosts and lampreys?

A

Impermeable Tegument, Drink Salt Water therfore active absorption of ions & water across gut, Active Na+ & Cl- extrusion via Saltwater ionocytes (Chloride Cells) therefore shallow tight junctionsdeep apical crypt
, associated with accessory cells, Kidney’s Role limited to excretion of toxic divalents (e.g. Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-)

92
Q

explain how drinking saltwater works

A
  1. Imbibed SW is desalinated in esophagus (and stomach). NaCl but not water transport.
  2. Water entering the intestine is now iso-osmotic with blood.
  3. Absorption of NaCl carries water with it.
  4. Ca and Mg in imbibed SW is not absorbed but precipitated by secreted HCO3- as carbonates CaCO3 and MgCO3
93
Q

Drinkign salt water adds to salt _____, excess salt is secreted by ______ _______

A

load, gill chloride

94
Q

________ in fish poop is important in marine carbon cycle

A

carbonates

95
Q

_______ excretes small amounts of concentrated urine in sea water fishes

96
Q

what is the main role of the kidneys in sea water fishes?

A

excretion of toxic divalents

97
Q

catadromous migration

A

migrate down rivers as adults to spawn in the sea and juveniles back to fresh water to grow

98
Q

anadromous migration

A

» migrate up rivers as adults to spawn and juveniles downstream to the sea to grow.

99
Q

what are some arguments for the origin of glomular kidney?

A
  1. High Pressure Filtration Kidney needed for processing N-wastes
  2. Filtration kidney not restricted to vertebrates, crustaceans have marine origin
  3. Hagfish are osmoconformers, filtration kidney
  • ** likely a marine origin for vertebrates
  • ** Hyposmoregulation in SW likely secondarily evolved after invasion of FW
100
Q

Why is there lower osmolarity and ion concentrations retained after re invasion of salt water in vertebrates?

A
  • lower osmolarity and salinity of body fluids (gills for osmoregulation and ion balance, kidneys form concentrated urine, vey long loops of henule)
  • Urea retention for osmoregulation (isomotic)
101
Q

name salt secreting gland for elasmobranch’s birds and reptiles and coral catfish

A

Elasmobranch - rectal gland
Birds and reptiles -nasal/lingual salt glands
Coral catfish - Dendritic organ

102
Q

freshwater fishes are _________ regulators

A

hyperosmotic

103
Q

eurohaline salmonids use ________ regulation of ion transport

104
Q

Pharyngeal mill is used for?

A

grinding food in pharynx, mechanical not chemical digestion

105
Q

Epibrachial organ is used with what?

A

cross flow vs dead end filtration, in cross flow fluid flows parallel to filter surface and particles become more concentrated as filtrate leaves through the filter pores

106
Q

Gill rakers are used for?

A

food capture

107
Q

Desribe the two herbivore feeding behaviours?

A

browsers - selective and eat only plant

Grazers - less selective and include sediments

108
Q

detrivores

A

feed on decomposing organic plant matter

109
Q

omnivores

A

animal and plant matter

110
Q

All larval fish are _________

A

carnivores (feed on zooplankton)

111
Q

what are the 4 carnivourous feeding habits?

A
  1. suspension feeders ( suction and ram feeding)
  2. Benthic Invertebrate feeders (graspers, pickers, sorters)
  3. Piscivores (active pursuit, stalking, ambush)
  4. Scavengers (Carrion)
112
Q

after ingestion of food, gut is responsible for _______

113
Q

what are the 4 steps in physiology of fish digestion?

A
  1. digestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Diffusion
  4. Phagocytosis/pinocytosis
  5. Active transport
114
Q

does fish gut have a large intestine?

115
Q

What are acessory organs ?

A

liver and pancreas

116
Q

the gut tube in fish consists of ?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • Intestine
  • rectum
117
Q

vertebrate stomach

A

acid peptic digestion, secretion of HCL and pepsinogen by same cell, oxynticopeptic cells

118
Q

what is role of oxynticopeptic cells in fishes?

A 
start of digestion.
Aids digestion of protein. 
Breaks down cell wall and exoskeleton.
Barrier to pathogen entry into lower gut.
Improves Ca2+ and PO43- uptake.
Not just a storage site.
119
Q

what are two major groups of fish stomachs?

A

stomachless (gastric) and stomach (Agastric)

120
Q

Stomachless fish include _____% of fish species

121
Q

what is the general trend for agastric and gastric fish?

A

agastric fish tend to be detrivores or herbivores and gastric fishes tend to be carnivores

122
Q

The intestine is the site of _______ and _______

A

digestion and absorption

123
Q

increased surface area increases________ ______ `

A

Absorptive Capacity

124
Q

What characteristics of the intestine increase surface area

A

microvilli, folding of mucosa

125
Q

Intestinal length is ____ to body length

A

proportional

126
Q

what are the alternative ways of increasing surface area without increasing length of intestine

A
  1. pyloric cecae (blind ended sacs, some bony gastric fishes)
  2. Spinal Intestine (Spiral fold, chndrichthyans, chondrosteins, lungfish)
127
Q

lipid carbohydrate and protein catabolis yeild ______ and ______

A

water and CO2

128
Q

protein or amino acid catabolism result in _________

A

ammonia production

129
Q

ammonia is ______

A

toxic, neurotoxic

130
Q

ammoniotelic

A

excrete directly

131
Q

_________ ___________ function as ammonia transporters

A

rhesus glycoproteins

132
Q

_______ is predominant site of ammonia secretion

A

gill (90% ammonia and 10% urea)

133
Q

ammonia needs to be ________ and excreted as ______

A

detoxified and excreted as urea

134
Q

ureotelic

A

energetically costly 5ATP per urea

135
Q

how do larval fishes excrete waste?

