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Anth 100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Four major subfields of anthropology

A

Biological, cultural, archaeology, linguistic

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2
Q

The domination and subjugation of Indigenous peoples by Europeans and their descendants

A

Colonialism

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3
Q

Four characteristics of culture

A

Shared, symbolic, patterned, learned

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4
Q

the belief that all people are important and have viable cultures, and that each culture must be understood in context

A

Cultural relativism

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5
Q

the view point that all aspects of biology and/or culture are related

A

Holism

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6
Q

Homo sapiens or a larger group of hominins

A

Human

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7
Q

Food procurement; basic food needs for survival

A

Subsistence

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8
Q

a physical adaptation that allows an organism to survive better in its environment

A

Biological adaptation

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9
Q

a belief or behaviour that allows an organism with culture (especially humans) to better thrive in their environment

A

Cultural adaptation

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10
Q

an cultural insider’s perspective; the perspective of the subject

A

Emic

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11
Q

an outsiders perspective; an objective explanation

A

Etic

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12
Q

The process by which a child learns his or her own culture

A

Enculturation

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13
Q

practice of eating insects for food

A

Entomophagy

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14
Q

A term used to describe the geographic origin, language, and other features of a person

A

Ethnicity

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15
Q

The belief that others are wrong or abnormal because they are different from us

A

Ethnocentrism

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16
Q

The process and product of a research study in cultural anthropology

A

Ethography

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17
Q

Something that stands for something else with little or no natural relationship to its referent; a type of sign;

A

Sumbol

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18
Q

Seven characteristics of the anthropological perspectie

A

Holistic, comparative, evolutionary, qualitative, field-based, focused on linkages, focused on changes

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19
Q

Tylor’s stages of the evolution of religion

A

Animism, polytheism, monotheism

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20
Q

The material remains of the human past and, in some cases, the description of the human past based on material remains

A

Archaeological record

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21
Q

Any location where there is physical evidence of past human activity

A

Archaeological site

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22
Q

any portable object showing evidence of being made or used by people

A

Artifact

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23
Q

a collection or gathering of things

A

Assemblage

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24
Q

A non-portable object or patterning created by people and recognized archaeologically, such as a fire hearth

A

Feature

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25
Q

Animal remains used to make inferences about paleo-environments and diets

A

Faunal remains

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26
Q

a discrete accumulation of refuse

A

Midden

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27
Q

Major event in neolithic period

A

First signs of domestication

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28
Q

The study or the human past, but not within the framework of science or scholarly archaeology

A

Pseudoarchaeology

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29
Q

large ice-free area connecting Asia to NW Americas during the last ice age

A

Beringia

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30
Q

Space between two ice sheets covering most of Canada during the last ice age, providing a possible route from Beringia to south areas

A

Ice-free corridor

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31
Q

the theory that people came down the coast of what is now Alaska and British Columbia using boats or walking along the coastline

A

Costal migration route

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32
Q

Theory of boat travel across the North Atlantic and southward down the glacial environment of eastern Canada

A

Solutrean hypothesis

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33
Q

Five characteristics of domesticated crops

A

Larger seeds
higher yield per unit of area
loss of natural seed dispersal mechanisms,
tougher connective tissue holding seed pods to the stem,
More brittle husks

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34
Q

Six characteristics of animals that are suited for domestication

A 
Flexible diet
Fast growth
Breeds easily in captivity
Non-aggressive
Calm 
Modifiable social hierarchy
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35
Q

Archaeological signs of animal domestication

A

Animals outside their natural range
Physical changes in animal shape and size
more complete skeletons
Abrupt increase in animal numbers in one location
Increased numbers of males killed for meat

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36
Q

Transforming the environment with the goal of producing food using farming and/or animal husbandry

A

Food production

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37
Q

A way of life that revolves around domesticating animals and herding them to pasture

A

Pastoralism

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38
Q

A farming technique that can support a large population using advanced tools and irrigation; also known as intensive cultivation

