Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Science is… (3 Things)?
A
1) Cumulative (knowledge keeps building on prior knowledge)
2) A process more than a product
3) Attitudes
2
Q
What 3 things does science do?
A
1) Question authority (should be able to provide evidence)
2) Open skepticism (open to information)
3) Intellectual honesty (open and honest about data and how you acquired data)
3
Q
What are the 5 components of the scientific method?
A
1) Observe
2) Predict
3) Test
4) Interpret
5) Communicate
4
Q
OPTIC stands for?
A
Observe, predict, test, interpret, communicate
5
Q
What are theories?
A
Set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made
6
Q
Theories are known as the (___), while the hypothesis is known as the (___)
A
Telescope; microscope
7
Q
What is a hypothesis?
A
Specific, informed, and testable predictions of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design
8
Q
What is pseudoscience?
A
Claims to be science
1) Lacks the cumulative process seen in science
2) Disregards real-world observations and established facts / results and contradicts what is already known
3) Lacks internal skepticism
4) Only vaguely explains how conclusions are reached
5. Uses loose and distorted logic
9
Q
Science uses (___) strategy, while pseudoscience uses (___) strategy
A
Disconfimational; confirmational
10
Q
What is research design?
A
- Involves the plans for how a study is to be conducted
- Includes variable, population, sample
11
Q
What is a variable?
A
Any characteristic that changes, or “varies”
i.e. physical - weight, height.
memory, hyperactivity
12
Q
What is a population?
A
Entire group of interest to a researcher
13
Q
What is a sample?
A
Subset of population (represented as a population as a whole)
14
Q
What are descriptive studies?
A
- Aim to describe behaviour i.e. how do people flirt?
- Researcher defines a problem and variable of interest
- BUT doesn’t necessarily make a prediction
- Does not control or manipulate anything
15
Q
What are the types of descriptive designs?
A
1) Case study
2) Naturalistic observation
3) Interview and survey
16
Q
What is a case study?
A
In-depth look at one individual or a special group
17
Q
What is naturalistic observation?
A
Study the behaviour of a subject under natural settings, no manipulation of the environment
18
Q
What is interview & survey?
A
- Generally one-on-one
- Very time-consuming (interview)
- Surveys usually done by questionnaires i.e. polls
19
Q
What are correlational studies?
A
- Measure 2 or more variables and their relationships to one another
- Cannot be used to show cause-and-effect relationships (causation)
20
Q
If 2 variables are correlated, there are at least _ possible causal explations
A
3
21
Q
A correlation coefficient is ___
A
A numerical representation of the strength (number) and direction (+ or -) of the relationship between two variables
22
Q
What are experimental studies?
A
Design that allows the most control over experimental situation
- Manipulation of a predicted cause
- Measurement of the response
23
Q
What is a random assignment?
A
Each participant has the same chance of being in an experimental or a control group
24
Q
What is an experimental group / condition?
A
Participants who receive treatment being investigated
25
What is a control group / condition?
Participants who do NOT receive the treatment being investigated
26
What are the 3 variable types?
1) Independent variable (what is being manipulated - cause) i.e. sugar consumption
2) Dependent variable (what is being measured - effect) i.e. hyperactivity level from sugar consumption
3) Confounding variable (variable you didn't consider, but could be effecting results) i.e. maybe something that tastes sweet makes the kids just as hyperactive
27
What are the 2 issues in experimental design?
1) Participant expectancy effects
| 2) Experimenter expectancy effects
28
What is the solution to participant expectancy effects?
Single-blind studies (person doesn't know until end of study which condition they were in)
29
What is the solution to experimenter expectancy effects?
Double-blind studies (person participating and the experimenter both don't know)
30
What is a placebo?
Substance / treatment that appear identical to the actual treatment (lacks active substance), and sometimes given to the control group
31
What is experimenter expectancy effects?
When characteristics of an experimenter influence participants' behaviour
32
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
When statements change events so that beliefs or predictions come true
33
What is a meta-analysis?
A technique for combining all published research results on one question (statistical summary)
34
What are operational definitions?
