Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensation And Perception > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses
“Higher order”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perceptual process

A

A sequence of steps leading from the environment to perception of a stimulus, recognition of the stimulus, and action with regard to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensation

A

Involves simple “elementary” processes that occur right at the beginning of a sensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Distal stimulus

A

“Distant”; out there up in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

The stimulus on the rectors. In vision, this would be the image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Principle of representation

A

Everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the persons neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Cells specialized to respond to environmental energy, with each sensory system’s receptors specialized to respond to a specific type of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Visual pigment

A

A light sensitive chemical that reacts to light and allows visual receptors to transform light energy into electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transduction

A

The transformation of one form of energy to another form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neural processing

A

The changes in signals that occur as they are transmitted through the maze of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary receiving area

A

Area of the cerebral cortex that first receives most of the signals initiated by a senses receptors. For example the occipital cortex is the site of primary receiving area for vision, and the temporal lobe is the site of the primary receiving area for hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

A 2-mm thick layer that contains the machinery for creation perceptions, as well as other functions, such as language, memory, and thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary receiving areas for vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Primary receiving area for hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary receiving area for skin senses- touch,temperature, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Receives signals from all of the senses
  • Plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination of information received through two or more senses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Visual form Agnosia

A

An inability to recognize objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Action

A

The final behavioural respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Knowledge

A

Any information that the perceiver brings to the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rat- man demonstration

A

Shows how recently acquired knowledge (“that pattern is a rat”) can influence perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Categorize

A

To place objects into categories; an example of how knowledge acquired years ago can influence the perceptual process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bottom up processing

A

(Data processing) processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors; “incoming data”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Top- down processing

A

(Knowledge based processing) processing that is based on knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oblique effect

A

People see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stimulus- perception relationship

A

Relates stimuli to behavioural responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Physiology perception relationship

A

Relates physiological responses and behavioural responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Grating acuity

A

The smallest width of lines that subjects can detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stimulus physiology relationship

A

Relationship between stimuli and physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cognitive influences on perception

A

How the knowledge, memories, and expectations that a person brings to a situation influences his or her perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Thresholds

A

Measure the limits of sensory systems; they are measures of minimums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relation between mental and physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Method of limits

A

A psychophysical method for measuring threshold in which the experimenter presents sequences of stimuli in ascending and descending order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Classical psychophysical methods

A

The methods of limits, adjustment, and constant stimuli, described by Fechner, that are used for measuring thresholds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The smallest stimulus level that can just be detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Difference threshold

A

The smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

A psychophysical method in which the subject assigns numbers to a stimulus that are proportional to the subjective magnitude of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Perceived magnitude

A

A perceptual measure of stimuli, such as light or sound, that indicates the magnitude of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Recognition

A

The process of categorizing that gives it meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Reaction time

A

The time between presentation of a stimulus and the persons reaction to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Phenomenological report

A

Observer describes what he or she perceives, describing what is out there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

A band of energy ranging from gamma rays at the short wave end of the spectrum to AM radio and AC circuits at the long-wave end of the spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between the peaks of the electromagnetic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Visible light

A

The energy within the electromagnetic that humans can perceive, has wave length ranging from about 400 to 700 nm, short wavelengths blue, middle green, long yellow, orange, and red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Pupil

A

The opening through which light reflected from from objects in the environment enters the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent focusing element of the eye that is the first structure through which light passes as it enters the eye. The cornea is the eyes major focussing element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Lens

A

The transparent focusing element of the eye through which light passes after passing through the cornea and the aqueous humor. The len’s change in shape to focus at different distances is called accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Retina

A

The network of neurons that covers the back of the eye and that contains the receptors for vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Rod

A

A cylinder -shaped receptor in the retina that is responsible for vision at low levels of illumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Cone

A

Cone shaped receptors in the retina that are primarily responsible for colour vision and detail vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Outer segments

A

The part of the receptor that contains light sensitive chemicals called visual pigments that react to and trigger electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Fovea

A

Contains only cones; when we look directly at an object the objects image falls on the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Peripheral retina

A

Includes al, the retina outside of he fovea, contains both rods and cones (many more rods than cones, but does contain many cones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Most common in older people; destroys the cone rich fovea and a small area that surrounds it, which creates a blind region in central vision, so when a person looks directly at something, he or she loses sight of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

A degeneration of the retina that is passed from one generation to the next; attacks the peripheral Rod receptors and results in poor vision in the peripheral visual field. Eventually, in severe cases, the foveal cone receptors are also attacked, resulting in complete blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Blind spot

A

The area in the retina where there are no receptors as it is the place where the nerve fibers that make up the optic nerve leave the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Accommodation