A

Agriculture

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39
Q

land cultivation in small-scale farms or gardens

A

Horticulture

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40
Q

a type of political organization found in settlements of typically from a few thousands to a tens of thousands of people, characterized by social inequality to hereditary leadership, and based on horticulture

A

Chiefdom

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41
Q

a settlement supporting a dense population with a centralized government, specialization, and socio-economic hierarchy

A

City

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42
Q

a social division that separated members of a society into two groups: also called a moiety

A

Clan

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43
Q

a type of political organization in a highly populated, industrial society with strong centralized government

A

State

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44
Q

the practice of living in one place for a long time

A

Sedentism

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45
Q

Analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains

A

Stratigraphy

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46
Q

A classification according to general type

A

Typology

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47
Q

plant and animals remains used to make inferences about paleo-environments and diet

A

Ecofacts

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48
Q

Dates of colonialism

A

18th century to present

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49
Q

First farmers (Date)

A

10,000 ya in neolithic period

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50
Q

First archaeological artifacts date back to when?

A

2.5 million years ago

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51
Q

The study of humans through the remains of their physical activities

A

Archaeology

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52
Q

a widely shared understanding about the world that helps us organize our experience in it; determines the metaphors used in communication

A

Cultural model

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53
Q

Symbolic system expressing meaning through sounds or gestures

A

Language

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54
Q

Sapir-Worf Hypothesis

A

Linguistic relativity principle that says language shapes people’s perception of the world because language structures our thoughts

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55
Q

Hypothesis that says language determines thought and can limit the way we think

A

Linguistic determinism

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56
Q

Something that stands for something else

A

Sign

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57
Q

The very specific set of non-verbal cues such as gestures, body movements, and facial expressions that is acquired by speakers of a language

A

Silent language

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58
Q

The earliest form of religion; a belief in spiritual beings that inhabit natural objects

A

Animism

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59
Q

Gods and goddesses

A

Deities

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60
Q

The use of powers to contact and control supernatural forces or beings

A

Magic

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61
Q

Belief in a single, all-powerful deity

A

Montheism

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62
Q

A sacred story that explains the origins of the world or people in it

A

Myth

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63
Q

Belief in multiple gods

A

Polytheistic

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64
Q

A full time religious practitioner

A

Priest/priestess

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65
Q

A part time religious practitioner

A

Shaman

66
Q

A set of beliefs and behaviours pertaining to supernatural forces or beings that transcend the observable world

A

Religion

67
Q

Stages of rites of passage

A
  1. separation
  2. transition
  3. Incorporation
68
Q

repetitive social symbolic practice; formal behaviour performed in sacred places at set times

A

Ritual

69
Q

describes those aspects of life that are outside of a scientific understanding and that we cannot measure or test; religious

A

Supernatural

70
Q

personified or embodied beings, such as deities or spirits, that exist beyond the observable world

A

Supernatural beings

71
Q

personified or embodied beings, such as deities or spirits, that exist beyond the observable world

A

Supernatural beings

72
Q

disembodied powers, such as luck, that exist beyond the observable world

A

Supernatural forces

73
Q

sacred impersonal force that can reside in people, animals, plants, and objects; a disembodied power that exists in the world

A

Mana

74
Q

merging different belief systems after culture contact

A

Syncretism

75
Q

Four components of a religious belief system

A

Interest in the supernatural
Use of ritual
Guided by myths
Symbolic

76
Q

Shaping the evolution of a species for human use

A

Domestication

77
Q

Describes a society in which every member has the same access to resources and status; non-hierarchical

A

Egalitarian

78
Q

utilization of food resources available in the environment; also known as food foraging or hunting and gathering

A

Foraging

79
Q

Five types of food producers

A

Horticulturalists
Pastoralists
Intensive agriculturalists
Industrialists

80
Q

A farming technique that can support a large population using advanced tools and irrigation; also known as intensive cultivation

