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Gross Anatomy II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What bones form the roof of the orbit?

A

frontal (orbital process), sphenoid (lesser wing)

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2
Q

What bones form the floor of the orbit?

A

maxilla (orbital process), zygomatic, palatine (orbital process)

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3
Q

What bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

zygomatic, sphenoid (greater wing)

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4
Q

What bones for the medial wall of the orbit?

A

maxilla (frontal process), lacrimal, ethmoid (orbital process)

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5
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the frontal bone?

A

roof

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6
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the sphenoid bone?

A

roof, lateral wall

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7
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the ethmoid bone?

A

medial wall

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8
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the maxilla?

A

floor, medial wall

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9
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the zygomatic bone?

A

floor, lateral wall

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10
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the palatine bone?

A

floor

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11
Q

What part of the orbit is formed by the lacrimal bone?

A

medial wall

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12
Q

Which orbital foramen is in the lesser wing of the sphenoid?

A

optic canal

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13
Q

Which orbital foramen is bordered by greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid?

A

superior orbital fissure

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14
Q

Which oribital foramen is in the ethmoid bone?

A

ethmoidal foramina

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15
Q

What comes though the optic canal?

A

CN II, opthalmic a.

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16
Q

What comes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI, superior opthalmic vv.

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17
Q

What comes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

infraorbital n.a.v.

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18
Q

What comes through the supraorbital foramen?

A

supraorbital n.a.v.

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19
Q

What comes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

infraorbital n.a.v.

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20
Q

What comes through the ethmoid foramina?

A

ethmoidal n.a.v.

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21
Q

What comes through the nasolacrimal canal?

A

nasolacrimal duct

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22
Q

What separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa?

A

orbital roof

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23
Q

What separates the orbit from the maxillary sinus?

A

orbital floor

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24
Q

What separates the orbit from the ethmoid air cells & nasal cavity?

A

medial wall of orbit

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25
Q

What part of the orbit is strongest?

A

lateral wall

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26
Q

What is palpebra?

A

eyelid

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27
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

opening between upper & lower eyelids

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28
Q

What are cilia (of the eye)?

A

eyelashes

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29
Q

What are supercilia?

A

eyebrows

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30
Q

What is a canthus?

A

junction of superior & inferior palpebrae; edges of palpebral fissure

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31
Q

What is the lacrimal caruncle?

A

fleshy prominence at medial canthus; includes sweat & sebaceous glands

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32
Q

What is the lateral corner of the eye?

A

lateral or temporal canthus

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33
Q

What is the medial corner of the eye?

A

medial of nasal canthus

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34
Q

What is the lacrimal puncta?

A

pin-hole opening in lacrimal papilla; permits draining of lacrimal fluid from cornea

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35
Q

What are tarsal plates?

A

sheets of dense fibrous CT deep to skin and muscle of eyelids

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36
Q

What are the glands in the tarsal plates?

A

Tarsal glands = Meibomian glands

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37
Q

What are Meibomian glands?

A

modified sebaceous glands in the tarsal plates of the eyes

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38
Q

What are the functions of the secretion from Meibomian glands?

A

lubricate margins of eyelids, help increase surface tension to help lacrimal fluid stay on cornea

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39
Q

What glands are found in the eyelids?

A

Meibomian & ciliary (Moll & Zeis)

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40
Q

What are the ciliary glands?

A

glands of Moll, glands of Zeis

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41
Q

What are the glands of Moll?

A

small modified sweat glands on the eyelids

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42
Q

What are the glands of Zeis?

A

small modified sebaceous glands on the eyelids

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43
Q

What is a sty?

A

infected ciliary gland of eyelid

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44
Q

What is a hordeolum?

A

same as sty

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45
Q

What is a chalazion?

A

plugged meibomian gland, cyst-like

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46
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

mucous membrane covering inner eyelids and sclera

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47
Q

What are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?

A

palpebral (lining inner eyelid) & bulbar (reflects onto eyeball?

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48
Q

What other eye structure is continuous with the conjunctiva?

A

bulbar conjunctiva becomes continuous with outer cornea

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49
Q

What are conjunctiva fornices?

A

spaces between eyelid & cornea where palpebral conjunctiva meets bulbar conjunctiva

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50
Q

What gland is in the superior lateral anterior portion of the orbit?

A

lacrimal gland

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51
Q

What are the functions of lacrimation?

A

moistens, cleans, lubricates, protects cornea

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52
Q

What kind of nerve provides secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland?