A

ureogenic by ornthine urea cycle

136
Q

acuity

A

Clarity of vision or sharpness

137
Q

Sensitivity

A

detection threshold

138
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the fish eye?

A

Capture the light
Focus the image on the retina
Transform the image into neural signals

139
Q

A snellen shart is used for

A

measure of visual acutity

140
Q

Spectral changes with depth include?

A
  • absorption and scattering, Reflection
141
Q

whatare the main componants of the fish eye?

A 
Cornea
Iris
Lens
Retina
Choroid
Falciform process
Sclera
142
Q

what is needed in order for an image to be formed on the retina?

A

light needs to be bended or refracted

143
Q

The corner is _____ in fish and _______ refraction between the cornea and water

A

thinner, little

144
Q

Differentiate the lens in elasmobranchs and bony fish/lamprey?

A

Bony fish - Spherical

elasmobranchs - Slightly flattened

145
Q

the chorid contains reflective _______ _________

A

guanine crystals

146
Q

The retina has two layers what are these?

A

outer layer with pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors and an inner layer with nervous tissue and nuclei of photoreceptors

147
Q

what are the photreceptors in the fish eye?

A

rods (respond to dim light, poor sharpness, sensitivity)

Cones (acuity, colour vision in some fishes)

148
Q

zebra fish have a third eye known as the ______ _______

A

pineal gland

149
Q

what is the pineal gland used for?

A

ultrasensitive light sensor, cues circadian and or seasonal behaviour

150
Q

visual reception can be useful for what 4 behaviours?

A
  1. Communication
  2. Predator avoidance
  3. Feeding
  4. Shoaling and schooling
151
Q

when communicating with visual signals _______ is key

A

pigmentation

152
Q

chromatophores are used for ?

A

pigmentation

153
Q

what and where are chromatophores?(3)

A

in the dermis of the skin

  1. Carotenoids (red and yellow)
  2. Melanins (red, brown, black)
  3. Purines (colourless, crystaline substances
154
Q

w=colouration pattern plays a role in what 3 things?

A
  1. intraspecific communication
  2. predator avoidance (camouflage)
  3. thermoregulation (protection from UV light, photon capture)
155
Q

intraspecific communication and colouration can be important for ___________ success, _______ sucesss, and ________ ____________ for schooling

A

reproductive sucess, feeding sucess, lateral lines for schooling

156
Q

what are some examples in which fish use colouration for predator avoidance?

A
  1. Disruptive colouration as camoflage
  2. Countershading to disrupt attacks from above
  3. Eye spots to focus attacks on tail
157
Q

for chemoreception ________ location and _______ centers are key

A

receptor location, processing centers are key

158
Q

is the olfactors organ the same in all species?

159
Q

the size of the olfactory organ is dependent on what?

A

how much the fish relies on olfaction

160
Q

Integration of olfactory perception is done by _______ ________

A

olfactory nerve

161
Q

gustatory chemoreception

162
Q

How does gustatory chemoreception work?

A

Perception of chemicals upon contact
Used to identify food and noxious substances
Receptors – taste buds and free nerve endings (external surfaces)

163
Q

where are taste receptors located?

A

-mouth, gill, gill arches, exterior surfaesm skin, fins and barbels

164
Q

whatare the 3 ways fish can use gustatory chemoreception?

A
  1. Fish feeding primarily by taste and sight, enlarged vagal lobes (VLM), prominent optic and facial lobes (FLM)
  2. Fish feeding primarily through the use of barbels, enlarged facial lobes(FLM), reduced vagal lobes (VLM)
    3) Fish feeding primarily by sight , poorly developed vagal and facial lobes, enlarged optic lobes (OL)
165
Q

give some examples as to why olfaction and taste are improtant

A
  • food detection, predator avoidance, parental care, location of spawning streams for adults
166
Q

pollutants and pesticides can _________ olfactory sensitivity

167
Q

gradient cues

A

temperature, salinity and chemicals

168
Q

Celestial clues

A
  • orientation by the position of the sun
169
Q

Orientation to the geomagnetic and geoelectric fields

A

the importance of oceanic currents

170
Q

how does chemo reception help with migration?

A
  1. Gradient cues - temperature, salinity and chemicals
  2. Celestial clues - orientation by the position of the sun
  3. Orientation to the geomagnetic and geoelectric fields the importance of oceanic currents
171
Q

how does the lateral line system help with accousticolateralis system?

A
  • Detection of water movements
    Orientation to the direction of the disturbance
    – prey detection, predator avoidance
172
Q

water is denser than air which makes it an ______ conductor of sound waves

173
Q

the vibration of molecules is picked up by the ____ _____

174
Q

how does the swim bladder assist in hearing?

A

the swim bladder is connected to the inner ear which amplifies perception of higher frequency sounds

175
Q

Swim bladder directly connected to the inner ear via _________ ________ to improve hearing

A

Weberian apparatus

176
Q

neuromasts

A

mechanoreceptors that direct water movements

177
Q

crippled prey

A

Sharks, skates and rays – sensitivity to low frequency vibrations and irregularly pulsed sounds

178
Q

Continuous movement of pectoral fins helps with maintaining _________

A

equilibirum

179
Q

is shoaling the same as schooling

180
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of shoaling?

A
  • Increased hydrodynamic efficiency
  • Efficiency of food finding (watch your neighbour)
  • Reproductive success (lots of mates around)
  • Reduced risk of predation
  • Dilution and confusion effects
  • disadvantage would be decreased water quality at center of shoal
181
Q

what are magnetite crystals used for??

A

geomagnetic orientation in fish

182
Q

behaviour is highly influenced by _______ _______

A

sensory perception

Fishes (3 decks)

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