A

Agriculture

81
Q

o Year-round cultivation of crops for a surplus

A

Intensive agriculturalists

82
Q

Producing food at low cost using highly mechanized technology

A

Industralists

83
Q

Cultivation that does not make intensive use of land, labour, capital, or machinery

A

Horticulture

84
Q

Farmers prepare a plot of land by clearing fast-growth trees and other plant material from an area and burning the debris directly in the plot

A

Swidden cultivation

85
Q

o A social and economic obligation to distribute wealth so that no one member of a group accumulates more than anyone else

A

Leveling mechanism

86
Q

a form of specialized sharing in which the value of a gift is not specified at the time of exchange, nor is the time of repayment

A

Generalized reciprocity

87
Q

A form of exchange in which the value of goods is specified as well as the time frame of repayment

A

Balanced reciprocity

88
Q

deceptive practice in which the exchange is unequal; an exchange in which the seller asks for more than the value of the item

A

Negative reciprocity

89
Q

reallocation of goods; an economic system in which goods and money flow into a central entity, such as a governmental authority or religious institution

A

Redistribution

90
Q

prices set by supply and demand

A

Market exchange/economy

91
Q

division of tasks in a community based on sex

A

Sexual division of labour

92
Q

The collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained from living in their particular ecosystem over many generations

A

Traditional ecological knowledge

93
Q

the way in which a society gets their food

A

Foodways

94
Q

descended from the same ancestors

A

Consanguineal

95
Q

Related by marriage

A

Affinial

96
Q

Related by blood

A

Kinship

97
Q

a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry – fundamental unit of tribal societies

A

Descent group

98
Q

only one line of descent is recognized

A

Unilinear descent

99
Q

tracing of descent equally through both parents

A

Bilateral descent

100
Q

In a descent tree, which is male and which is female?

A 
Male = triangle
Female = circle
101
Q

the practice of seeking a spouse within one’s own group

A

Endogamous

102
Q

the practice of seeking a spouse outside one’s own group

A

Exogamy

103
Q

the practice of marrying someone similar to you in terms of background, social status, aspirations, and interest

A

Homogamy

104
Q

a residence pattern in which a husband moves to his wife’s household of orientation

A

Matrilocal

105
Q

a residence pattern in which a wife moves to her husband’s household of orientation

A

Patrilocal

106
Q

A residence pattern in which a husband and wife move into a new household and not into either’s household of orientation

A

Neolocality

107
Q

Family pattern made up of two generations: the parents and their unmarried children

A

Nuclear family

108
Q

A family pattern made up of three generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren

A

Extended family

109
Q

family in which one is born and grows up

A

Family of orientation

110
Q

formed through marriage and children

A

Family of procreation

111
Q

a form of marriage compensation in which the family of the groom is required to present valuable gifts to the bride’s family

A

Bride price

112
Q

a form of marriage compensation in which the family of the groom is required to work for the bride’s family

A

Bride service

113
Q

a form of marriage compensation in which the family of the bride is required to present valuable gifts to the groom’s family or to the couple

A

Dowry

114
Q

the practice of a woman having multiple husbands

A

Polyandry

115
Q

the practice of having two or more wives at the same time

A

Polygyny

116
Q

the practice of having two or more spouses

A

Polygamy

117
Q

the practice of having one spouse

A

Monogamy

118
Q

Attraction to males

A

Androphilia

119
Q

Attraction to females

A

Gynophilia

120
Q

Attraction regardless of gender

A

Ambiphilia

121
Q

differences in male and female biology

A

Sexual dimorphism

122
Q

culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society of different sexes and/or gender identities

A

Gender roles

123
Q

oversimplified, strongly held ideas about characteristics associated with gender

A

Gender stereotypes

124
Q

The hierarchical division of males and females in society

A

Gender stratification

125
Q

a gender role accepted in some societies as combining elements of male and female genders