A

parasympathetic

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53
Q

What kind of nerve provides vasomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland?

A

sympathetic

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54
Q

What is the preganglionic nerve for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

greater petrosal n. (CN VII)

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55
Q

Where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

sphenopalatine ganglion

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56
Q

Where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies for sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic chain

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57
Q

What kind of innervation do parasympathetic fibers provide to the lacrimal gland?

A

secretomotor

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58
Q

What kind of innervation do sympathetic fibers provide to the lacrimal gland?

A

vasomotor

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59
Q

What path does lacrimal fluid follow after secretion by the lacrimal gland?

A

lacrimal gland ducts -> eyeball surface -> lacrimal puncta (at papillae) -> lacrimal canaliculi -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus of nasal cavity

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60
Q

What causes circulation of lacrimal fluid?

A

blinking & eye movement

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61
Q

Does lacrimal fluid flow medially or laterally?

A

medially

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62
Q

What is innervated by the greater petrosal n.?

A

lacrimal glands

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63
Q

What happens to cranial dura at the orbit?

A

separates into periorbita & orbital dura

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64
Q

What is periorbita?

A

continuation of periosteal layer of cranial dura; encapsulates all orbital structures; easily separable from orbital bones

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65
Q

What is orbital dura?

A

continuation of meningeal layer of cranial dura surrounding CN II

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66
Q

Which layer of cranial dura form periorbita?

A

periosteal

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67
Q

Which layer of cranial dura forms orbital dura?

A

meningeal

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68
Q

What fascial structure is formed by the periosteal layer of cranial dura entering the orbita?

A

periorbita

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69
Q

What fascial structure is formed by the meningeal layer of cranial dura entering the orbit?

A

orbital dura

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70
Q

What surrounds the optic n. in the orbit?

A

orbital dura

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71
Q

What eyeball structure is continuous with orbital dura?

A

sclera

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72
Q

What fascial layer is continuous with the sclera?

A

orbial dura

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73
Q

What provides packing structure in the orbit?

A

large amounts of adipose

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74
Q

What is Tenons Capsule?

A

smooth, thin, membranous layer of fascia on the anterior edge of orbital fat; posterior to eyeball

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75
Q

What is fascia bulbi?

A

same as Tenons Capsule

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76
Q

What is the episcleral space?

A

potential space between the sclera and the tenons capsule

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77
Q

What forms the socket for the eyeball?

A

orbital fat, tenons capsule, episcleral space

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78
Q

What are the 7 extraocular muscles?

A

4 rectus (lat, med, sup, inf), 2 obliques (sup, inf), levator palpebra superioris

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79
Q

What is the common origin for the 4 rectus muscles of the eye?

A

annulus tendineous

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80
Q

What is annulus tendineous?

A

ring-like tendon at apex of orbit; common origin of rectus muscles

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81
Q

Where does the lateral rectus m. insert?

A

lateral sclera

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82
Q

Where does the medial rectus m. insert?

A

medial sclera

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83
Q

Where does the inferior rectus m. insert?

A

inferior sclera (ant/med to vertical axis)

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84
Q

Where does the superior rectus m. insert?

A

superior sclera (ant/med to vertical axis)

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85
Q

Where does the inferior oblique m. originate?

A

anteromedial orbital floor

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86
Q

Where does the superior oblique m. originate?

A

body of sphenoid above annulus tendineous

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87
Q

Where does the inferior oblique m. insert?

A

lateral posterior eyeball

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88
Q

Where does the superior oblique m. insert?

A

superior lateral eyeball (posterior to vertical axis)

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89
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus m.?

A

abduction of eyeball

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90
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus m.?

A

adduction of eyeball

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91
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus m.?

A

elevation w/ adduction and intorsion (MR)

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92
Q

What is the action of the inferior rectus m.?

A

depression w/ adduction and extorsion (LR)

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93
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique m.?

A

elevation w/ abduction and extorsion (LR)

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94
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique m.?

A

depression w/ abduction and intorsion (MR)

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95
Q

What innervates the lateral rectus m.?

A

CN VI - abducens

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96
Q

What innervates the medial rectus m.?

A

CN III - oculomotor

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97
Q

What innervates the superior rectus m.?

A

CN III - oculomotor

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98
Q

What innervates the inferior rectus m.?

A

CN III - oculomotor

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99
Q

What innervates the superior oblique m.?

