Final Flashcards
Relaxed dietery rules relaxed cultural boundries Jewship peoplehood emphasized action to get justice interfaith marriages with Jewish history, Judaism changes increasing use of Hebrew bringing back formal dress equality of men & woman civil rights and peace movements
Reform Judaism
central european
Moderation to make changes no interfaith marriages only matrilineal descent conversion requires circumscison remarriage only in cases of official Jewish divorce MORE OBSERVANT OF LAWS KOSHER observation over belief Central Halakhic authority History determining practice Historical and factual foundation for faith study torah and religious texts TORAH and TALMUND human and divine Woman rabbis contriversal
Conservative Judaism
Creator of Reconstructionalist Judaism
Mordecai Kaplan
Who was Mordeci Kaplan
A conservative Rabi who taught in orthodox congregations, founded reconstructionalist congregations in 195 in America.
Beliefs of Reconstructionalist Judaism
Judaism as an evolving religious civilization rather than revealded teaching and law
- every nation has its rights to interpret Judaism
_heritage important, looks to the future
How important is the supernatural for Reconstructionalist Judaism
Not, belief in god is not necessary, there is no monopoly of religious truth
How to Reconstructionalists view Judaism
As a peoplehood, culture is emphasized they jimger for social justice and holiness, synagoges for Jewish culture and art and hey believe in interfaith engagement
Place of Modern Orthodoz Judaism
German, central european
Beliefs of modern orthodox judaism
affirm devine revelation and eternal authority of torah and Talmud. reduced the authority of custom and interpretation of law, they integration of jews into national life of countries of birth. secular studies are legitimate,
-study the torah through science history and reason
-compartmentalism of knowledge and truth
dress includes dress close to the culture they live
Where did Hasidism Judaism original
Poland, Russia, and Lithuania in 18th CE
Spiritual leader in Hasidism
Rebbe, a charismatic spiritual teacher
What does Tzaddikim mean in Hasidism
Righteous ones
Focuses of Hasidism
Escstatic joy, God suffises all reality, missionaries to try to convert outshiders. Shabbat, and Chabbad
What is Chabbad
Hebrew acronym for wisdom understanding and knowledge (Hasidism)
Orgin of Orthodox (Haredi) Judaism
Easterrn Europe
What do Orthodox believe about the Torah?
Hatam sofer - torah forbids new things, torah is unchanging, God revealed the entire torah to moses, torah and Talmud are law
Can women study torah in orthodox
yes but limited
How does Orthodox Jews view the outside world
Every aspect of life is suffused with religious significance, they reject the outside world
Law or teaching, the first five books of the Jewish Bible
Torah
One or two collections of the torah, jewish law and traditions
Talmud
How many laws in the Talmud
613
The Jewish Bible made up of the Torah, Nevi’im (phrophets_ and Ketuvim (writings
Tanakh
Collection of 613 precepts in the Bible
Mitzvoth
Jewish mystical tradition
Kabbalah
A member of a sect founded in Poland characterized by its emphasis on prayer and religious zeal
Chastim
Saturday, a day of rest and religious observance
Shabbat
Passover. A jewish festivial that marks the Jewish exodus from Egypt. Marked cheaply by the sader ritual. Celebrated for 8 days.
