Final

Question 1

Pure tones

Answer 1

Changes in air pressure occur in pattern of a sine function

Question 2

Complex tones

Answer 2

• made up of a number of pure tone components (harmonics)

Question 3

Loudness

Answer 3

Amplitude

Question 4

Pitch

Answer 4

High or low, sounds musical scale, fundamental frequency

Question 5

Outer ear

Answer 5

• pinnae (structures stick out)
• Auditory canal (tubelike recess about 3cm long- protects ear from hazards & enhance intensities of some sounds)
• tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Question 6

Middle ear

Answer 6

• Ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
• oval window

Question 7

Inner ear

Answer 7

• liquid filled cochlea

Question 8

Cochlea

Answer 8

• upper half- Scalia vestibuli ;Lower half- Scalia tympani; separated by cochlear partition
• organ of corti (hair cells)
• basilar membrane
• tectorial membrane

Question 9

Phase locking

Answer 9

Firing of auditory neurons in synchrony with the phase of an auditory stimulus

Question 10

Characteristic frequency

Answer 10

Frequency to which the neuron is the most sensitive

Question 11

SONIC MG

Answer 11

Pathway from auditory nerve to cochlear nucleus:

Superior Olivary nucleus (brainstem), inferior colliculus (midbrain), medial genicykate nucleus in the thalamus

Question 12

Pathway to brain

Answer 12

Auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, SONIC MG, primary auditory cortex (auditory receiving area, A1- in temporal lobe)

Core area - primary auditory cortex &a nearby
Belt area - surrounds core
Parabelt area

Question 13

Presbycusis

Answer 13

• hair damage cumulative effects noise, drugs, age degeneration

Question 14

Noise- induced hearing loss

Answer 14

Loud noises cause degeneration of hair cells

Question 15

Merkel

Answer 15

Slowly adapting (fire continuously, SA1)

Question 16

Meissner corpuscle

Answer 16

Rapidly adapting (first applied and removed, RA1)

Question 17

Ruffini cylinder

Answer 17

SA2

Question 18

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 18

TA2

Question 19

Medial lemnisical pathway

Answer 19

Large fibres - position of limbs (proprioception), perceiving touch, high speed

Question 20

Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 20

Smaller fibres, temperature and pain

Question 21

Ventrolateral nucleus

Answer 21

Where fibres synapse in thalamus

Question 22

Somatosensory receiving area (S1)

Answer 22

In parietal lobe (signal from thalamus)

Question 23

Filiform papillae

Answer 23

Shaped like cones found over entire surface of tongue

Question 24

Fungiform papillae

Answer 24

Shaped like mushrooms found at tips and sides if tongue

Question 25

Foliage papillae

Answer 25

Series of folds along back of tongue along sides

Question 26

Curcumvallate papillae

Answer 26

- shaped like flat mounds surrounded by a trench at back of tongue

Question 27

Nucleus of the solitary tract

Answer 27

Where fibres from tongue, mouth, and threat mak connections in brain stem

Question 28

Areas in frontal lobe considered primary taste cortex

Answer 28

- inside and frontal operculum