A

CN IV - trochlear

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100
Q

What innervates the inferior oblique m.?

A

CN III - oculomotor

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101
Q

What is the common tendon of Zinn?

A

annulus tendineous

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102
Q

What is the trochlea of the eye?

A

fibrocartilaginous loop or sling of tissue on anterosuperomedial orbit; superior oblique tendon passes through it

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103
Q

Which extraocular muscles have relatively pure movements?

A

medial and lateral recti mm.

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104
Q

What 2 movements keep the eyes coordinated?

A

conjugate/parallel movements & vergence movements

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105
Q

When do the eyes use parallel movements?

A

tracking a moving object; tracking stationary object while moving

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106
Q

When do the eyes use vergence movements?

A

changing distance of focus; converging or diverging

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107
Q

Where does the levator palpebra superioris m. originate?

A

orbital apex

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108
Q

Where does the levator palpebra superioris m. insert?

A

superior tarsal plate/ superior palpebrum

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109
Q

What is a symptom of paralysis of levator palpebra superioris?

A

ptosis - upper eyelid droops

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110
Q

What is a cause of ptosis?

A

paraylsis of levator palpebra superioris m.

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111
Q

Which muscles are considered accessory muscles in the orbit?

A

tarsal mm.

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112
Q

What muscle type are the tarsal mm.?

A

smooth muscle

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113
Q

What innervates the tarsal mm.?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

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114
Q

What muscles open both eyelids?

A

tarsal mm.

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115
Q

What is a cause of narrowed palpebral fissure?

A

paralysis of tarsal mm. - sympathetic damage in head

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116
Q

What is the major artery of the orbit?

A

opthalmic a.

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117
Q

What are the 8 branches of the opthalmic a.?

A

central, lacrimal, ant & post ciliary, supraorbital, ant & post ethmoidal, supratrochlear

118
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the central a.?

A

inside optic n. - inner layers of retina?

119
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the lacrimal a.?

A

lateral orbit - lacrimal gland, lateral eyelids, some skin of lateral orbit

120
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the posterior ciliary a.?

A

branches of the lacrimal & opthalmic aa. - goes to posterior choroid capillaries of eyeball. Supplies eyeball, including outer retina.

121
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the anterior ciliary a.?

A

branches of the lacrimal & opthalmic aa. - goes to anterior choroid capillaries of eyeball. Supplies eyeball, including outer retina.

122
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the supraorbital a.?

A

thru supraorbital notch/foramen - to superior orbit, skin of forehead and upper eyelid

123
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the supratrochlear a.?

A

terminal branch of opthalmic a. - to top bridge of nose & medial forehead

124
Q

Where is & what is supplied by the ethmoidal aa.?

A

thru ethmoidal foramina - to ethmoid air cells, frontal sinuses, part of nasal cavity

125
Q

Which arteries supply the eyeball wall and retina?

A

central a., ant & post ciliary aa.

126
Q

Which arteries supply inner layers of retina?

A

central aa.

127
Q

Which arteries supply lacrimal gland?

A

lacrimal a.

128
Q

Which arteries supply lateral orbit & eyelids?

A

lacrimal a.

129
Q

Which arteries supply choroid capillaries of eyeball?

A

ant & post ciliary aa.

130
Q

Which arteries supply superior orbit?

A

supraorbital a.

131
Q

Which arteries supply skin of forehead & upper eyelid?

A

supraorbital a.

132
Q

Which arteries supply medial forehead soft tissues?

A

supratrochlear a.

133
Q

What arteries supply the top bridge of nose?

A

supratrochlear a.

134
Q

Which arteries supply the ethmoid air cells?

A

ethmoidal aa.

135
Q

Which arteries supply frontal sinuses?

A

ethmoidal aa.

136
Q

Which arteries supply part of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoidal aa.

137
Q

What forms the central a.?

A

opthalmic a.

138
Q

What forms the lacrimal a.?

A

opthalmic a.

139
Q

What forms the posterior ciliary a.?

A

opthalmic & lacrimal aa.

140
Q

What forms the anterior ciliary a,?

A

opthalmic & lacrimal aa.

141
Q

What forms the supraorbital a.?

A

opthalmic a.

142
Q

What forms the supratrochlear a.?

A

opthalmic a.

143
Q

What forms the ethmoidal aa.?

A

opthalmic a.

144
Q

What 4 major veins drain the orbit?

A

superior & inferior opthalmic, central, and vortex vv.

