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Gross Anatomy II > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the infrahyoid muscles?

A

muscular triangle

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2
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the thyroid gland?

A

muscular triangle

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3
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the larynx?

A

muscular triangle

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4
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the trachea?

A

muscular triangle

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5
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains CN XI (spinal accessory n.)?

A

occipital triangle

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6
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains cutaneous nerves from cervical plexus?

A

occipital triangle

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7
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the common carotid artery?

A

carotid triangle

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8
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the vagus nerve?

A

carotid triangle

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9
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the internal jugular vein?

A

carotid triangle

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10
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the anterior scalene muscle?

A

supraclavicular triangle

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11
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains brachial plexus elements?

A

supraclavicular triangle

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12
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the phrenic nerve?

A

supraclavicular triangle

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13
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the subclavian artery and vein?

A

supraclavicular triangle

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14
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the facial artery and vein?

A

submandibular triangle

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15
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the submandibular glands?

A

submandibular triangle

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16
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains the root of the tongue?

A

submental triangle

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17
Q

Which triangle of the neck contains part of the oral cavity?

A

submental triangle

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18
Q

Which triangles are in the anterior neck?

A

muscular, carotid, submandibular, submental

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19
Q

Which triangles are in the posterior (& lateral) neck?

A

occipital, supraclavicular

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20
Q

At what vertebral level is the thyroid cartilage?

A

C4-C5

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21
Q

At what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage?

A

C6

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22
Q

At what vertebral level is the hyoid bone?

A

C3

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23
Q

At what vertebral level is the tracheal cartilage?

A

C6 and below

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24
Q

Which spinal nerves innervate the skin of the neck and head?

A

C2, C3, C4

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25
Q

What innervates the platysma muscle?

A

facial n. (VII)

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26
Q

What innervates the SCM?

A

spinal accessory n. (XI), and C2(3) ventral ramus

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27
Q

Which rami make up the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4 ventral rami

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28
Q

What are the 5 branches of the cervical plexus?

A

cutaneous, hitchhiker, ansa, motor, phrenic

CHAMP

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29
Q

What are the 4 terminal cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?

A

lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular nn.

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30
Q

Ventral rami of which roots form the lesser occipital n?

A

C2

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31
Q

Ventral rami of which roots form the great auricular n?

A

C2, C3

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32
Q

Ventral rami of which roots form the transverse cervical n?

A

C2, C3

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33
Q

Ventral rami of which roots form the supraclavicular n?

A

C3, C4

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34
Q

Which nerve penetrates the platysma muscle?

A

transverse cervical n.

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35
Q

Which cervical cutaneous nerve has named branches?

A

supraclavicular n. (lateral, intermediate, medial)

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36
Q

Which nerve innervates skin on the posterior scalp behind the ear?

A

lesser occipital n.

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37
Q

Which nerve innervates part of the ear and the skin over angle of mandible?

A

great auricular n.

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38
Q

Which nerve innervates skin of the anterior neck?

A

transverse cervical n.

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39
Q

Which nerve innervates skin of base of neck into thorax and shoulder?

A

supraclavicular n.

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40
Q

Which cervical roots hitchhike on hypoglossal n?

A

C1

geniohyoid & thyrohyoid muscles

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41
Q

What innervates the geniohyoid m.?

A

C1 (hitchhiker)

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42
Q

What innervates the thyrohyoid m.?

A

C1 (hitchhiker)

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43
Q

What innervates the sternohyoid m.?

A

ansa cervicalis

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44
Q

What innervates the sternothyroid m.?

A

ansa cervicalis

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45
Q

What innervates the omohyoid m.?

A

ansa cervicalis

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46
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid m.?

A

trigeminal n. (V)

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47
Q

What innervates the digastric m.?

A

anterior: CN V
posterioir: CN VII

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48
Q

What innervates the stylohyoid m.?

A

facial n. (VII)

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49
Q

What innervates the scalenes mm.?

A

lower cervical ventral rami

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50
Q

What innervates that longus colli m.?

A

C2-C7 ventral rami

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51
Q

What innervates the longus capitis m.?

A

C1-C3 ventral rami

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52
Q

What innervates the rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.?

A

C1-C2 ventral rami

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53
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

common carotid a., internal jugular v., vagus n. (X)

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54
Q

What are the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia?

A

superficial, pretracheal, prevertebral

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55
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia includes the infrahyoid mm.?

A

superficial layer

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56
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia includes the thyroid gland?

A

pretracheal layer

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57
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia includes the trachea?

A

pretracheal layer

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58
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia includes the esophagus?

A

pretracheal layer

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59
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia includes the spine?

A

prevertebral layer

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60
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia includes the deep neck muscles?

A

prevertebral layer

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61
Q

Which infrahyoid muscles is NOT innervated by ansa cervicalis?

A

thyrohyoid m. (C1)

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62
Q

Which ventral rami form the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A

C1

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63
Q

Which ventral rami form the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A

C2, C3

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64
Q

What’s the other name for the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A

descending hypoglossal ramus of ansa cervicalis

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65
Q

What’s the other name for the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A

descending cervical ramus of ansa cervicalis

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66
Q

Which rami contribute to the phrenic n.?

A

C3, C4, C5

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67
Q

Where in the neck is the ansa cervicalis?

A

in the carotid sheath

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68
Q

What is innervated by the phrenic n.?

A

diaphragm

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69
Q

Which muscles are innervated by motor branches of the cervical plexus?

A

scalenes & prevertebral mm.

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70
Q

Which 4 muscles are “infrahyoid”?

A

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid

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71
Q

Which 4 muscles are “suprahyoid”?

