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REL 101 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The continuing cycle of birth, death, and rebirth; also the this-worldly realm in which this cycle occurs.

A

Samsara

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2
Q

Liberation, the final release from samsara

A

Moksha

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3
Q

The eternal self or soul that is successively reincarnated until released from samsara through moksha

A

Atman

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4
Q

For monistic Hindusim, the supreme, unitary reality, the ground of all Being,; for Dualistic Hinduism Brahman can refer to the supreme god

A

Brahman

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5
Q

Moral order, duty, righteousness, religion; basis for living in a way that upholds cosmic and social order

A

dharma

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6
Q

A systematic approach to spiritual realization, one of the Hindu philosophical systems (uniting of self with God)

A

yoga

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7
Q

Action and the consequence of action

A

Karma

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8
Q

The path of knowledge

A

Jnana

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9
Q

The path of devotion

A

Bhakti

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10
Q

A member of the priestly class of the varna, or caste system

A

Brahmin

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11
Q

Self designation of people who had traditionally been classified as untouchables or outcastess. Opressed

A

Dalit

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12
Q

Hindu God “The Destroyer”

A

Shiva

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13
Q

Hindu God “The preserver”

A

Vishnu

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14
Q

Hindu God “remover of obstacles or luck” elephant head,

A

Ganesha

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15
Q

Hindu Goddess “Mother of Love”

A

Devi

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16
Q

Monkey God

A

Hanuman

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17
Q

Controlling forces in the cosmos, deities who consecrate every part of life

A

Devas

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18
Q

Part of the Vedas that focuses on philosophical questions, contain teachings from highly realized spiritual masters reserved for advanced seekers of spiritual truth

A

The Upanishads

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19
Q

The religious texts often referred to as the foundations of Hinduism, revered collection of ancient sacred hymns, praising the dieties and exploring the nature of the cosmos

A

Vedas

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20
Q

How did the Vedas originate

A

Still unknown, Hindus say revealed to them and not written by mortals,
some people say “Aryans’ came from north to Indus Valley because language close to Sanskrit (noble person in Vedas, racial category outside)

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21
Q

Sacred Tree in Hinduism

A

Peepul Tree

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22
Q

A Hindu Sage

A

Rishis

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23
Q

Verse in Vedic hymn that is still chanted daily by the devout as the most sacred of prayers

A

Gayatrimantra

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24
Q

The oldest Vedic scripture that praises and implores the blessings of the devas

A

Rig Veda

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25
Q

Deva: God of thunder and bringer of welcome rains

A

Indra

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26
Q

God of fire

A

Agni

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27
Q

God associated with a sacred drink

A

Soma

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28
Q

Goddess of dawn

A

Ushas

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29
Q

The controlling forces in the cosmos, deities who consecrate every part of life, both opaque earth gods and transparent deities of the skies

A

Devas

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30
Q

Eighteenth and nineteenth century scholars supported the theory of the Aryan invasion of he Indus Valley through

A

Similarities between classical European languages and Sanskrit

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31
Q

The Vedas are considered shruti texts by orthodox Hindus because they

A

Are revealed rather than authored

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32
Q

The ultimate liberation from the limits of space and time

A

moksha

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33
Q

Intense devotion to a personal aspect of the deity, devotional

A

bhakti

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34
Q

Spiritual Literature that represented ultimate reality as a supreme being or rather as various human-like deities with richly detailed stories about their lives and relationships

A

epics and Puranas

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35
Q

The World is divided into four ages called

A

yugas

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36
Q

Name the four yugas

A
  1. Dharma - moral order in the world and people’s duty to act in accord with that order
  2. People must be taught their proper roles in society
  3. values are no longer recognized, people lose their altruism dn willingness of self-denial and there are no more saints
  4. Kali Yuga imbalanced as a cow trying to stand on one leg. World at its worst with egotism ignorance, recklessness and war rampant
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37
Q