145
Q

Where does the superior opthalmic v. drain to?

A

cavernous sinus

146
Q

Where does the inferior opthalmic v. drain to?

A

cavernous sinus or superior opthalmic vv.

147
Q

Where does the central v. drain to?

A

opthalmic vv. (or cavernous sinus)

148
Q

Where do the vortex vv. drain to?

A

opthalmic vv. (into cavernous sinus)

149
Q

What does the superior opthalmic v. drain?

A

orbital elements (via supraorbital vv. - forehead, etc)

150
Q

What does the inferior opthalmic v. drain?

A

inferior orbital elements

151
Q

What does the central v. drain?

A

inner retinal v.

152
Q

What do the vortex vv. drain?

A

outer eyeball; choroid capillary plexus

153
Q

What vein is inside the optic nerve bundle?

A

central v.

154
Q

What vein is surrounding the optic nerve bundle?

A

vortex vv.

155
Q

What cranial nerve creates the opthalmic n.?

A

trigeminal (V1)

156
Q

What kind of information is carried by the opthalmic n.?

A

sensory only

157
Q

Where does the opthalmic n. exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

158
Q

Where are the cell bodies for opthalmic n. neurons?

A

trigeminal ganglion

159
Q

What are the 3 branches of the opthalmic n.?

A

frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary nn.

160
Q

What’s the largest branch of the opthalmic n.?

A

frontal n.

161
Q

What branch of the opthalmic n. heads laterally?

A

lacrimal n.

162
Q

What branch of the opthalmic n. haeds medially?

A

nasociliary n.

163
Q

Which branch of the opthalmic n. heads superiorly?

A

frontal n.

164
Q

What are the branches of the frontal n.?

A

supraorbital, supratrochlear nn.

165
Q

What are the branches of the nasociliary n.?

A

long ciliary, ethmoidal, infratrochlear, nasociliary communicating rami

166
Q

What are the branches of the lacrimal n.?

A

no named branches

167
Q

Which branch of the opthalmic n. is smallest?

A

lacrimal n.

168
Q

What is innervated by the supraorbital n.?

A

skin of forehead, parts of upper eyelid, parts of conjunctiva

169
Q

What is innervated by the supratrochlear n.?

A

parts of upper eyelid, parts of conjunctiva, skin of medial forehead

170
Q

What is innervated by the ethmoidal nn.?

A

mucous membranes of ethmoid air cells, frontal sinus, and part of nasal cavity

171
Q

What is innervated by the infratrochlear n.?

A

skin of medial canthus, topmost bridge of nose

172
Q

What innervates the upper eyelid?

A

supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.

173
Q

What innervates the conjunctiva?

A

lacrimal, supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.

174
Q

What innervates the skin of the forehead?

A

supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.

175
Q

What innervates the mucous membrance of ethmoid air cells?

A

ethmoidal nn.

176
Q

What innervates the mucous membrane of frontal sinus?

A

ethmoidal nn.

177
Q

What innervates the mucous membrane of part of nasal cavity?

A

ethmoidal nn.

178
Q

What innervates the skin at the medial canthus?

A

infratrochlear n.

179
Q

What innervates the skin at the topmost bridge of the nose?

A

infratrochlear n.

180
Q

What goes through the ciliary ganglion from the opthalmic n.?

A

communicating rami from nasociliary n.

181
Q

What hitchhikes on the nasociliary n.?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers from internal carotid nerve plexus to dilator pupillae m.

182
Q

What innervates the eyeball (sensory)?

A

long ciliary nn. (from nasociliary n.)

183
Q

What is innervated by the long ciliary nn.?

A

eyeball including cornea & iris; fibers into nerve plexus of choroid layer

184
Q

What is the terminal branch of the nasociliary n.?

A

infratrochlear n.

185
Q

What hitchhikes on the lacrimal n.?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers (lacrimal gland vasomotor) & postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sphenopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland secretomotor)

186
Q

What innervates the lacrimal gland (sensory)?

A

lacrimal n.

187
Q

What innervates the lateral orbit?

A

lacrimal n.

188
Q

What is innervated by the lacrimal n.?

A

parts of conjunctiva, upper eyelid, superolateral orbit, lacrimal gland

189
Q

What kind of ganglion is the ciliary ganglion?

A

parasympathetic

190
Q

What is innervated by axons from neurons in the ciliary ganglion?

A

constrictor pupillae & ciliary mm.