A

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

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72
Q

Which 4 muscles are “prevertebral”?

A

longus colli, logus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis

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73
Q

Which roots form the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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74
Q

What are the contents of the scalene triangle?

A

subclavian a., roots of brachial plexus

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75
Q

What are the borders of the scalene triangle?

A

anterior and middle scalenes, first rib

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76
Q

Where is the “thoracic outlet syndrome” caused?

A

scalene triangle

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77
Q

Where does the right common carotid a. originate?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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78
Q

Where does the left common carotid a. originate?

A

aortic arch

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79
Q

Where does the common carotid a. split into internal and external branches?

A

superior border of the thyroid cartilage (C3-4)

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80
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

dilation at the bifurcation; baroreceptor in vessel walls

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81
Q

What is the carotid sinus reflex?

A

increase in BP triggers CNS to reduce BP & HR

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82
Q

What innervates the carotid sinus?

A

sinus branch of glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

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83
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

chemoreceptor near carotid bifurcation

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84
Q

What does the carotid body measure/respond to?

A

changes in O2 and CO2 levels

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85
Q

What does the internal carotid a. supply?

A

brain and orbit

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86
Q

What are the cervical branches of the internal carotid a.?

A

no branches in the neck

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87
Q

The superior thyroid a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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88
Q

The ascending pharyngeal a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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89
Q

The lingual a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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90
Q

The facial a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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91
Q

The occipital a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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92
Q

The posterior auricular a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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93
Q

The maxillary a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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94
Q

The superficial temporal a. is a branch of which artery?

A

external carotid a.

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95
Q

The superior laryngeal a. is a branch of which artery?

A

superior thyroid a.

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96
Q

What is supplied by the superior thyroid a.?

A

thyroid, larynx, infrahyoid mm., part SCM

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97
Q

What is supplied by the ascending pharyngeal a.?

A

pharyngeal wall

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98
Q

What is supplied by the lingual a.?

A

tongue and floor of oral cavity

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99
Q

What is supplied by the facial a.?

A

submandibular gland, upper & lower lips, anterior face (mandible to orbit, not jaw or teeth)

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100
Q

What is supplied by the occipital a.?

A

posterior scalp

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101
Q

What is supplied by the posterior auricular a.?

A

external ear, skin behind ear

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102
Q

What is supplied by the maxillary a.?

A

mandible, maxilla, teeth, muscles of mastication, dura mater

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103
Q

What is supplied by the superficial temporal a.?

A

parotid gland, superficial structures of parieto-temporal region

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104
Q

What’s the name of CN I?

A

olfactory n.

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105
Q

What’s the name of CN II?

A

optic n.

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106
Q

What’s the name of CN III?

A

oculomotor n.

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107
Q

What’s the name of CN IV?

A

trochlear n.

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108
Q

What’s the name of CN V?

A

trigeminal n.

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109
Q

What’s the name of CN VI?

A

abducent n.

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110
Q

What’s the name of CN VII?

A

facial n.

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111
Q

What’s the name of CN VIII?

A

vestibulocochlear n.

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112
Q

What’s the name of CN IX?

A

glossopharyngeal n.

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113
Q

What’s the name of CN X?

A

vagus n.

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114
Q

What’s the name of CN XI?

A

accessory n.

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115
Q

What’s the name of CN XII?

A

hypoglossal n.

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116
Q

What’s the olfactory n.?

A

CN I

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117
Q

What’s the optic n.?

A

CN II

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118
Q

What’s the oculomotor n.?

A

CN III

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119
Q

What’s the trochlear n.?

A

CN IV

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120
Q

What’s the trigeminal n.?

A

CN V

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121
Q

What’s the abducent n.?

A

CN VI

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122
Q

What’s the facial n.?

A

CN VII

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123
Q

What’s the vestibulochochlear n.?

A

CN VIII

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124
Q

What’s the glossopharyngeal n.?

A

CN IX

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125
Q

What’s the vagus n.?

A

CN X

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126
Q

What’s the accessory n.?

A

CN XI

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127
Q

What’s the hypoglossal n.?

A

CN XII

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128
Q

Where does the right subclavian a. originate?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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129
Q

Where does the left subclavian a. originate?

A

aortic arch

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130
Q

What are the 4 branches of the subclavian a.?

A

internal throacic a., vertebral a., thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk

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131
Q

What is supplied by the internal thoracic a.?

A

anterior thoracic wall & breast

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132
Q

What is supplied by the vertebral a.?

A

deep neck, spinal nerves, cord, brain

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133
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

inferior thyroid, ascending cervical, transverse cervical, suprascapular aa.

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134
Q

What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?

A

deep cervical, superior intercostal branches

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135
Q

What’s another name for the deep transverse cervical a.?

A

dorsal scapular a.

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136
Q

What is supplied by the inferior thyroid a.?

A

thyroid, esophagus, larynx, trachea

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137
Q

What is supplied by the ascending cervical a.?

A

deep cervical structures

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138
Q

What is supplied but the transverse cervical a.?

A

trapezius (superficial); rhomboids & levator scapulae (deep)

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139
Q

What is supplied by the suprascapular a.?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus

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140
Q

What is supplied by the deep cervical a.?

A

deep posterior neck structures

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141
Q

What is supplied but the superior intercostal a.?

A

superior thorax

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142
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

where the sigmoid venous sinus exits the skull

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143
Q

What veins drain to the internal jugular vein?

A

facial, lingual, thyroid, pharyngeal vv.

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144
Q

What major vein does the internal jugular join?

A

joins subclavian v. to become brachiocephalic v.

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145
Q

Where do the vertebral veins drain?