Age we are currently living in

A

Kali Yuga

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38
Q

Vishnu’s avatars

A

Krishna and Rama

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39
Q

Epic that deals with good and evil, symbolized by battles involving human reincarnation of Vishnu as Rama. Rama takes sons duty, goes into ascetic life with wife Sita. Long poetic narrative, Ravana ten-headed demon steals Sita, Rama kills him with a blessed arrow

A

Ramayana

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40
Q

Sanskrit poem, plot concerns the struggle between the songs of a royal family for control of a kingdom near what is now Delhi. Teaches importance of sons, duties of kingship, and benefits of ascetic practice and righteous action and the qualities of the gods. Shows all sides of human nature not just idealized characters. Teaches happiness of others is essential to one’s own happiness

A

Mahabharata

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41
Q

Eighteenth book of the Mabharata, Song of the Supreme Exalted One in which Krishna revered as manifestation of the Supreme appears as the charioteer of ariuna

A

Bhagavad Gita

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42
Q

Ancient compendium of mythological narratives of the orgins of the cosmos, life, deities, and humanity; stories of legendary or canonical heroes and the actions of divine beings

A

Puranas

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43
Q

Includes the life story of Krishna. the supreme personality of Godhead is portrayed first in its vast dimensions- the Being whose body animates the material universe. He is a child

A

Bhagavata Purana

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44
Q

Epics and Puranas represent the Supreme as

A

various human-like deities

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45
Q

Upanishads depict absolute reality

A

as abstract depictions

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46
Q

In the Ramayana Sita undergoes a trail by fire when she is reunited with Rama in order to…

A

prove to Rama that she was faithful to him

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47
Q

Epic poem that centers on a philosophical conversation between Arjuna and Krishna is the

A

Bhagavad-Gita

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48
Q

I which period of Indian history were special fire and sacrificial rituals of central importance

A

The Vedic Era

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49
Q

Worsip the Mother Goddess

A

Shaktas

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50
Q

Worship the god Shiva

A

Shaivas

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51
Q

Worship the god Vishnu

A

Vaishnavas

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52
Q

Used to refer generically to the goddess in all her forms, understood as the supreme Divine Mother the totality of all the energy of the Cosmos in Shaktas faith

A

Devi

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53
Q

Shaktas goddess is often represented as a beautiful woman with a gentle face but ten arms holding weapons with which she vanquishes the demos who threaten the dharma; she rides a lion

A

durga

54
Q

The goddess in Shaktas the goddess in her fierce form. Portrayed dripping with blood, carrying a sword and a severed head and wearing a girdle of severed heads and a necklace of skulls symbolizing her aspect as the destroyer of evil. Cuts away all personal impediments to realization of truth and opens her arms to those who love her

A

Kali

55
Q

Goddess in Shakta who embodies wealth, generosity, good fortune beauty and charm. Depicted as radiant woman sitting on a waterborne lotus flower

A

Lakshmi

56
Q

Goddess in Shakta associated with knowledge, the arts, and music, and great river Saraswati

A

Sarawati

57
Q

Shakti worship incorporating worship of the male gods as…

A

Eternal unity of male and female. Femal is conceived as the life-animating force; the transcendent male aspect is inactive until joined with the productive female energy

58
Q

The natural material world of the universe

A

prakriti

59
Q

the creative Power that pervades prakriti

A

Shakti

60
Q

The every changing differentiating and self-veiling qualities of the omnipresent unity

A

Maya

61
Q

Shiva’s devote spouse whose union cosmic energy flows freely seeding and liberating the universe

A

Parvati

62
Q

Shivas believe in balance of male and female qualities within a person, how is this unity often expressed

A

Lingam within a yoni

63
Q

Fromless symbol for the unmanifest transcendent nature of Shiva that which is beyond time, space, cause and form

A

Lingam

64
Q

represent the manifest aspect

A

Yoni

65
Q

Practices of the Shivas

A

-wear lingams
refusing caste divisions
practice strict vegetarianism
regard men and woman as equals