A

The change in the lens’s shape that occurs when the ciliary muscles at the front of the eye tighten and increase the curvature of the lens so that it gets thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Presbyopia

A

As people get older, their ability to accommodate decreases due to hardening of the lens and weakening of the ciliary muscles, and so the become unable to accommodate enough to see objects, or read at a close range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness- an inability to see distant objects clearly; when optical system prints parallel rays of light into focus at a point in front of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Refractive myopia

A

The cornea and/ or the lens bends the light too much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Axial myopia

A

Eyeball is too long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness- can see distant objects clearly but have trouble seeing nearby objects because the focus point for parallel rays of light is located behind the retina, usually because the eyeball is too short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Transduction

A

The transformation of one form of energy into another form or energy

63
Q

Isomerization

A

When the retinal part of the visual pigment molecule absorbs light, the retinal changes its shape from being bent to straight. This change in shape creates a chemical chain reaction that activates thousands of charged molecules to create electrical signals in receptors

64
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Process of increase sensitivity in the dark

65
Q

Light- adapted sensitivity

A

The sensitivity measured in the light

66
Q

Dark- adapted sensitivity

A

The sensitivity at the end of dark adaptation

67
Q

Rod monochromats

A

People who have no cones because of a rare genetic defect

68
Q

Rod- cone break

A

Place where the rods begin to determine the dark adaptation curve

69
Q

Visual pigment bleaching

A

The change in shape and separation from the Opsin of the retinal part of the visual pigment molecule causes the molecule to become lighter in colour

70
Q

Visual pigment regeneration

A

The process of reforming the visual pigment molecule (rods take longer than cones)

71
Q

Detached retina

A

When a person’s retina becomes detached from the pigment epithelium, a layer that contains enzymes necessary for pigment regeneration.

72
Q

Spectral sensitivity

A

The eyes sensitivity to light as a function of the lights wavelength

73
Q

Monochromatic light

A

Light of a single wavelength

74
Q

Measure cone sensitivity curve

A

Have subject look directly at a test light so that it stimulates only the cones in the fovea

75
Q

Measure Rod spectral sensitivity

A

Measuring sensitivity after the eye is dark adapted and presenting test flashes in the peripheral retina, off to the side of the fixation point

76
Q

Purkinje shift

A

The enhanced perception of short wavelengths during dark adaptation

77
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A plot of the amount of light absorbed versus the wavelength of the light

78
Q

Cell body

A

Contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive

79
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons

80
Q

Axon (nerve Fiber)

A

Filled with fluid that conducts electrical signs,s

81
Q

Resting potential

A

-70 mV ; axon at rest, no signals

82
Q

Action potential

A

+40 mV; signal transmitted

83
Q

Propagated response

A

Once the response is triggered, it travels all the way down the axon without decreasing in size

84
Q

Refractory period

A

The interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in the axon

85
Q

Spontaneous activity

A

Action potentials that occur in the absence of stimuli from the environment

86
Q

Rising phase of action potential

A

This increase in potential from -70 mV to + 40 mV (sodium rushes into axon)

87
Q

Falling phase of action potential

A

Increase in negativity from + 40 mV back to -70 mV (potassium rushes out of axon)

88
Q

Excitatory response

A

Occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes more positive (depolarization)

89
Q

Inhibitory response

A

Occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes more negative (hyperpolarization)

90
Q

Neural circuits

A

Interconnected groups of neurons

91
Q

Neural convergence/ convergence

A

Occurs when a number of neurons synapse onto a single neuron

92
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability to see details

93
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Inhibition that is transmitted across the retina

94
Q

Chevreul illusion/ staircase illusion

A

The perceived light and dark bands at borders, which are not present in the actual physical stimuli

95
Q

Receptive field

A

The area on the receptor surface that when stimulated affects the firing of that neuron

96
Q

Center- surround organization

A

The area in the center of the receptive field responds differently to light than the area of the surround center field

97
Q

Excitatory area

A

Increases firing

98
Q

Inhibitory area

A

Decreases firing

99
Q

Center- surround antagonism

A

The competition between the center and surround regions of a center surround receptive field, caused by the fact that one is excitatory and the other is inhibitory. Stimulating center and surround areas simultaneously decreases responding of the neuron, compared to stimulating the excitatory area alone

100
Q

Visual receiving area, striate cortex, V1

A

The place where signals from the retina and LGN first reach the cortex

101
Q

Simple cortical cells

A

Cells with side by side receptive field

102
Q

Complex cells

A

Respond best to cells of a particular orientation when moving across the entire receptive field