Pesach
Ceremonial jewish meal in rememberance of the passover
Sader
Festival commemorating God’s giving of the 10 commandments to Moses
Shavuot
Booth or hut for the jewish festival of Sukkot
Sukkah/Succah
Festival one of 3 pilgramiages to temple
Sukkot
Celebration that Commemorates the deliverance of he hews in Persia from the Destruction by Hamam
Purim
Celebrates the Jewish victory over the assyrians undr antonious the 4th
Hannukah
Jewish high holy day. Marks the beginning of the jewish new year
Rosh Hashanah
Ram horm they blow as a musical instrument . Used during Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur
Shofar
Abstain from food and drinka dn pray in the synagogue. Similar to Ramadan or Lent
Yom Kippur
Ordained religious authority, spiritual leader of a jewish congregation
Rabbi
Meeting place for Jewish study and worship
Synagogue
Collectively practioners of their faith practicing far away from each other. Babylonians exile of jews
Dispora
An attack against jews
Pogrom
Small jewish community in eastern Europ
Shteto
European Jews of their descendants distinguished from the Sephardim by pronunciation of Hebrew
Ashkenazim
An ethinic group of jews with orgins in Spain and North Africa
Sephardim
Middle eastern jews
Mizrahim
Belief that jews should live in a Jewish state in the biblicat land of isreal
Zionism
Promise between god and the Jewish people
Covenant
Departure of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses
Exodus
Coming of age ceremony for a jewish boy
Bar Mitzvah
Ultra-orthodox jews- super reverant to the Torah (look amish)
Haredim
Jewish code of food that they can eat
Kosher
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Haj
Muslim temple, place of worship
Mosque
Sect of Islam that believes that sucessors should be chosen by the community
Sunni
Believes that sucessors should be chosen through Muhammad’s blood linke
Shi’a
Islamic mystical beliefs
Sufi
Month of fasting Islam
Ramadan
Eid al fitr
Islamic festival that begins afer Ramadan ends
Eid ad Adah
Festival beginning on the 10th day of the last month. sheep sacrifice. Rememberes Ishmael
Holiest site in Islam. Used to contain idols. House of god
Ka/ba
Islamic holy book. Can’t be copied into other lagnguages 114 suras or chapters. Dictated to Muhammad by Gabriel
Qu-ran
Messenger. Not quite a prophet
Rasul
Successor to Muhammad
Caliph
Leader os muslim praryer. In Shi’a islam person holding the prophetic light. IN Shi’a and sunni branches
Imam
Patriarch of tribe or family
Sheikh
Hermit or holy man, especially in north Africa. Credited w/ power
Marabot
Term of respect for head of religious group
Pir
The first month of muslim calander
Muharram
Indivisible oneness of god
Tawhid
Law. Divine law and ethics in islam
Sharia
Prophet
Nabi
A traditional account of things said or done by Muhammad or his companions
Hadith
Changing of the name of god
Dhikr
Spiritual blessing from master to pupil in sufism
Baraka
Any of the 114 chapters in the Qu’ran
Sura
Isalmic name for the one god
Allah
Muhammad’s migration from mecca to medina
Hijrah
The muslim struggle against the inner forces that prevent god’s realization and the outer barriers to the establishment of the divine order
Jihad
Who founded Ethipian dynasty
Solomon and the queen of sheba
Relic of the ark of the covenant
Tabot
Physical embodiment of the divine
incarnation
The Roman Catholic term for the Christian Eucharist
Mass
In Roman times, the exection of a criminal by fixing him to a cross; with reference to Jesus, his deatho on the cross, symbolic of his self-sacriic for the good of all humanity
crucifixion
The rising of Jesus in his earthly body on the first Easter Day, three days after his crucifixion and death
Resurrection
The ascent of Jesus to heaven forty days after his Resurrection
Ascnsion
The Christina doctrine that in the One God are three divine persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Holy Trinity
THe occasion when the Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples of Jesus after his death
Pentecost
The Church of England founded by Henry VIII when he split from ROme and formalized by Elizabeth I in 1559
Anglicanism
A Chrisitian sacrament by which God cleanses all sin and makes one a sharer in the divine life and a member of Christ’s body, the Church
Baptism
Means universal and all-inclusive. Chrisitna Churches that calim the represent the ancient undivided Christian Church
Catholic
A sacred image, term used especially for the paintings of Jesus, Mary and the saints of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church
Icon
Basic profession of faith for many Chrisitan denominations in East and West, including all Orhodox Churches, framed in a council held in Constantinople in 381 ce and propsed as a basis for unifying all Christians
Nicene Creed
Outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual grace in Christianity. Almost all Churches recognize baptism and the Eucharist as sacraments, some churches recognize 5 others as well
sacrament
A formal statement of the beliefs of a particular religion