A

Third gender

126
Q

a social role a person achieves due to work and opportunity

A

Achieved status

127
Q

a social role of a person that is fixed at birth

A

Ascribed status

128
Q

a form of social stratification based on differences in wealth and status

A

Class

129
Q

a hierarchical system based on birth; most commonly associated with Hindu India

A

Caste

130
Q

a political system with a centralized governing body that has power and authority to govern

A

Centralized system

131
Q

a political system with no centralized governing body in which decisions are made by the community

A

Decentralized system

132
Q

power based in fear, suppression of free will use of punishment, threat

A

Coercive power

133
Q

power based in the ability to convince

A

Persuasive power

134
Q

The deliberate representation of particular identities as if they were the result of biology or nature

A

Naturalising discourses

135
Q

The apparent or real dominance of men and subordinate status of women in society

A

Gender discrimination

136
Q

The way a society maintains order internally and manages affairs externally

A

Political organization

137
Q

a type of political organization with a decentralized power structure, often seen among horticulturalists or pastoralists; decentralized power, big man

A

Tribe

138
Q

a small egalitarian society of food foragers who live and travel together; decentralized power

A

Band

139
Q

a type of political organization found in settlements of typically a few thousand to tens of thousands of people, characterized by social inequality and hereditary leadership, and based on horticulture; centralized power, chief

A

Chiefdom

140
Q

a type of political organization found in settlements of typically a few thousand to tens of thousands of people, characterized by social inequality and hereditary leadership; centralized power, industrial food production

A

State

141
Q

The ability to compel another person to do something that he or she would not do otherwise

A

Power

142
Q

the positive reputation or high regard of a person or other entity merited by actions, wealth, authority, or status

A

Prestige

143
Q

having legitimate power by law

A

Authority

144
Q

the ability of members of society to rise in social class

A

Social mobility

145
Q

the ranking of members of a society into a hierarchy

A

Social stratification

146
Q

subordinate groups with less power and less secure access to resources than majority groups

A

Minority groups

147
Q

superordinate, dominant, or controlling groups

A

Majority groups

148
Q

a term used to describe varieties or subspecies of a species; inaccurately used to refer to human differences - cultural and not biological

A

Race

149
Q

Phenomenon wherein children of a union between members of different groups are automatically placed in the minority group

A

Hypodescent

150
Q

Racist categorization of humans into taxonomically different species by race

A

Human species according to Linneaus (1758)

151
Q

deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

A

Genocide

152
Q

destruction of an ethnic group’s culture

A

Cultural genocide

153
Q

The ability of the economy to support indefinite growth while ensuring a minimum quality of life for all members of society

A

Economic sustainability

154
Q

the integration of economic, social, political, and geographic boundaries and processed

A

Globalization

155
Q

Pros of globalization (8)

A
  • Free trade
  • Economic growth
  • Competition drops prices
  • Brings money/tech to poor countries
  • Widespread markets
  • Spread of information
  • Cultural intermingling
  • Increased rate of travel
156
Q

Cons of globalization

A
  • Money gap increases
  • Lots of trade barriers
  • Jobs shift to lower paying nations
  • Tax havens
  • Social injustices
  • Corporate involvement in politics
  • Increased global inequality
  • Spread of disease (eg. HIV)
157
Q

Selling ownership of public resources to private companies

A

Privatization

158
Q

The ability of social systems (such as families, communities, regions, or nations) to provide for the needs of their people so that they can attain a stable and healthy standard of living

A

Social sustainability

159
Q

Three pillars of sustainability

A

Environmental, social, economic

160
Q

The idea that individual actors sharing a natural resource will inevitably act in their own best interest, eventually depleting the resource

A

Tragedy of the commons

161
Q

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

A

Sustainability

162
Q

The collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained over many generations living in their particular ecosystem

A

Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Anth 100 (4 decks)

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