103
Q

End- stopped cells

A

Fire to moving lines of a specific length o to moving corners or angles

104
Q

Feature detectors

A

Simple, complex, and end stopped cells; fire in response to specific features of the stimulus

105
Q

Selective adaptation

A

Firing causes neurons to eventually become fatigued, or adapt

1) neurons firing rate decreases
2) the neuron fires less and that stimulus is immediately presented agai

106
Q

Selective rearing

A

If an animal is reared in an environment that contains on,y certain types of stimuli, then Neurons that respond to these stimuli will become more prevalent

107
Q

Neural plasticity/ experience dependent plasticity

A

The response properties of neurons can be shaped by perceptual experience

108
Q

Problem of Sensory coding

A

How neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

109
Q

Specificity coding

A

An object could be represented by the firing of s specialized neuron that responds only ro that object

110
Q

Population coding

A

The representation of a particular object by the pattern if firing of a large number of neurons

111
Q

Sparse coding

A

Occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

112
Q

Retinotopic map

A

The electronic map of the retina on the cortex

113
Q

Cortical magnification

A

Apportioning of a large area of the cortex to the small fovea

114
Q

Location columns

A

Perpendicular to surface of cortex so that all neurons within a location have their receptive fields at the same location on retina

115
Q

Orientation column

A

Each column containing cells that respond best to a particular orientation

116
Q

Hyper column

A

A location column with all of its orientation columns

117
Q

Object discrimination problem

A

Monkey shown an object, presented with two choice task which included “target” object and another non-target; reward picking target

118
Q

Landmark discrimination problem

A

Monkeys task remove cover of the food well that was closest to the tall cylinder

119
Q

What pathway

A

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe, responsible for determining objects identity (ventral pathway)

120
Q

Where pathway

A

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe, responsible for determining an objects location (dorsal pathway)

121
Q

Double dissociatio a

A

Two people: one damage A B fine, other damage B A fine

122
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Damage to temporal lobe that causes difficulty recognizing the faces of familiar people

123
Q

Parahippocampal place area

A

Activated by picture depicting indoor and outdoor scenes

124
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

Activated by picture or bodies and parts of bodies (but not by faces)

125
Q

Mind- body problem

A

How do physical processes like nerve impulses become transformed into the richness of perceptual experience?

126
Q

Expertise hypothesis

A

Proposes that our proficiency in perceiving certain things can be explained by changes in the brain caused by long exposure, practice, or training

127
Q

Inverse projection problem

A

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

128
Q

Viewpoint variance

A

Ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

129
Q

Grouping

A

Process by which visual events are “put together” into units or objects

130
Q

Segregation

A

Process of separating one area or object from another

131
Q

Principles of perceptual organization

A

Determine how elements in a scene become grouped together

132
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to follow the smoothest path

133
Q

Principle of pragnaz/ good figure/ simplicity

A

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

134
Q

Principle of similarity

A

Similar things appear to be grouped together

135
Q

Principle of proximity or nearness

A

Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

136
Q

Principle of common fate

A

Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

137
Q

Principle of common region

A

Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

138
Q

Principle of uniform connectedness

A

A connected region of the dame visual properties is perceived as a single unit

139
Q

Perceptual segregation

A

The perceptual separation of one object from another

140
Q

Figure- ground segregation

A

When we see a separate object, it is usually seen as a figure that stands out from ite background (ground)

141
Q

Reversible figure ground

A

It can be perceived alternatively either as two dark blue faces looking at each other in front ppt of gray background, or a gray vase on a dark blue background

142
Q

Gist of a scene

A

The general description of the type of scene

143
Q

Persistence of vision

A

The perception of a visual stimulus continues for about 250 ms after the stimulus is extinguished (eliminated by visual masking stimulus)

144
Q

Physical regularities

A

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

145
Q

Light from above assumption

A

We usually assume that light is coming from above, because light in the environment, including the sun and most artificial light, usually come from above

146
Q

Semantic regularitie

A

Characteristics associated with activities that are common in different types of scenes

147
Q

Scene schema

A

Knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

148
Q

Bayesian inference

A

Proposed that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors: 1) prior probability 2) likelihood of outcome

149
Q

Prior probability/ prior

A

Our initial estimate of the probability of an outcome

150
Q

Likelihood of outcome

A

The extent to which the available evidence is consistent eight he outcome

151
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

If two eyes receive totally different images observer perceives either the left eye image or the right eye image, but not both at the same time

152
Q

Structural encoding

A

Based on relationship between vowel activation and structural characteristics of a scene, such as lines, contrasts, shapes, and textures

153
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Based on relationship between vowel activation and the meaning or category of a scene

Sensation And Perception (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions