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Anth 100 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation

A

Biological anthropology

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2
Q

concerns itself with human health–the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human populations deal with disease or illness.

A

Medical anthropology

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3
Q

The study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change.

A

Cultural Anthropology

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4
Q

Study of gaming cultures, social media, memorialisation, technology in research

A

Digital anthropology

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5
Q

Study of past human
cultures through their
material remains, recovery and analysis of artifacts

A

Archaeology

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6
Q

Types of archaeology

A

Experimental, prehistoric, historical

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7
Q

Study of communication, the origin/history and contemporary variation of communication

A

Linguistic anthro

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8
Q

The process by which a child learns his/her culture

A

Enculturation

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9
Q

The process and product of a research study in cultural anth

A

Ethnography

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10
Q

ability to copy a behaviour by observing or learning

A

Tranmission

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11
Q

Ability to remember behaviours

A

Memroy

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12
Q

Ability to reproduce or imitate behaviours

A

Reiteration

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13
Q

Ability to develop new behaviours

A

Innovation

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14
Q

Ability to know which behaviours to keep or discard

A

Selection

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15
Q

Culture is… (4)

A

Shared, symbolic, patterned, learned

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16
Q

the belief that others are wrong or
abnormal because they are different from us; the opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or
correct,

A

Ethnocentricism

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17
Q

Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically
enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and
meaningful design for living

A

Cultural relativism

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18
Q 
The study of nonhuman
primates -- fossil and living
apes, monkey and
prosimians, including their
behaviour and social life.
A

Primatology

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19
Q

Principal factor in determining how organisms are assigned

to taxonomic categories based on similarities and common ancestry

A

Homologies

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20
Q

Occur from convergent evolution and not common ancestry

A

Analogies

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21
Q

Primate homologies (6)

A

Grasping, smell to sight, nose to hand, brain complexity, parental investment ,sociality

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22
Q

Defining characteristics of primate heads

A
  1. post-orbital bar/closure
  2. stereoscopic vision
  3. poor sense of smell
  4. big brain
  5. reduced dentition
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23
Q

Four trends of primate evolution

A
  1. bigger/more complex brains
  2. reduced facial projection and sense of smell
  3. increased dependence on site
  4. fewer teeth
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24
Q

The pre-darwinian belief that species arise from others through a long and gradual process of transformation

A

Lamarkian evolution/transformism

25
Q

The pre-darwinian belief that the forces and processes observable at earth’s surface are the same that have shaped earth’s landscape throughout natural history and therefore all life forms are ultimately related

A

Uniformitarianism

26
Q

Three principles of Darwin’s theory of evolution/natural selection

A

Principles of variation, heredity, and natural selection

27
Q

Five finger rule of evolutionary processes

A
  1. population shrinks
  2. selective mating
  3. mutation
  4. gene flow
  5. adaptation
28
Q

The exchange of genes that occurs when
a given population experiences a sudden
expansion due to in-migration of outsiders
from another population of the species

A

Gene flow

29
Q 
Random changes in gene frequencies
from one generation to the next due to a
sudden reduction in population size as a
result of disaster, disease, or the out-
migration of a small subgroup from a
larger population
A

Genetic drift

30
Q

The study of what happens to organic remains after death

A

Taphonomy

31
Q

A phenotypic pattern that shows how different traits of an organism,
responding to different selection pressures, may evolve at different
rates

A

Mosaic evolution

32
Q

Five major differences between apes and hominins

A
  1. Skull attaches inferiorly
  2. Spine S-shaped
  3. Arms shorter than legs and not weightbaring
  4. Bowl-shaped pelvis
  5. Femur angled in
33
Q

Secondary hominin traits (4)

A
  1. parabolic dental arcade
  2. smaller canines
  3. smaller canines
  4. thicker enamel
  5. reduced prognathism
34
Q

Five explanations for bipedal evolution

A
  1. carrying model
  2. effective heat management
  3. greater endurance
  4. increasing height
  5. walking in trees
35
Q

Two species of australopithecines to know

A
  1. Australopithecus afarensis

2. Australopithecus garhi

36
Q

One species of paranthropus to know

A

Paranthropus boisei

37
Q

Most famous of all au. afarensis fossil

A

Lucy (aka dinkenesh)

38
Q 
Hadar, ethiopia
3.2 mya
1.1 m tall
Bipedal
Lumbar curvature
A

Lucy

39
Q

3.3 mya toddler
North ethiopia
Upright walking with hints that ancestors hadn’t completely left trees

A

“Lucy’s baby” Selam

40
Q

Why was Selam relevant?

A

Bipedal climber

41
Q

When did Au. afarensis split into two groups?

A

Between 3-2 mya

42
Q

Why is paranthropus boisei famous?

A

Contracted herpes from chimpanzees

43
Q

Why was the homo naledi finding significant?

A

New species, possible burial practice, near complete skeletons

44
Q

What caused extinction of australopithecines

A

Competition with homo populations - Au not as adaptive; homo used tools, hunted, expanded beyond savannah

45
Q

Which species pushed human evolution beyond africa to asia and europe

A

Homo erectus

46
Q

Three periods of the old stone age?

A

Lower, middle, and upper palaeolithic

47
Q

Major feature of lower palaeolithic age?

A

Hominid development (ie. tool development, hunting development)

48
Q

Major feature of middle palaeolithic period

A

Neanderthals and homo sapians appear - advanced spears, extended terrirories, suggestion of deliberate burials, art, jewelry

49
Q

Major features of the upper palaeolithic age?

A

Advances in technology, spear thrower, undisputed evidence of burials and art

50
Q

What adaptive strategies allowed h. erectus to move past africa?

A

Skeletal adaptations for long-distance stalking-endurance, larger brain size, use of fire, hunting

51
Q

How did h.erectus transition to h. sapiens?

A

Through gradualism: mosaic adaptation

52
Q

Six trends in human biological evolution

A
  1. proficient bipedalism
  2. changes in size and shape of skull
  3. decreased prognathism
  4. smaller teeth
  5. loss of body hair
  6. darker skin pigmentation first, then lighter as humans migrated out of africa and adapted to different environments
53
Q

Transitional species between h. erectus and h. neanderthalensis/sapiens

A

H. heidelbergensis

54
Q

Why did neanderthals have so many injuries?

A

They hunted large animals “up close and personal”

55
Q

Physical characteristics of neanderthals

A

short, robust, large brown ridges, protuberant nose and prognathic face

56
Q 
300 tya (africa) 
40-30 tya (europe)
high rounded skulls
small brow ridges
no prognathism
chins
A

H. sapiens

57
Q

160-80 ka
1 meter tall
mix of a. and h. characteristics (dentition, long limbs)

A

Homo florensiensis

58
Q

How many years ago did h. sapiens arrive in europe?

A

40,000 years ago

Anth 100 (4 decks)

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