191
Q

What is innervated by short ciliary nn.?

A

connect ciliary ganglion to back of eye

192
Q

What innervates contrictor pupillae mm.?

A

short ciliary nn. (parasymp from ciliary ganglion)

193
Q

What innervates ciliary mm.?

A

short ciliary nn. (parasymp from ciliary ganglion)

194
Q

What is the bulbous oculi?

A

eyeball

195
Q

What are the 3 layers of the bulbous oculi?

A

inner, middle, & outer tunics

196
Q

What forms the outer tunic of the bulbous oculi?

A

sclera & cornea

197
Q

What structures are continuous with the sclera?

A

orbital dura (around CN II); cornia (at limbus)

198
Q

What tissue makes up the sclera?

A

fibrous CT

199
Q

What makes the posterior part of the outer tunic of the bulbous oculi?

A

sclera

200
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cornea?

A

anterior, middle, inner

201
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

refractive

202
Q

Is the outer tunic of the eyeball vascularized?

A

poorly

203
Q

What tissue makes up the anterior layer of the cornea?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

204
Q

What tissue makes up the middle layer of the cornea?

A

connective tissue

205
Q

What tissue makes up the inner layer of the cornea?

A

simple squamous epithelium

206
Q

Which layer makes up most of the cornea?

A

middle layer

207
Q

What is the limbus?

A

where conjunctiva, sclera, cornea meet up

208
Q

What is the anterior layer of the cornea continuous with?

A

bulbar conjunctiva

209
Q

What is another name for the middle tunic?

A

vascular layer

210
Q

What structures are in the middle tunic?

A

choroid, iris, ciliary body

211
Q

What is the choroid?

A

posterior part of middle tunic of eyeball

212
Q

What tissue makes up the choroid?

A

loose CT

213
Q

What arteries supply the choroid?

A

anterior & posterior ciliary aa.

214
Q

What veins drain the choroid?

A

vortex vv.

215
Q

What nerves are found in the choroid?

A

ciliary nn. carrying sensory from V1 & postganglionic symp and parasymp fibers to eyeball

216
Q

What tissue makes up the iris?

A

loose CT covered by epithelium

217
Q

What’s the most notable feature of the iris?

A

pigmentation

218
Q

What is the opening in the iris?

A

pupil

219
Q

What is the pupil?

A

adjustable opening in iris

220
Q

What muscle increases the size of the pupil?

A

dilator pupillae m.

221
Q

What muscles decreases the size of the pupil?

A

sphincter (constrictor) pupillae m.

222
Q

Which pupillae muscle has concentric fibers?

A

sphincter pupillae m.

223
Q

Which pupillae muscle has radial fibers?

A

dilator pupillae m.

224
Q

What innervates the sphincter pupillae m.?

A

parasymp preganglionic fibers (CN III) -> postganglionic neurons ciliary ganglion

225
Q

What innervates the dilator pupillae m.?

A

symp preganglionic fibers (T1) -> postganglionic neurons superior cervical ganglion

226
Q

What action of the pupil is triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

closing (sphincter pupillae m.)

227
Q

What action of the pupil is triggered by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

opening (dilator pupillae m.)

228
Q

What is the cilary body?

A

circular structure between the choroid and the iris that controls lens tension and secretes aqueous humor

229
Q

What secretes aqueous humor?

A

ciliary body

230
Q

Where is the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

between iris & lens

231
Q

Where is the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

between iris & cornea

232
Q

Where is aqueous humor resorbed?

A

sinus venosus sclerae (Canal of Schlemm)

233
Q

What is the canal of Schlemm?

A

sinus venosus sclerae

234
Q

What is the sinus venosus sclerae?

A

where aqueous humor is resorbed, at angle between iris & cornea

235
Q

What are the functions of aqueous humor?

A

refraction; nutrients & fluid to cornea & lens; interocular pressure (via circulation dynamics)

236
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

condition of interference of circulation dynamic of aqueous humor; usually increase in interocular pressure

237
Q

What holds the lens in place?

A

suspensary ligaments

238
Q

What are suspensary ligaments?

A

ligaments from peripheral margin of lens to ciliary body

239
Q

What are zonular ligaments?

A

suspenary ligaments

240
Q

What controls circumferential tension on the lens?

A

suspensary ligaments

241
Q

What effect is created by the increased tension of suspensary ligaments?

A

lens has smaller A-P diameter & less convexity

242
Q

What effect is created by decreased tension of suspensary ligaments?