A

into brachiocephalic or subclavian vv.

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146
Q

At what vertebral levels is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5-C7

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147
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

functional thyroid tissue connecting the left & right lobes

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148
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe?

A

extra thyroid tissue going superiorly from isthmus

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149
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

embryonic remnant; may leave cysts in anterior midline; marks the path of migration of the gland from the tongue to it’s final position (usually disappears)

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150
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine and calcitonin hormones

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151
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

increase cellular metabolism

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152
Q

What artery supplies the thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid a. from external carotid, inferior thyroid a. from thyrocervical trunk

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153
Q

What is the thyroideus “ima”?

A

artery to thyroid along ventral midline (<10%); branch from brachiocephalic a. or aortic arch

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154
Q

What veins drain the thyroid gland?

A

superior, middle, inferior thyroid vv.

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155
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4: L&R superior & inferior

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156
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

decrease serum calcium levels

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157
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

increase serum calcium levels

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158
Q

Where does the right jugulo-lymphatic trunk drain to?

A

into confluence of R subclavian v. and R internal jugular v.

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159
Q

Where does the left jugulo-lymphatic trunk drain to?

A

into thoracic duct

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160
Q

Where does the thoracic duct (lymph) drain to?

A

confluence of L internal jugular v. and L subclavian v.

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161
Q

What is the anterior 2/3 of the head called?

A

the face

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162
Q

What innervates the face?

A

trigeminal n. (V)

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163
Q

What is the galea aponeurotica?

A

helmet of intermediate tendon joining frontalis m. and occipitalis m.

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164
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A

skin, CT, aponeurosis, loose CT, pericranium

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165
Q

What is the pericranium?

A

periosteum on outer skull

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166
Q

What innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

facial n. (VII)

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167
Q

What muscles moves the scalp and elevates the eyebrows?

A

epicranius m. (frontalis + occipitalis)

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168
Q

What muscle is used for blinking?

A

orbicularis oculi m.

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169
Q

What muscle forms a sphincter around the mouth?

A

orbicularis oris m.

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170
Q

What muscle retracts the angle of the mouth?

A

risorius m.

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171
Q

What muscles elevate the mouth and lip?

A

zygomaticus major & minor mm.

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172
Q

What muscles depressed the angle of the mouth?

A

depressor anguli oris m.

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173
Q

What muscle depresses the lower lip?

A

depressor labii oris m.

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174
Q

What muscle draws the cheek against the teeth and gums?

A

buccinator m.

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175
Q

What muscle is used for pouting?

A

mentailis m.

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176
Q

What muscle is used for grimacing?

A

platysma m.

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177
Q

Where does the facial n. emerge to the face?

A

through the parotid gland

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178
Q

Where does the facial n. exit the skull?

A

through the stylomastoid foramen

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179
Q

What are the branches of the facial n.?

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, descending cervical, posterior auricular

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180
Q

What’s the biggest salivary gland?

A

parotid glands

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181
Q

What are the three large paired salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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182
Q

What are the three smaller salivary glands?

A

labial, lingual, palatine

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183
Q

What is the parotid papilla?

A

fleshy prominence opposite 2nd molar where duct connects

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184
Q

What is Stensen’s duct?

A

duct that connects the parotid gland to the oral cavity

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185
Q

What muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct?

A

buccinator m.

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186
Q

What type of secretions do the parotid and submandibular glands produce?

A

mainly serous (submandibular - some mucous)

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187
Q

What kind of innervation does a salivary gland get from sympathetic fibers?

A

vasomotor

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188
Q

What kind of innervation does a salivary gland get from paraympathetic fibers?

A

secretomotor

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189
Q

Where are the preganglionic fibers for the parotid gland?

A

glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

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190
Q

Where are the preganglionic fibers for the submandibular gland?

A

facial n. (CN VII)

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191
Q

Where are the preganglionic fibers for the sublingual gland?

A

facial n. (CN VII)

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192
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons for the parotid gland?

A

otic ganglion

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193
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons for the submandibular gland?

A

submandibular ganglion

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194
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons for the sublingual gland?

A

submandibular ganglion

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195
Q

What is Wharton’s duct?

A

duct that connects the submandibular gland to the oral cavity

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196
Q

Where are the labial glands found?

A

oral side of upper & lower lips

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197
Q

Where are the preganglionic fibers of the labial glands?

A

facial n. (CN VII)

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198
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons for the labial glands?

A

submandibular ganglion

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199
Q

Where are the lingual glands found?

A

on the tongue

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200
Q

Where are the preganglionic fibers for the lingual glands?

A

facial n. (CN VII)

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201
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons for the lingual glands?

A

submandibular ganglion

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202
Q

Where are the palatine glands found?

A

in the roof of the oral cavity

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203
Q

Where are the preganglionic fibers for the palatine glands?

A

facial n. (CN VII)

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204
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons for the palatine glands?

A

sphenopalatine ganglion

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205
Q

Which salivary gland is not innervated by the facial n.?

A

parotid glands - glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

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206
Q

What is the sublingual papilla?

A

openings under tongue for Wharton’s duct to submandibular gland (aka caruncle)

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207
Q

What is the sublingual caruncle?

A

openings under tongue for Wharton’s duct to submandibular gland (aka papilla)

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208
Q

Which salivary glands are not innervated by neurons from the submandibular ganglion?

A

parotid (otic ganglion) & palatine (sphenopalatine ganglion)

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209
Q

What are the main branches of the facial artery?

A

inferior labial a., superior labial a., angular a.

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210
Q

Which artery supplies the lower lip?

A

inferior labial a. (from facial a.)

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211
Q

Which artery supplies the upper lip?