Describe the way variables are measured or manipulated i.e. a researcher defines sugar consumption as 100 gram bag of candy consumed in 1 hour
35
A good measure has demonstrated (2 things):
1) Reliability
| 2) Validity
36
What is reliability?
Consistency of measurement
37
What is validity?
Meaningful, measuring what you intended to measure
38
What are self-report measures?
Written or oral accounts thoughts, feelings, or actions
- Interviews
- Questionnaires
39
What are behavioural measures?
- Systematic observation of actions, either in their normal environment or in a lab setting (people act differently when being watched)
- Reduces social desirability bias
40
What are physiological measures?
Measures of bodily responses used to determine changes in psychological state
- Blood pressure, heart rate
- Sweating, respiration
- Brain-imaging technologies
41
What is multiple measurement?
Use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behaviour
- offsets limitation of any measurement
42
What is comorbidity?
One disorder while you have another disorder
| i.e. depression, anxiety
43
What is single value; mean; mode; median?
"Typical" of wholeset; arithmetic average; mode; mid-point value
44
What is variability?
- Info about spread of scores
45
What is range; variance; standard deviation?
Difference between highest/lowest; average deviation from the mean; square root variance, returns original scale of measurement units
46
What are inferential statistics?
Inferences (predictions) about a population, based on observations of a sample
47
What is statistical significance?
Likelihood that difference is due to chance
- expressed as p-value (probability value)
- conventional cut-off
48
What are ethics?
Rules governing the conduct of a person or group
49
What are Glial cells?
Support cells of the nervous system
| - most numerous
50
What are neurons?
Receive, process, and send information
| - most varied
51
What are the three types of neurons?
1) Sensory neurons
2) Motor neurons
3) Interneurons
52
What are sensory neurons?
Receive incoming sensory information
53
What are motor neurons?
Carry commands for movement; hormone release
54
What are interneurons?
Communicate only with other neurons; most common type of neuron
55
What is a concentration gradient?
- Different ion concentrations across membrane
| - Pumps actively exchange ions
56
What is an electrical gradient?
Different charge across membrane
| - resting potential = -70mV
57
Proteins: symbol (_), charge (- or +), location (_)
Potassium: symbol (_), charge (- or +), location (_)
Sodium: symbol (_), charge (- or +), location (_)
Chloride: symbol (_), charge (- or +), location (_)
Calcium: symbol (_), charge (- or +), location (_)
```
A-, negative, inside
K+, positive, more inside
Na+, positive, more inside
Cl-, negative, more outside
Ca2+, positive, more outside
```
58
What is a resting potential?
In the resting neuron, the fluid outside the axon contains a HIGHER concentration of the POSITIVE ions than the inside of the axon, which contains many negatively charged anions (A-)
59
Which two jobs does the neuron have?
1) Transmit message to target neuron
- across synapse --> dendrite
- via graded potentials
2) Transmit message along neurons
- from dendrite --> terminal
- via action potential
60
What do graded potentials do?
- Influence likelihood of action potential
- Occur in dendrites
- Aka postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)
can be + (EPSPs) or - (IPSPs)
- Dissipate over time/distance
61
What do action potentials do?
- Neurotransmitter release
- Travels down axon
- Have + and - components
- One size, do NOT dissipate with distance
- Necessary for neurotransmitter release
62
What do neurotransmitters do?
Generate graded potentials
63
Neurotransmitter released from ___
Vesicles
64
Vesicles are stored in ___
The presynaptic terminal
65
Receptor binding opens ___ on ___
Ion channels; postsynaptic dendrite
66
Action potential 1st step:
| If membrane potential = ___ mV (threshold)
- 55 mV
- Voltage-dependent sodium channels open
- Creates action potential
67
Action potential 2nd step:
| If membrane potential = ___ mV
+40 mV
- Voltage-dependent sodium channels close
- Voltage-dependent potassium channels open
68
Action potential 3rd step:
Repolarization
Back to ___ mV
- 70 mV
| - Refractory period
69
```
Each stage of an action potential:
1)
2)
3)
4)
```
1) Resting potential
2) Depolarization
3) Repolarization
4) Refractory period
70
What happens at the terminal?
4. Action potential triggers voltage sensitive
calcium channels to open
- Calcium enters cell at terminal
- Neurotransmitter released into synapse
71
What are two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters
| from the synaptic cleft?