66
Q

Son of Shiva with an elephant head, guards threshold of time and space and invoked for his blessing at the beginning of any new venture

A

Ganesh

67
Q

In Vaishnava iconography the continual rebirth of the world is symbolized by

A

a lotus growing out of Vishnu’s navel

68
Q

Shaktas worship

A

A mother goddess

69
Q

The generic term for the goddess in all her forms, understood as the Divine Mother is

A

Devi

70
Q

The worship of the divine female is correlated with the Ganges River because she is associated with

A

the worship of nature, particularly great trees and rivers

71
Q

3 common features associated with Brahmanic Hindu traditions

A
  1. deep roots in vedas and other scriptures and also direct personal experiences of truth through mediation
  2. Hold ethics to be central to orderly social life. Attribute suffering to the law of karma, incentives for more ethical behavior
  3. Hold ultimate cause of suffering is people’s ignorance of the Self, which is omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent, perfect and eternal
72
Q

Three philosophical systems that are related to the Vedas

A

Samkhya, Advaita Vedanta, and yoga

73
Q

Thought to be the oldest philosophical system in India. Founder Kapila. Hold that material universe consists of 3 qualities (sattva, rajas, and tamas)

A

Samkhya

74
Q

3 essential qualities of Samkhya

A

Sattva- fine illuminated balance
Rajas - active, passionate
Tamas- heavy inert coarse

Interaction and tension between the equilibrium of sattva, the activity of rajas, and the resistance to action of tamas govern the development of the world.

75
Q

Philosophical system founder is said to be Vyasa. Nondualistic Based on the Upanishads and is generally monistic

A

Advaita Vendanta

76
Q

Believing in the concept of life as a unified whole, without a separate “spiritual” realm

A

Monistic

77
Q

Advaita Vendanta believe…

A

Everything is changing. Mistake to identify with the body or the mind which exist but have no unchanging reality. Everyone has Brahman in them

78
Q

Philosophical practice for developing this desired state of balance, purity, wisdom, and peacefulness of mind are known collectively as…. meaning “yoke” or “union”

A

yoga

79
Q

Union in yoga refers to…

A

union with the true self, goal described in the Upanishads

80
Q

The path of mental concentration

A

raja yoga

81
Q

Path of rational inquiry ask “Who am I”, ignorance is considered the root of all problems

A

Jnana Yoga

82
Q

Path of right action

A

Karma Yoga

83
Q

The path of devotion (for emotional people)

A

Bhakti yoga

84
Q

1st limb The state of peaceful spiritual absorption

A

samadhi

85
Q

2nd limb of yoga - physical postures used to cleanse the body and develop the mind’s ability to concentrate

A

asanaas

86
Q

Regulated breathing exercises are also used to calm nerves and increase invisible life energy called…

A

prana

87
Q

Subtle energy centers along the spine

A

chakras

88
Q

The highly analytical Samkhya system holds that the material universe consists of 3 essential qualities:

A

sattva, rajas, and tamas

89
Q

Advaita Vedanta is generally considered to be…

A

monisitic

90
Q

Yogic practice that emphasizes helpful action in the world rather than contemplation is called

A

karma

91
Q

The physical postures used to develop the mind’s ability to concentrate are called

A

asanas

92
Q

Jnana yoga might continually ask themselves, “Who am I>” in order to

A

overcome the ignorance of their own self-conception as separate from the Absolute

93
Q

Thousands of groups denoted by shared geographical orgin, language, food practices, common customs and beliefs, occupations and endogamy (marriage only within their group)

A

jati

94
Q

A more general traditional fourfold division of labor that ultimately became hereditary

A

varna

95
Q

Caste of priests and philosophers, specialists in the life of the spirit

A

Brahmins

96
Q

Nobility of feudal India: kings, warriors, and vassals

A

Kshatriyas

97
Q

Caste of the economic specialists: farmers and merchants

A

Vaishyas

98
Q

Caste of the manual laborers and aritsans

A

Shuras

99
Q

Dalit leader who was instrumental in getting anti-discrimination clauses written into the Constitution, inspired Dalits to get better education and led half a million “untouchable” Hindus to convert to Buddhism