A

superior labial a. (from facial a.)

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212
Q

Which artery supplies skin of nose and lower eyelid?

A

angular a. (from facial a.)

213
Q

What artery anastomoses with the terminal branch of the facial a.?

A

infraorbital a. anastomoses with angular a.

214
Q

What artery supplies the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

facial a.

215
Q

What artery supplies the palatine tonsils?

A

tonsilar branch of facial a.

216
Q

What is the clinical significance of the anastomosis between the infraorbital, opthalmic, and angular vv.?

A

infection risk to brain because veins can drain into cranial cavity

217
Q

What does the facial v. drain in to?

A

external, internal, or anterior jugular v.

218
Q

Which cranial nerve has three named divisions?

A

CN V (trigeminal n.) - V1, V2, V3

219
Q

What kind of information is carried the by the trigeminal n.?

A

both sensory and motor

220
Q

Which division(s) of the trigeminal n. carry sensory fibers?

A

all 3

221
Q

Which division(s) of the trigeminal n. carry motor fibers?

A

V3 (mandibular)

222
Q

What innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

V3 (mandibular)

223
Q

What innervates the tensor beli palatini and tensor tympani mm.?

A

V3 (mandibular)

224
Q

What is the Gasserian ganglion?

A

trigeminal ganglion

225
Q

Where are the sensory neuron bodies of CN V?

A

trigeminal ganglion

226
Q

What is V1 called?

A

opthlamic n.

227
Q

What is V2 called?

A

maxillary n.

228
Q

What is V3 called?

A

mandibular n.

229
Q

What is the extent of the dermatome for V1?

A

top of scalp to top of eye

230
Q

What is the extent of the dermatome for V2?

A

cheek, below eye to bottom lip

231
Q

What is the extent of the dermatome for V3?

A

in front of ear to chin, skipping angle of mandible

232
Q

What is the opthalmic n?

A

V1

233
Q

What is the maxillary n.?

A

V2

234
Q

What is the mandibular n.?

A

V3

235
Q

What are the 8 bones of the cranium?

A

2 parietal, 2 temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

236
Q

What are the 14 bones of the face?

A

2 maxillas, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 2 inferior concha, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, vomer, mandible

237
Q

What are the 3 bones in each middle ear?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

238
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

the tiny bones in the middle ear

239
Q

What kind of joint is found between most skull bones?

A

sutural, synarthrosis

240
Q

What joints in the skull are not sutures?

A

TMJ, ossicles (synovial)

241
Q

What kind of CT is found in a sutural joint?

A

fibrous CT

242
Q

What is the suture between the frontal and parietal bones?

A

coronal suture

243
Q

What is the suture between L&R parietal bones?

A

sagittal suture

244
Q

What is the suture between the occipital and parietal bones?

A

lambdoidal suture

245
Q

What is the suture between the squamous part temporal bone and parietal bone?

A

squamosal suture

246
Q

Where is the coronal suture?

A

between frontal and parietal bones

247
Q

Where is the sagittal suture?

A

between L&R parietal bones

248
Q

Where is the lambdoidal suture?

A

between occiput and parietal bones

249
Q

Where is the squamosal suture?

A

between the squamous part temporal bone and parietal bones

250
Q

What is the vertex?

A

top most point of the skull

251
Q

What is the bregma?

A

junction between coronal and sagittal sutures

252
Q

What is the lambda?

A

junction between sagittal and lambdoidal sutures

253
Q

Where are the parietal eminences?

A

area on side of head with greatest convexity

254
Q

What is the superciliary arch or ridge?

A

ridge along superior border of orbit

255
Q

What is the glabella?

A

smooth prominence between eyebrows, above bridge of nose

256
Q

What is the inion?

A

external occipital protuberance

257
Q

What is the temporal fossa?

A

depression on side of skull above zygomatic arches; filled by temporalis mm.

258
Q

What are the temporal lines?

A

circular lines showing the outline of temporal fossae; origin of temporalis mm.

259
Q

What makes up the zygomatic arch?

A

zygomatic bone & zygomatic process of temporal bone

260
Q

What are the divisions of the cranial floor?

A

3 fossae: anterior, middle, posterior

261
Q

Where is the anterior cranial fossa?

A

between the orbital plates of the frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, and lesser wings & body of sphenoid bone and anterior clinoid processes

262
Q

What foramina are found in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

cribriform foramina (olfactory n.)

263
Q

What is the midline crest on the ethmoid bone?

A

crista galli

264
Q

What goes through the cribriform foramina?

A

olfactory n. (CN I)

265
Q

Where is the middle cranial fossa?

A

bordered by squamous & petrous temporal bones, body & greater wings of sphenoid bone

266
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

saddle-like depression in superior surface of body of sphenoid

267
Q

What is the hypophyseal fossa?

A

space for pituitary gland in sella turcica

268
Q

What foramina are found in the middle cranial fossa?

A

optic canals, superior orbital fissures, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum

269
Q

What goes through the optic canals?

A

optic n. (CN II), opthalmic a.

270
Q

What goes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

oculomotor n. (CN III), trochlear n. (CN IV), abducens n. (CN VI), opthalmic n. (V1)

271
Q

What goes through the foramen rotundum?

A

maxillary n. (V2)

272
Q

What goes through the foramen ovale?

A

mandibular n. (V3)

273
Q

What goes through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal a.

274
Q

What goes through the foramen lacerum?

A

nothing; closed with fibrocartilage; internal carotid a. goes across

275
Q

Where are the optic canals?

A

connecting middle fossa to the orbit; anterioir corners of sphenoid body

276
Q

Where is the superior orbital fissure?