1) Enzymatic degradation
| 2) Presynaptic reuptake
72
What is the major function of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine?
Slows ANS activity; eating, drinking, neuromuscular junction; involved in learning, memory, sleeping, dreaming
73
What is the major function of the neurotransmitter Dopamine?
Plays an important role in arousal, mood (especially positive mood), oversupply correlates with schizophrenia; voluntary muscle control
74
What is the major function of the neurotransmitter Epinephrine?
Increases ANS activity; fight-or-flight response
75
What is the major function of the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine?
Affects CNS activity; plays role in increasing alertness, attention
76
What is the major function of the neurotransmitter Serotonin?
Plays role in mood, sleep, eating, temperature regulation; undersupply correlates with anxiety and depression
77
What is the major function of the neurotransmitter GABA?
Is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; slows CNS function; correlates with anxiety and intoxication
78
What is glutamate?
Is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; involved in learning and memory; may be involved in schizophrenia
79
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of ___ and ___
Brain; spinal cord
80
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of ___ and ___
Somatic nervous system (voluntary); Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
81
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is made up of ___ and ___
Sympathetic nervous system (arousing); Parasympathetic nervous system (calming)
82
What does the central nervous system (CNS) do?
Processes incoming information and crafts a response if one is needed
83
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do?
Transmits information between the external environment and internal systems of the body and the central nervous system
84
The sympathetic nervous system is known as ___
Fight-or-flight
85
The parasympathetic nervous system is known as ___
Rest and digest
86
The brain is made up of these regions:
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain --> Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla
87
The spinal cord contains ___ and ___ tracts
Ascending (somatosensory); descending (motor)
88
In the spinal cord, the collection of axons in PNS =
| CNS =
Nerve; tract
89
Sensory nerves enter ___ spinal cord
| Motor nerves exit ___ spinal cord
Dorsal; ventral
90
Top =
Bottom =
Middle =
Sides =
Dorsal
Ventral
Medial
Lateral
91
The brainstem (located in hindbrain) is made up of ___ and ___
Medulla and pons
92
The brainstem organizes some reflexes, such as ___ and ___
Postural reflexes (balance); vital reflexes (respiration, heart rate)
93
Pons are involved in ___ and ___
Sleeping and dreaming
| - damage usually fatal
94
The cerebellum (located in hindbrain) means ___ in Latin
Little brain
95
What does the cerebellum do?
Integrates sensory information --> calculates how muscles should move
- Most active when learning new motor
patterns
- Well developed in animals that have fine
motor control
96
```
The research conducted on this woman
born without a cerebellum is an example of
which type of research study?
a) An experiment
b) Naturalistic observation
c) A case study
d) A correlational study
e) An interview
```
c) A case study
| - phenomenon that is rare and happened to one person
97
What does the midbrain do?
- Controls eye movements
- Processes visual and auditory information
- Involved with voluntary movement/
motivation
i.e. Parkinson's disease; addiction
98
What is reticular formation?
A diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness
- Important in arousal
- Net-like structure
99
The thalamus is known as the ___
Sensory relay station
100
The limbic system is a ___
Collection of structures
101
The limbic system is made up of:
- Hypothalamus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Cingulate gyrus
- Basal ganglia
- Nucleus accumbens
102
What does the hypothalamus control?
Instinct --> hunger, thirst, body temperature, fatigue, sleep
103
What does the hippocampus control?
Short-term and long-term memory, spatial navigation
| i.e. Big in taxi drivers
104
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to form and retain new memories
105
What does the cingulate gyrus control?
- Helps regulate emotions and pain
| - Involved in predicting and avoiding negative consequences
106
What does the basal ganglia control?
- Motor cognitive plans
| - Coordination of movement
107
What does the nucleus accumbens control?
Cognitive processing of aversion, motivation, pleasure, reward and reinforcement learning
- significant role in addiction
108
What does the thalamus control?
Relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness
109
Cerebral cortex means ___ in Latin
"Bark"
110
The cerebral cortex makes up ___ of human brain
80%
111
The cerebral cortex is made up of these complex functions:
Thought, planning, perception, consciousness
112
What is the cerebral cortex?