Creed
IN some branches of Christianity, and intermediate after death state in which souls are purified from sin
Purgatory
A depravity or tendency to evil held to be innate in humankind and transmitted from Adam to all human in consequence of sin
original sin
One of the 12 followes of Christ
disciple
A platform or raised structure in a church from which the sermon is delivered or the service is conducted
pulpit
Describe the History of the Jews
Jewish history is essentially that of a dispersed people who find unity in an evolving set of teachings and practices
Moses smashed the stone tablets that God had inscribed the commandments on because
In their impatience, the Israelites created a golden calf and practiced idol worship
The name of the prophet who wrote both prophetic and mystical works found in the Hebrew scriptures is
Ezekiel
THe Enlightenment impacted western European Jews by
Allowing them to ascent to positions of prominence in western European society
In rabbinic literature, mitzvots are
commandments
THe Noahide Code set forth the
7 universal principles for a moral and spiritual life
The reason that Jewish boys are required to be ritualy circumcised when they are 8 days old is because
it honors the seal of God’s commandment to Abraham
Jewish holdy day wehre sins are confessed communally, forgiveness is asked for, and prayers for reconciliation with God are offered
Yom Kippur
4 main branches of Judaism
Orhodox, Reform/Liberal, Conservative, and Reconstructionism
Jewish groups that allow rabbis to officiate same sex weddings
Reform and Reconstructionist
The Gospel of John differs from the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke because it
is less concerned with following the life of Jesus
Jesus preached and lived by radical ethics through
inclusivism
In the Acts of the Apostles, Paul tried to convince the Jews
that Jesus was the Messiah they had been waiting for
By fithe century CE the Christian world was split by language in the west (latin) and east (greek) and further divided into a number of ecclesiastical jurisdictions called
sees
According to Protestantism, the ultimate guide to understanding scripture is
individual conscience
Many of the changes of Vaticall II involved the liturgy of the mass, and the most important was
Translating the mass into local languages
A central practice of Orthodox Christianity is
unceasing prayer
Through fully surrendered faith in Jesus, Chrisitians hope to
be washed of their egotistical sinfulness
In general, Protestant Churches recognize only two sacraments
Baptism and Eurcharist
Charismatics feel that they have been touched by
The Holy Spirit
One of the revelations to Muhammad in Mecca was rejection of polytheism in favor of
pure monotheism
According to Islamic tradition, in addition to brining protection, guidance and knowledge, the recitation of the Qur’an is thought to
have a healing soothing effect
The first sentence chanted into the ear of a traditional Muslim infant is the
Shahada
The Pillar of Islam that is obligatory during Ramadan is
fasting
The Shi’a Imam differs from the Sunni Caliph in that the Imam
combines politicl leadership with continuing transmission of Divine Guidance
Shari’ah specifies patterns for worship (instructions pertaining to the 5 Pillars of Islam) as well as detailed prescriptions for
social conduct
The central practice of Sufism is dhikr, and its aim is to
allow one to become so purified of self that one is a perfect mirror for the divine attributes
Many population sin the 7th and 8th centuries welcomed Muslims without a fight becuase
they had grievances against their own rulers
One of the factors encouraging the growth of Islam in America is
the religion is embraced as a bulwark of discipline and faith against the degradations of materialism
All Muslims are enjoined by the Qur’an to carry on jihad, which has been classified by the Prophet Muhammad into 2 types; one of these classifications is “Lesser Jihad” meaning
An external effort to protect the way of God against the forces of evil
Who built a temple in Jeruselum
King David
Who build the second temple
King CYrus
Abolished the Torah,killed families that wer circumsied
Antiochus
People who led rebellion against Antiochus and won independence in Judea
Maccabeans
Both Christians and Jewish use the
Taanakh
10 adult males nesissary for community worship
minyan
rabbis’ biblical interpretations
Midrash
God is portrayed in Hebrew Scriptures as
a transcendent Creator who forms a covenant with the Jewish people
Accoriding to the Torah, the Israelite tribes left Canaan and settled in the land of Egypt because
there was famine in the land
segregate themselves from non-Jewish secular culture halakhah
Orthodox Judaism (Moses Sofer)
Less traditional Judaism adopted changes such as hymns and sermons in vernacular, shorter version of liturgy, more emphaisis on service rather than prayer, prayerbook
Reform Judaism
Zionism
20 CE secular movement ot final a Jewish homeland to escap anti-Semitism in Europe
Central Jewish prayer
Shema Israel