A

between great and small wings of sphenoid

277
Q

Where is the foramen rotundum?

A

connecting middle fossa to sphenopalatine fossa

278
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

connecting middle fossa to infratemporal fossa

279
Q

Where is the foramen spinosum?

A

posterior corners of sphenoid body

280
Q

Where is the foramen lacerum?

A

medial to foramen ovale

281
Q

Where does CN I exit the skull?

A

cribriform foramen of ethmoid bone (ant. fossa)

282
Q

Where does CN II exit the skull?

A

optic canal (middle fossa)

283
Q

Where does CN III exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure (middle fossa)

284
Q

Where does CN IV exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure (middle fossa)

285
Q

Where does CN V1 exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure (middle fossa)

286
Q

Where does CN V2 exit the skull?

A

foramen rotundum (middle fossa)

287
Q

Where does CN V3 exit the skull?

A

foramen ovale (middle fossa)

288
Q

Where does CN VI exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure (middle fossa)

289
Q

Where does CN VII exit the skull?

A

internal auditory meatus (posterior fossa)

290
Q

Where does CN VIII exit the skull?

A

internal auditory meatus (posterior fossa)

291
Q

Where does CN IX exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen (posterior fossa)

292
Q

Where does CN X exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen (posterior fossa)

293
Q

Where does CN XI exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen (posterior fossa)

294
Q

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

A

hypoglossal canal (posterior foramen)

295
Q

Which cranial fossa is the largest?

A

posterior

296
Q

Where is the posterior cranial fossa?

A

bordered by occipital bone, petrous temporal bones, body of sphenoid (dorsum sella, posterior clinoid processes)

297
Q

What goes through the internal auditory meatus?

A

facial n. (CN VII), vestibulochochlear n. (CN VIII), internal auditory a.

298
Q

What is the internal occipital crest?

A

midline, between IOP and foramen magnum

299
Q

What foramina are in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

internal auditory meatus, jugular foramen, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, condylar canal, transverse & sigmoid sinus sulci

300
Q

What goes through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, CN X, CN XI, internal jugular v.

301
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum?

A

spinal cord to brainstem, vertebral aa., spinal root of CN XI

302
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

303
Q

What goes through the condylar canal?

A

emissary veins

304
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges in the cranial vault?

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

305
Q

What are the 2 layers of arachnoid?

A

primary layer & trabeculae

306
Q

Which meningeal laters make up the leptomeninges?

A

arachnoid and pia

307
Q

Which layers make up the pachymeninges?

A

the dura

308
Q

What are the layers of cranial dura mater?

A

perosteal & meningeal

309
Q

What are the layers of spinal dura?

A

spinal dura has only one layer

310
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

311
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

between pia mater and arachnoid

312
Q

Where is the cranial epidural space?

A

between the dura and the bones of the cranial vault

313
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

between the dura and arachnoid (potential space)

314
Q

What fills the cranial epidural space?

A

no space exists until clinical condition e.g., hematoma

315
Q

What fills the subdural space?

A

no space exists until clinical condition e.g., hematoma

316
Q

What are the 4 dural folds?

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphrama sella

317
Q

What is falx cerebri?

A

dural fold separating L&R cerebrum; attaches to crista galli

318
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

dural fold in the transverse cerebral fissure

319
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

dural fold separating L&R cerebellum

320
Q

What is the diaphrama sella?

A

dural fold that partially covers the hypophyseal fossa

321
Q

What is the histology of the dural venous sinuses?

A

dense regular CT; dural walls, lined by endothelium, no smooth muscle or valves

322
Q

What is drained by the dural venous sinuses?

A

brain (cerebral vv.)

323
Q

What are major dural venous sinuses?

A

superior & inferior sagittal, straight, occipital, confluence of the sinuses, 2 transverse, 2 sigmoid, 2 cavernous

324
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

superior border of falx cerebri

325
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

inferior margin of falx cerebri

326
Q

Where is the straight sinus?

A

junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

327
Q

Where is the occipital sinus?

A

posterior/inferioir margin of falx cerebelli

328
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

posteriori margin of tentorium cerebelli

329
Q

Where is the sigmoid sinus?

A

S-curve continuation of transverse sinus

330
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus?

A

on each side of the sphenoid bone

331
Q

Where is the confluence of the sinuses?

A

just inferior to the IOP

332
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain?

A

posteriorly into the confluence

333
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain?

A

into straight sinus with great cerebral vein of Galen

334
Q

What does the confluence of the sinuses drain and to where?

A

superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses converge here; into transverse sinus

335
Q

Where does the occipital sinus drain?

A

superiorly into confluence

336
Q

Where does the transverse sinus drain?

A

from the confluence laterally into sigmoid sinus; along the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli

337
Q

Where does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

internal jugular vein at jugular foramen

338
Q

What does the cavernous sinus drain and to where?

A

drains parts of brain, pituitary, orbit; into petrosal sinuses

339
Q

Where do the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses drain?

A

superior - to transverse sinus

inferior - to sigmoid sinus

340
Q

What are the 3 meningeal arteries?

A

anterior, middle, posterior

341
Q

Where are the meningeal arteries?

A

within the dura

342
Q

What forms the anterior meningeal a.?

A

internal carotid a.

343
Q

What forms the middle meningeal a.?

A

maxillary a.

344
Q

What forms the posterior meningeal a.?

A

vertebral & occipital aa.

345
Q

Which meningeal artery is the largest?

A

middle

346
Q

Which meningeal artery enters the skull?

A

middle, through the foramen spinosum

347
Q

What is supplied by meningeal arteries?