- Cerebrum's outer layer of neutral tissue
- Two hemispheres
- Four lobes in each hemisphere
113
What are the four lobes of the brain?
FPOT -
| Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
114
What does the primary sensory areas do?
Receive sensory signals via the thalamus
| - Conscious perception
115
What does the primary motor area do?
Sends signals to neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
| - Voluntary movement
116
What are the association areas?
A region of the cortex of the brain that connects sensory and motor areas, and that is thought to be concerned with higher mental activities
- "Silent" cortex
117
What does output: motor cortex do?
Left hemisphere section controls the body's right side
118
What does input: somatosensory cortex do?
Left hemisphere section receives input from the body's right side
119
Who is Phineas Gage?
A man who had extensive damage to frontal lobes, profound personality changes
120
What does the frontal lobe do?
- Attention, planning, impulse and motor
control
- Houses the primary motor area
121
What does the parietal lobe do?
- Sensation and perception of touch
| - Houses the primary somatosensory cortex
122
What does the temporal lobe do?
- Strong role in hearing
| - Houses the primary auditory cortex
123
What does the occipital lobe do?
- Strong role in vision
| - Houses the primary visual cortex
124
Connections between primary sensory/
| motor cortex and body are:
* Contralateral - Touch sensations on body’s left -> right
parietal lobe
Left primary motor cortex -> right side of body
* Symmetrical
- Equal representation for left and right
125
Association cortex has large ___ between
| hemispheres
```
Asymmetry
Left hemisphere: preferentially
language
- Right hemisphere: typically spatial
- Left and right communicate via
the corpus callosum
- Large collection of axons
```
126
What is split brain syndrome?
```
Corpus callosum is cut
- Hemispheres cannot share
information
- Sensory stimuli can be
presented to each half
separately
- Left or right
```
127
What is aphasia?
Language impairment
128
What is agnosia?
Perceptual impairment
129
What is Broca's area?
- Left frontal lobe
- Damage produces deficit in speech
production
130
What is Wernicke's area?
- Left temporal lobe
- Damage results in speech comprehension
problems
131
What happens if the right parietal lobe is damaged?
- Damage produces contralateral neglect
| Left side of the world is ignored
132
What happens if the right occipital/temporal lobes are damaged?
- Damage produces prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
Also known as face blindness
133
What is Monogenic transmission?
Traits determined by a single gene
| i.e. Huntington’s disease
134
What is Polygenic transmission (more common)?
Many genes interact to create a single
characteristic
i.e. Personality, body weight
135
What is Heritability?
Extent to which differences in a
| trait are influenced by genetics
136
Identifying genetic/environmental influences
| requires special techniques:
- Twin studies
- Adoption studies
- Twin-adoption studies
- Gene-by-environment studies
- Gene manipulation in animals
137
What are the gene manipulation techniques in animals?
```
* Changes in gene
expression
- Antisense
- Viral-mediated gene
transfer
* Changes in genome
itself
- Knockouts
- Transgenics
```
138
What are epigenetics?
```
Changes in the way genes are turned on
and off
- However, DNA sequence unchanged
examples: Parents diets -> offspring’s weight
Parental nurturing -> offspring’s stress
genes
```
139
What is Neuroplasticity?
Brain’s ability to adopt new functions from new
| experiences
140
What is Neurogenesis?
Development of new neurons
141
What is Aborization?
Growth of new dendrites
142
What is Synaptogenesis?
Formation of new synapses
143
What does Electroencephalography (EEG) do?
```
Records electrical activity
- Shows when brain activity occurs but not
exactly where
- Event-related potential (ERP)
- Helps measure cognitive processes
```
144
What is an MRI?
Uses magnetic fields
- Finely detailed images of
brain structure
- Shows where but not when
145
What is an fMRI?
Variation on MRI, tells about brain activity
- Tracks blood oxygen use in
brain tissue
146
What is a PET?
- Measures blood flow to active brain areas
- Radioactive form of oxygen (glucose) is
injected into participant and can be tracked
147
What is Electrophysiology?
Study of electrical activity in the body
148
What is Microdialysis?