A

lens had larger A-P diameter & more convexity

243
Q

What tenses the suspensary ligaments?

A

ciliary mm.

244
Q

What are the ciliary mm.?

A

smooth muscle in ciliary bodies for changing shape of lens

245
Q

What is lens accommodation?

A

reflexive action refocusing eyes when gaze shifts from far to near; contracting ciliary mm.

246
Q

What action of ciliary mm. tenses the suspensary ligaments?

A

ciliary mm. relaxing

247
Q

What action of the ciliary mm. relaxes the suspensary ligaments?

A

ciliary mm. contracting

248
Q

What action of ciliary mm. increases lens A-P dimension?

A

ciliary mm. contracting

249
Q

What action of the ciliary mm. decreases lens A-P dimension?

A

ciliary mm. relaxing

250
Q

What action of the ciliary mm. is better for close focus?

A

ciliary mm. contracting

251
Q

What action of ciliary mm. is better for distant focus?

A

ciliary mm. relaxing

252
Q

What innervates the ciliary mm.?

A

preganglionic parasymp fibers (CN III) -> postganglionic parasymp neurons ciliary ganglion

253
Q

What part of the autonomic nervous system triggers the ciliary mm.?

A

parasympathetic

254
Q

How does the height of the ciliary body change then ciliary mm. contract?

A

ciliary m. contraction makes ciliary bodies taller

255
Q

What occupies the inner tunic of the bulbous oculi?

A

the retina

256
Q

What is the retina?

A

inner surface of eyeball; sight sensation

257
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina?

A

pigmented & neural layers

258
Q

Which layer of the retina does light hit first?

A

neural layer

259
Q

What are the functions of the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

absorb light, structural & nutritional support

260
Q

What gives color to the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

melanin

261
Q

What tissue makes up the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

simple cuboidal

262
Q

What are the photoreceptive cells of the eye?

A

rods and cones

263
Q

What is the function of cone cells?

A

color vision, high resolution, central vision

264
Q

What is the function of rod cells?

A

peripheral vision, low resolution, low-light vision

265
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

the innervate rods & cones

266
Q

What are ganglion cells?

A

innervate bipolar cells

267
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

anterior margin of retina at ciliary body

268
Q

What artieries supply the reinta?

A

central & ciliary aa.

269
Q

What drains the retina?

A

retinal vv. -> central vv. -> cavernous sinus (opthalmic vv.)

270
Q

Which photoreceptive cell handles color vision?

A

cones

271
Q

Which prohotreceptive cell handles high resolution?

A

cones

272
Q

Which photoreceptive cell handles central vision?

A

cones

273
Q

Which photoreceptive cell handles peripheral vision?

A

rods

274
Q

Which photoreceptive cell handles low-light vision?

A

rods

275
Q

What innervates the rods & cones?

A

bipolar cells

276
Q

What innervates the bipolar cells?

A

ganglion cells

277
Q

What is the anterior margin of the retina?

A

ora serrata

278
Q

What is formed by the axons of ganglion cells?

A

optic n. (CN II)

279
Q

Where does the optic nerve leave the retina?

A

optic disc

280
Q

What is the effect on vision from the optic disc?

A

“blind spot” because no room for rods & cones here

281
Q

What is papillederma?

A

swelling of optic disc, compromising vision

282
Q

What is vitreous body?

A

transparent hydrophilic gel within eyeball

283
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

the fluid hydrating the gel vitreous body

284
Q

What’s the function of the vitreous body?

A

holds structures in place; fill 4/5 volume of eyeball; refractive medium

285
Q

What is the hyaloid canal?

A

extends from the optic disc to lens thru vitreous; marks position of embryonic hyaloid a. to embryonic lens

286
Q

What embryonic remnant can sometimes be found in the eye?

A

hyaloid canal

287
Q

What refracts the light entering the eye?

A

vitreous body, lens, aqueous humor, cornea

288
Q

What provides general sensory innervation to the eyeball?

A

V1, especially nasociliary n. (long & short ciliary nn.)

289
Q

What nerve carries preganglionic parasymp neurons to the eyeball?

A

CN III

290
Q

What eye msucles are innervated parasympathetically?

A

constrictor pupillae m., ciliary mm.

291
Q

What eye muscles are innervated sympathetically?

A

dilator pupillae m., vasomotor to vessels of eyeball

Gross Anatomy II (3 decks)

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