A

bone of cranium (a little blood to brain)

348
Q

What is one cause of an epidural hematoma?

A

skull fracture tearing meningeal a.

349
Q

What is one cause of a subdural hematoma?

A

usually damage to cerebral vv. where they pass thru the subdural space; whiplash

350
Q

What do emissary veins do?

A

directly connect dural venous sinuses and vv. outside of skull

351
Q

Where are diploic veins located?

A

within the medullary cavity of cranial bones

352
Q

What do diploic veins do?

A

drain blood from cranial bones into superficial veins of scalp and/or dural venous sinuses

353
Q

What innervates the anterior cranial fossa?

A

meningeal branches of trigeminal n.

354
Q

What innervates the middle cranial fossa?

A

meningeal branches of trigeminal n.

355
Q

What innervates the posterior cranial fossa?

A

vagus n. & upper 3 cervical spinal nn.

356
Q

What provides vasomotor innervation to the dura?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel with the arteries

357
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the trigeminal n.?

A

from V1: supraorbital, supratrochlear, lacrimal
from V2: infraorbital, zygomatic
from V2: mental, buccal, auriculotemporal

358
Q

Where is the spinal dura attached to bone?

A

foramen magnum, bodies of C2-3

359
Q

What are Hoffman’s ligaments?

A

small ligamentous slips that attach spinal dura to PLL (C7-L5)

360
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

S2

361
Q

What part of spinal dura continues below S2?

A

filum dura

362
Q

What is the dural coccygeal ligament?

A

same as filum dura

363
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

extension of pia from conus medullaris to end of dural sac

364
Q

What is a denticulate ligament?

A

lateral extensions of pia penetrating arachnoid to attach to dural sac

365
Q

What layer of meninges is continuous with epinuerium of spinal nerves?

A

dura

366
Q

What layer of meninges is continuous with perineurium of spinal nerves?

A

arachnoid and pia

367
Q

Where is the spinal epidural space?

A

between the dural sac and borders of vertebral canal

368
Q

What fills the spinal epidural space?

A

loose CT, adipose, vessels

369
Q

What is the idea of epidural anesthesia?

A

can affect small range of spinal cord segments because diffusion to others is slow

370
Q

What is the filum dura?

A

extension of dura below end of dural sac; aka dural coccygeal lig.

371
Q

How is a spinal nerve named?

A

cervical: named for vertebra below IVF

T/L/S: named for vertebra above IVF

372
Q

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

subarachnoid space below the conus medullaris; L2-S2

373
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

the end of the spinal cord, around L2

374
Q

What is a “spinal tap”?

A

biopsy of fluid from the lumbar cistern, usually between L3-4 or L4-5

375
Q

What is a “spinal block”?

A

introduction of anesthetics into the lumbar spine, usually between L3-4 or L4-5

376
Q

What fills the lumbar cistern?

A

CSF

377
Q

What nerve rootlets are in the lumbar cistern?

A

cauda equina

378
Q

What is a choroid plexus?

A

ventricular structure that secretes CSF

379
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

ventricles of brain, subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord

380
Q

What causes CSF flow?

A

continued CSF secretion/resorption, arterial pulse in subarachnoid space, movements of vertebral column

381
Q

How much CSF does a body hold?

A

about 150 ml

80-150ml

382
Q

How often is CSF replaced?

A

3-4 times per day

383
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

tufts of arachnoid that extend into the dural venous sinus system

384
Q

Where are most arachnoid villi found?

A

superior sagittal sinus

385
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

hypertrophic villi; normal with aging

386
Q

How do the cranial bones accomodate arachnoid granulations?

A

forming fovea granulares

387
Q

What are fovea granulares?

A

pit-like depressions on inner surface of cranial cavity from arachnoid villi pushing against

388
Q

What happens to CSF at arachnoid villi?

A

CSF mixes with venous blood

389
Q

What supplies the vertebral column with blood?

A

segmental vessels

390
Q

What vessels form segmental vessels in the thoracic spine?

A

intercostal a. & v.

391
Q

What vessels form segmental vessels in the lumbar spine?

A

lumbar a. & v.

392
Q

What vessels form segmental vessels in the cervical spine?

A

branches of aa. and vv. of the deep neck (e.g. vertebral, ascending cervical)

393
Q

Which part of a segmental artery forms the spinal branch?

A

the dorsal branch

394
Q

What is supplied by the spinal branch of a segmental artery?

A

vertebrae & paraspinal tissue (ligs), outer annulus fibrosus, nerve rootlets, maybe spinal cord

395
Q

What protects the blood supply to the vertebrae?

A

extensive anastomses between segmental arteries

396
Q

What is Batson’s plexus?

A

internal and external vertebral venous plexus

397
Q

Where is the external vertebral venous plexus?

A

distributed to external part of vertebral column and deep paraspinal tissue

398
Q

Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

distributed within the epidural space of vertebral canal

399
Q

Where is the basivertebral vein?

A

within vertebral body

400
Q

What drains the vertebral body?

A

the basivertebral vein

401
Q

What is unusual about the veins of the vertebral venous plexus?

A

they lack valves

402
Q

Where are the spinal veins?

A

between internal & external vertebral plexuses, at pedicles

403
Q

What do the vertebral venous plexuses drain into?

A

spinal vv. to segmental vv.

404
Q

What drains the spinal cord?

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

405
Q

What innervates the ventral paraspinal region?

A

gray rami communicantes of sympathetic chain, ventral rami of spinal nn, & recurrent meningeal n.

406
Q

What innervates the dorsal paraspinal region?

A

dorsal primary rami

407
Q

What innervates the ALL?