Technique to measure released neurotransmitter in the brain
149
What is Lesioning?
Intentionally damaging the brain in order to
| determine role in behaviour
150
What does Esref Armagan’s Story
| Reveal About the Brain?
Visual images formed from his sense of touch
activate the same region active in sighted
people when seeing something - the occipital
lobe
151
Emily is running an assessment of cognitive functioning on a patient recovering
from stroke. She asks the patient to draw a clock. He is confident in his drawing, but
when Emily sees the picture only the right half of the clock is present. This patient
may be suffering from _____________.
a. contralateral neglect
b. prosopagnosia
c. aphasia
d. damage to Broca’s area
e. damage to Wernicke’s area
152
Jeff experienced damage to his ____________. Due to this injury he has difficulty
forming words and sentences, but he can easily understand other people when they
speak to him
a. right parietal lobe
b. right occipital lobe
c. right temporal lobe
d. Broca’s area
e. Wernicke’s area
153
The ________ is/are symmetrical across brain hemispheres, but the _________ is/are not
symmetrical.
a. association areas; motor cortex
b. motor cortex; association areas
c. association areas; temporal lobes
d. somatosensory cortex; motor cortex
e. motor cortex; somatosensory cortex
154
Visual information from the left visual field is transferred to the ___________ via the
________.
a. left hemisphere; corpus callosum
b. right hemisphere; thalamus
c. right hemisphere; corpus callosum
d. right hemisphere; optic chiasm
e. left hemisphere; optic chiasm
155
In terms of functional divisions of the brain - the _________ areas take up the most
space in the brain.
a. primary motor areas
b. primary sensory areas
c. primary emotional areas
d. association areas
e. dissociation areas
156
The part of the brain that is associated with consciousness and awareness is the
__________, which is a part of the ___________.
a. thalamus; midbrain
b. pons; forebrain
c. reticular formation; forebrain
d. reticular formation; midbrain
e. pons; midbrain
157
The ________ stimulates digestion and pupillary constriction
a. visual cortex
b. brainstem
c. parasympathetic nervous system
d. sympathetic nervous system
e. primary motor cortex
158
_____________ is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter.
a. GABA
b. norepinephrine
c. dopamine
d. acetylcholine
e. glutamate
159
. When an action potential reaches the axon terminals, it signals voltage-gated
__________ channels to open, which causes neurotransmitter release.
a. potassium
b. sodium
c. protein
d. chloride
e. calcium
160
Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters refers to:
a. the breakdown of neurotransmitters within the axon, preventing action
potential.
b. the breakdown of neurons in the brain, causing diseases such as Parkinson’s.
c. the breakdown of neurotransmitters in the synapses.
d. the creation of neurotransmitters inside the neuron.
e. Both A and C.
161
When a neuron is at rest, the voltage within the cell is ________.
a. -55 mV
b. +55 mV
c. -70 mV
d. +70 mV
e. +40 mV
162
During the process of an action potential in a neuronal cell, voltage gated sodium
channels open when the membrane potential reaches _____________.
a. -55 mV
b. +55 mV
c. -70 mV
d. +70 mV
e. +40 mV
163
During the process of an action potential in a neuronal cell, voltage gated potassium
channels open when the membrane potential reaches _____________.
a. -55 mV
b. +55 mV
c. -70 mV
d. +70 mV
e. +40 mV
164
Graded potentials are different from action potentials such that:
a. action potentials can vary in strength, graded potentials cannot.
b. action potentials mostly occur in the dendrites, graded potentials do not.
c. action potentials can travel in any direction, graded potentials cannot.
d. graded potentials dissipate over time and distance, action potentials do not.
e. graded potentials are all-or-none, but action potentials are not.
165
When a neuron is at its resting potential:
a. sodium ions are only on the outside of the cell, and potassium ions are only
on the inside of the cell
b. there are more potassium ions outside of the cell, and more sodium ions
inside the cell.
c. there are more potassium ions outside of the cell, and more sodium ions and
negatively charged proteins inside the cell.
d. there are more sodium and chloride ions outside of the cell and more
potassium ions and negatively charged proteins on the inside of the cell
e. there are more sodium ions and negatively charged proteins outside of the
cell, and more potassium inside of the cell.