A

B.R. Ambedkar

100
Q

Text that has laws governing all aspects of life, including proper conduct of rulers, dietary restrictions, marriage laws, daily ritual, purification rites, social laws, and ethical guidance. Used for class distinction. Condemns Untouchables from living in the village, and bars shudras from owning land, subservient status of woman and importance of hospitality

A

Code of Manu

101
Q

4 goals of Hinduism to live a good life

A
  1. dharma - carry out one’s responsibilities and duties
  2. artha - success in wordly activites (pursuit of wealth and advantage)
  3. kama - love and sesual pleasures and also aesthetic expression
  4. moska - liberation from cycle of death and rebirth
102
Q

A cord of three threads to be worn across the chest from the left shoulder for spiritual training men (initiation ceremony)

A

sacred thread

103
Q

4 life stages for Brahmin male

A
  1. chaste student at the feet of a teacher
  2. householder stage (expected to marry
  3. detatch himself from worldy pursuits (meditation and scriptural study)
  4. withdraw from society and become a sannyasin
104
Q

A retreat community of younger age men joined a monastic order

A

ashram

105
Q

An enlightened spiritual teacher

A

guru

106
Q

Do gurus always behave as a loving parent

A

No

107
Q

How many rituals in Hinduism

A

16

108
Q

Public worship preformed by Brahmin priests, make devotions, shiva-lingams anointed, also home ____ which is conducted daily

A

puja

109
Q

Visual contact with the divine through the eyes of images

A

darshan

110
Q

Food that has been sanctified by being offered to the deities and/or one’s guru

A

prasad

111
Q

Fireplace

A

havan

112
Q

What happens to bodies when they die

A

cremated

113
Q

Riotously joyful celebration of the death of winder and the return of colorful spring

A

Holi

114
Q

Festival of lights on the night of the new moon. Explained as the return of Rama after his exile, Lashmi (goddess of wealth) and New Year on Indian calanders

A

Divali

115
Q

Woman who achieved high level of spiritual realization and became a saint by using the bhakti approach

A

Andal

116
Q

Woman (poet) who denounced being Brahman and devoted to Shiva told woman that people in lower castes are closer to God because not bound by anything

A

Akka Mahadevi

117
Q

In India, life continues to be shaped by hierarchies and inequalities derived from…

A

jati and varna

118
Q

Hospitatlity to human guests as described in the Code of Manu, iis a duty for people of all castess because

A

every person is the deity incarnated

119
Q

The sacred presence is made tangible in Hindu public worship through

A

devotions hat employ every sense

120
Q

What actions does a sannyasin take

A

He leaves his family and wanders thru India to beg for food and water, seeking release from samsara

121
Q

Movement that spread Hindusism

A

Ramakrishna Movement

122
Q

Movement that excluding Muslims and Christians as aliens in India and that the relgion of India was Hindusim

A

Hindutva

123
Q

Mahatma Gandi viewed Hinduism as…

A

the universal religion

124
Q

The religious movement that wasa begun by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in the 1960s is called

A

Transcendental Meditation

125
Q

The leader of the RSS in India publicly asserted that all Indians were actually

A

Hindus

126
Q

The Babri Mosque in Ayodhya was torn down by Hindus in 1992 because

A

It was believed to have been built on top of Rama’s birthplace

127
Q

“Hindu” was introduced as a term in the 19th century as

A

a category for census-taking

128
Q

Although the orgins and antiquity of the Vedas are stil unknown, most scholars agree the Vedas were composed and redacted

A

from 1500- 500 BCE

129
Q

According to the Ramayana, Vishnu incarnates into Rama in order to

A

kill the demon king of Sri Lanka

130
Q

People make a pilgramige to the river, p

A

Kumbh Mela

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