A

gray rami communicantes of sympathetic chain & ventral rami of spinal nn,

408
Q

What innervates the annulus fibrosus?

A

ant & lat: gray rami communicantes of sympathetic chain & ventral rami of spinal nn.
post: recurrent meningeal n.

409
Q

What innervates the periosteum on vertebral bodies?

A

ant & lat: gray rami communicantes of sympathetic chain & ventral rami of spinal nn.
post: recurrent meningeal n.

409
Q

What innervates the vertebral body?

A

gray rami communicantes of sympathetic chain, ventral rami of spinal nn., recurrent meningeal n.

410
Q

What innervates the PLL?

A

recurrent meningeal n.

411
Q

What innervates the dorsal thecal sac?

A

not well innervated (?)

412
Q

What innervates the ventral thecal sac?

A

recurrent meningeal n.

413
Q

What innervates the dura around spinal nerves?

A

recurrent meningeal n.

414
Q

What is the sinu vertebral n.?

A

same as the recurrent meningeal n.

415
Q

What is the nerve of Luschka?

A

same as the recurrent meningeal n.

416
Q

What 2 roots form the recurrent meningeal n,?

A

somatic root from ventral ramus + autonomic root from gray ramus communicantes

417
Q

What innervates anterior & lateral structures in the ventral paraspinal compartment?

A

gray rami communicantes (sympathetic), ventral rami

418
Q

What innervates the posterior structures in the ventral paraspinal compartment?

A

recurrent meningeal n.

419
Q

What innervates skin of the lateral back?

A

lateral branches of dorsal primary rami

420
Q

What innervates skin of the midline back?

A

medial branches of dorsal primary rami

421
Q

What innervates iliocostalis m.?

A

lateral branches of dorsal primary rami

422
Q

What innervates longissimus m.?

A

intermediate branches of dorsal primary rami

423
Q

What innervates transversospinalis mm.?

A

medial branches of dorsal primary rami

424
Q

What are the branches of dorsal primary rami that innervates dorsal compartment structures?

A

lateral, intermediate, & medial in T/L; lateral & medial in cervical (?)

425
Q

What innervates the zp joint?

A

articular branches of medial division of dorsal primary rami

426
Q

What innervates the supraspinous ll.?

A

medial branches of dorsal primary rami

427
Q

What innervates ligamentum flavum?

A

medial branches of dorsal primary rami

428
Q

What innervates the interspinous l.?

A

medial branches of dorsal primary rami

429
Q

A given dorsal primary ramus’s medial division articular branch innervates which zp joint?

A

the zp at that level and one below

430
Q

Specifically which rami innervate a given zp joint?

A

articular branch of medial division of DPR at that level and one above

431
Q

What kind of innervation are found in paraspinal nerves?

A

motor, vasomotor, sensory

432
Q

What lies over the medial branch of a lumbar dorsal primary ramus?

A

mamillo-accessory l.

433
Q

What kind of innervation is provided by the autonomic system to spinal/paraspinal tissues?

A

perivascular; postganglionic sympathetic fibers, vasomotor

434
Q

How many neurons are required for somatic efferent communication?

A

1

435
Q

How many neurons are required for visceral efferent communication?

A

2 - pre/postganglionic

436
Q

Where is the neuron cell body found in the autonomic system?

A

preganglionic in CNS & postganglionic in PNS autonomic ganglion

437
Q

What are the 2 divisions or the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

438
Q

What is the thoracolumbar division of the ANS?

A

sympathetic division

439
Q

What is the craniosacral division of the ANS?

A

parasympathetic division

440
Q

What spinal nerves are used by the sympathetic ANS?

A

T1-L2

441
Q

What spinal nerves are used by the parasympathetic ANS?

A

III, VII, IX, X, S2-4

442
Q

Where are the preganglionic axons in the sympathetic ANS?

A

T1-L2

443
Q

Where are the preganglionc axons in the parasympathetic ANS?

A

III, VII, IX, X, S2-4

444
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic ANS?

A

lateral horns of spinal cord (T1-L2)

445
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies in the parasympathetic ANS?

A

brain and lower spinal cord

446
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic axons exit the spinal cord?

A

through ventral roots of spinal nn. T1-L2

447
Q

Which spinal nn. have white rami communicantes?

A

T1-L2

448
Q

Which spinal nn. have grey rami communicantes?

A

all

449
Q

Which rami communicantes are used in the sympathetic ANS?

A

white and gray

450
Q

What is an interganglionic nerve?

A

connections between ganglia in the sympathetic chain

451
Q

What is a white ramus communicante?

A

preganglionic pathway for spinal nerve to sympathetic chain ganglion

452
Q

What is a gray ramus communicante?

A

postganglionic pathway from sympathetic chain back to spinal nerve

453
Q

What is a splanchnic nerve?

A

nerve carrying sympathetic preganglionic axon to prevertebral ganglion

454
Q

What is a visceral nerve?

A

nerve carrying sympathetic postganglionic axon to effector cell in organ

455
Q

What are the 2 sets of ganglia in the sympathetic ANS?

A

paravertebral (L&R chains) and prevertebral (near target organs)

456
Q

What is found in paravertebral ganglia?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies

457
Q

What is found in prevertebral ganglia?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies

458
Q

What is formed by paravertebral ganglia and interganglionic nerves?

A

sympathetic chain

459
Q

How many chain ganglia are there overall?

A

~22-23

460
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglie are there in the cervical region?

A

2 or 3

461
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are there in the thoracic region?

A

12

462
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are there in the lumbar region?

A

4

463
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are there in the sacral region?

A

4

464
Q

What connects the left and right sympathetic chains?