166
Glutamate is released from a presynaptic neuron and binds to the post synaptic
neuron causing sodium channels to open in the post-synaptic cell. This action has
caused ______________.
a. repolarization
b. an action potential
c. an IPSP
d. an EPSP
e. a refractory period
167
___________ are responsible for receiving information from other neurons.
a. Axons
b. Axon terminals
c. Terminal branches
d. Dendrites
e. Somas
168
_________ cells myelinate neurons by wrapping their many extensions around
multiple neuronal axons in the CNS.
a. Schwann cells
b. Nodes of Ranvier
c. Interneurons
d. Oligodentrocyes
e. Astrocytes
169
The best methods of reducing experimenter expectancy effects would be _________.
a. a double blind design
b. a single blind design
c. using specific questionnaires
d. using open ended interviews
e. using inferential statistics
170
You run a study in which you surveyed students who also work part time jobs and
asked about their salary and their GPA. You found you have correlation coefficient
between these two variables of 0.4. This suggests that:
a. having to work causes students to make poorer grades.
b. having a higher GPA will make you more money.
c. making more money allows you to pay for tutors, and therefore have a higher
GPA.
d. there is a moderate positive relationship between GPA and salary.
e. this data does not suggest any of the above items.
171
You design an experiment to test the effectiveness of different study methods. You assign
the first half of the participants to arrive to the experiment, to a cue-card-based study
group, and the last half to arrive to a reading-text group. After 1 week of studying the
materials, you test all the students.
This is an example of a ____________.
a. descriptive study
b. experimental design
c. random sample
d. ransom assignment
e. correlational study
172
You design an experiment to test the effectiveness of different study methods. You assign
the first half of the participants to arrive to the experiment, to a cue-card-based study
group, and the last half to arrive to a reading-text group. After 1 week of studying the
materials, you test all the students
The independent variable in this study is:
a. the time that the participants arrive.
b. the type of studying the participants complete.
c. the scores on the participants’ tests.
d. the time spend studying.
e. how much better one group performs over the other.
173
You design an experiment to test the effectiveness of different study methods. You assign
the first half of the participants to arrive to the experiment, to a cue-card-based study
group, and the last half to arrive to a reading-text group. After 1 week of studying the
materials, you test all the students.
The dependent variable in this study is:
a. the time that the participants arrive.
b. the type of studying the participants do.
c. the scores on the participants’ tests.
d. the time spend studying.
e. how much better one group performs over the other
174
In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behaviour?
```
Empiricism
Structuralism
Behaviourism
Psychophysics
Pseudoscience
```
Structuralism
175
The four central goals of Psychology are:
cognitive, behavioural, psychodynamic, humanistic
simplify, analyze, influence, rationalize
describe, explain, predict, change
describe, explain, reduce, change
rationalize, explain, predict, punish
describe, explain, predict, change
176
```
Dr. Jonas is interested in how parents interact with their children. So she goes to a local daycare centre and watches how parents greet their children when they come to pick them up at the end of the day. This study could best be described as:
a case study
a correlational study
descriptive research
an experiment
a survey
```
descriptive research
177
```
A psychologist is interested in studying stress. Since stress can mean different things to different people, she decides that she would like to assess stress by measuring people’s blood pressure. This psychologist has just created:
a population
an operational definition
an experimental group
a control group
a case study
```
an operational definition
178
```
Neurogenesis, the process of developing new neurons, is increased by:
BrdU
cancer
impoverished environments
prolonged stress
enriched and stimulating environments
```
enriched and stimulating environments
179
As you learned in class, the spinal cord contains ascending (somatosensory) and descending (motor) tracts. What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?
A tract is a collection of neurons, while a nerve is a collection of axons.
A tract is a collection of axons in the central nervous system, while a nerve is a collection of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Tracts are found in the brain while nerves are found in the spinal cord.
A nerve is a long axon that travels far from the soma to communicate with distant targets, whereas a tract is a short axon that communicates with neurons nearby.
A tract is myelinated while a nerve is not.
A tract is a collection of axons in the central nervous system, while a nerve is a collection of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