A

ganglion impar

465
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

unpaired coccygeal ganglion of sympathetic chain

466
Q

What is the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia?

A

stellate ganglion

467
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A

the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia

468
Q

How many chain ganglia are there overall?

A

~22-23

469
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglie are there in the cervical region?

A

2 or 3

470
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are there in the thoracic region?

A

12

471
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are there in the lumbar region?

A

4

472
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are there in the sacral region?

A

4

473
Q

What connects the left and right sympathetic chains?

A

ganglion impar

474
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

unpaired coccygeal ganglion of sympathetic chain

475
Q

What is the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia?

A

stellate ganglion

476
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A

the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia

477
Q

Are sympathetic axons myelinated?

A

preganglionic thinly; postganglionic no

478
Q

Where do the postganglionic axons from the sympathetic chain go?

A

join spinal nn. via gray rami comm, arterial plexuses, to an organ

479
Q

Where do the preganglionic sympathetic axons for the head & neck enter the chain?

A

white rami comm. of T1-T5

480
Q

What distributes the postganglionic sympathetic axons for the head & neck?

A

cervical ganglia

481
Q

Which spinal nn. have fibers in the superior cervical ganglia?

A

C1-C3(4)

482
Q

What spinal nn. have fibers in the middle cervical ganglia?

A

C4-C6

483
Q

Which spinal nn. have fibers in the inferior cervical ganglia?

A

C6-C8

484
Q

Which cervical ganglia have postganglionic fibers distributed by cardiac nn.?

A

superior, middle, & inferior

485
Q

Which cervical ganglion distributes fibers by the internal and external carotid plexuses?

A

superior

486
Q

Which cervical ganglion distributes fibers with the first thoracic ganglion

A

inferior

487
Q

What is a vertebral arterial nerve plexus?

A

nerve fibers following arteries to get to target cells

488
Q

How are the fibers from prevertebral ganglia distributed to effector cells?

A

mostly via arterial nerve plexuses

489
Q

What are the visceral effector cells?

A

cardiac & smooth muscle, glands

490
Q

What innervates the prevertebral ganglia?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons passing through sympathetic chain to ganglia on splanchnic nerves

491
Q

What are 3 prevertebral ganglia?

A

celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric

492
Q

Where is the celiac ganglion?

A

near celiac a.

493
Q

Where is the superior mesenteric ganglion?

A

near superior mesenteric a. & renal aa.

494
Q

Where is the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

A

near inferior mesentertic a.

495
Q

What is innervated by the celiac ganglion axons?

A

foregut & midgut structures

496
Q

What is innervated by superior mesenteric ganglion axons?

A

midgut structures

497
Q

What is innervated by inferior mesenteric ganglion axons?

A

hindgut structures

498
Q

Which nerves send fibers to the celiac ganglion?

A

greater splanchnic nn.

499
Q

Which nerves send fibers to superior mesenteric ganglion?

A

lesser splanchnic nn.

500
Q

Which nerves send fibers to the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

A

lumbar splanchnic nn.

501
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

cutaneous vasocontriction, increase sweat glands and arrector pili mm., skeletal muscle vasodilation, pupil dilation, increase HR & BP

502
Q

Which division of the ANS controls “fight or flight” responses?

A

sympathetic

503
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic ANS?

A

decrease HR & BP, constrict pupils, increase peristalsis & digestive secretions

504
Q

Are paraympathetic axons myelinated?

A

preganglionic yes; postganglionic no

505
Q

What are the 4 pairs of parasympathetic ganglia near target organs?

A

ciliary, submandibular, sphenopalatine, otic

506
Q

What are 5 parasympathetic intarmural ganglia?

A

Auerbach’s plexus, Meissner’s plexus, cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, pelvic plexus

507
Q

What are intramural ganglia?

A

found in the wall of target organs

508
Q

Which ganglia receive fibers from CN III?

A

ciliary (parasympathetic)

509
Q

Which ganglia receive fibers from CN VII?

A

submandibular & sphenopalatine (parasympathetic)

510
Q

Which ganglia receive fibers from CN IX?

A

otic (parasympathetic)

511
Q

Which ganglia receive fibers from CN X?

A

intramural ganglia (parasympathetic)

512
Q

Which spinal nerve goes the the ciliary ganglion?

A

CN III

513
Q

Which spinal nerve goes to the submandibular ganglion?

A

CN VII

514
Q

Which spinal nerve goes to the sphenopalatine ganglion?

A

CN VII

515
Q

Which spinal nerve goes to the otic ganglion?

A

CN IX

516
Q

Which spinal nerve goes to the intramural ganglion?

A

CN X

517
Q

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic ANS?

A

ciliary, submandibular, sphenopalatine, and otic ganglia; intramural ganglia

518
Q

Where are the cell bodies of visceral afferent neurons?

A

ganglia of CN IX and X; DRG of T1-L2 and S2-4

519
Q

Are visceral afferent fibers myelinated?

A

some are & some aren’t

520
Q

What are the 2 types of visceral afferents?

A

physiological & pain

521
Q

Which visceral afferents follow the parasympathetic paths?

A

physioloical

522
Q

Which visceral afferents follow the sympathetic paths?

A

physiological and pain

523
Q

What is the clinical effect of pain afferent pathways?

A

pain from viscera can be referred to somatic tissue innervated by T1-L2

524
Q

What are visceral afferents?

A

single cell pathways, sensory from viscera

525
Q

How many neurons are required for visceral afferent communication?

A

one

526
Q

What is measured by physiological afferents?

A

chemical levels, pressures, distension…

527
Q

Which communicating ramus is used for visceral afferent communication?

A

white

Gross Anatomy II (3 decks)

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