Final Flashcards
1
Q
What bones form the roof of the orbit?
A
frontal (orbital process), sphenoid (lesser wing)
2
Q
What bones form the floor of the orbit?
A
maxilla (orbital process), zygomatic, palatine (orbital process)
3
Q
What bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?
A
zygomatic, sphenoid (greater wing)
4
Q
What bones for the medial wall of the orbit?
A
maxilla (frontal process), lacrimal, ethmoid (orbital process)
5
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the frontal bone?
A
roof
6
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the sphenoid bone?
A
roof, lateral wall
7
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the ethmoid bone?
A
medial wall
8
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the maxilla?
A
floor, medial wall
9
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the zygomatic bone?
A
floor, lateral wall
10
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the palatine bone?
A
floor
11
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the lacrimal bone?
A
medial wall
12
Q
Which orbital foramen is in the lesser wing of the sphenoid?
A
optic canal
13
Q
Which orbital foramen is bordered by greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid?
A
superior orbital fissure
14
Q
Which oribital foramen is in the ethmoid bone?
A
ethmoidal foramina
15
Q
What comes though the optic canal?
A
CN II, opthalmic a.
16
Q
What comes through the superior orbital fissure?
A
CN III, IV, V1, VI, superior opthalmic vv.
17
Q
What comes through the inferior orbital fissure?
A
infraorbital n.a.v.
18
Q
What comes through the supraorbital foramen?
A
supraorbital n.a.v.
19
Q
What comes through the infraorbital foramen?
A
infraorbital n.a.v.
20
Q
What comes through the ethmoid foramina?
A
ethmoidal n.a.v.
21
Q
What comes through the nasolacrimal canal?
A
nasolacrimal duct
22
Q
What separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa?
A
orbital roof
23
Q
What separates the orbit from the maxillary sinus?
A
orbital floor
24
Q
What separates the orbit from the ethmoid air cells & nasal cavity?
A
medial wall of orbit
25
What part of the orbit is strongest?
lateral wall
26
What is palpebra?
eyelid
27
What is the palpebral fissure?
opening between upper & lower eyelids
28
What are cilia (of the eye)?
eyelashes
29
What are supercilia?
eyebrows
30
What is a canthus?
junction of superior & inferior palpebrae; edges of palpebral fissure
31
What is the lacrimal caruncle?
fleshy prominence at medial canthus; includes sweat & sebaceous glands
32
What is the lateral corner of the eye?
lateral or temporal canthus
33
What is the medial corner of the eye?
medial of nasal canthus
34
What is the lacrimal puncta?
pin-hole opening in lacrimal papilla; permits draining of lacrimal fluid from cornea
35
What are tarsal plates?
sheets of dense fibrous CT deep to skin and muscle of eyelids
36
What are the glands in the tarsal plates?
Tarsal glands = Meibomian glands
37
What are Meibomian glands?
modified sebaceous glands in the tarsal plates of the eyes
38
What are the functions of the secretion from Meibomian glands?
lubricate margins of eyelids, help increase surface tension to help lacrimal fluid stay on cornea
39
What glands are found in the eyelids?
Meibomian & ciliary (Moll & Zeis)
40
What are the ciliary glands?
glands of Moll, glands of Zeis
41
What are the glands of Moll?
small modified sweat glands on the eyelids
42
What are the glands of Zeis?
small modified sebaceous glands on the eyelids
43
What is a sty?
infected ciliary gland of eyelid
44
What is a hordeolum?
same as sty
45
What is a chalazion?
plugged meibomian gland, cyst-like
46
What is the conjunctiva?
mucous membrane covering inner eyelids and sclera
47
What are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?
palpebral (lining inner eyelid) & bulbar (reflects onto eyeball?
48
What other eye structure is continuous with the conjunctiva?
bulbar conjunctiva becomes continuous with outer cornea
49
What are conjunctiva fornices?
spaces between eyelid & cornea where palpebral conjunctiva meets bulbar conjunctiva
50
What gland is in the superior lateral anterior portion of the orbit?
lacrimal gland
51
What are the functions of lacrimation?
moistens, cleans, lubricates, protects cornea
52
What kind of nerve provides secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland?
parasympathetic
53
What kind of nerve provides vasomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland?
sympathetic
54
What is the preganglionic nerve for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
greater petrosal n. (CN VII)
55
Where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
sphenopalatine ganglion
56
Where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies for sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic chain
57
What kind of innervation do parasympathetic fibers provide to the lacrimal gland?
secretomotor
58
What kind of innervation do sympathetic fibers provide to the lacrimal gland?
vasomotor
59
What path does lacrimal fluid follow after secretion by the lacrimal gland?
lacrimal gland ducts -> eyeball surface -> lacrimal puncta (at papillae) -> lacrimal canaliculi -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus of nasal cavity
60
What causes circulation of lacrimal fluid?
blinking & eye movement
61
Does lacrimal fluid flow medially or laterally?
medially
62
What is innervated by the greater petrosal n.?
lacrimal glands
63
What happens to cranial dura at the orbit?
separates into periorbita & orbital dura
64
What is periorbita?
continuation of periosteal layer of cranial dura; encapsulates all orbital structures; easily separable from orbital bones
65
What is orbital dura?
continuation of meningeal layer of cranial dura surrounding CN II
66
Which layer of cranial dura form periorbita?
periosteal
67
Which layer of cranial dura forms orbital dura?
meningeal
68
What fascial structure is formed by the periosteal layer of cranial dura entering the orbita?
periorbita
69
What fascial structure is formed by the meningeal layer of cranial dura entering the orbit?
orbital dura
70
What surrounds the optic n. in the orbit?
orbital dura
71
What eyeball structure is continuous with orbital dura?
sclera
72
What fascial layer is continuous with the sclera?
orbial dura
73
What provides packing structure in the orbit?
large amounts of adipose
74
What is Tenons Capsule?
smooth, thin, membranous layer of fascia on the anterior edge of orbital fat; posterior to eyeball
75
What is fascia bulbi?
same as Tenons Capsule
76
What is the episcleral space?
potential space between the sclera and the tenons capsule
77
What forms the socket for the eyeball?
orbital fat, tenons capsule, episcleral space
78
What are the 7 extraocular muscles?
4 rectus (lat, med, sup, inf), 2 obliques (sup, inf), levator palpebra superioris
79
What is the common origin for the 4 rectus muscles of the eye?
annulus tendineous
80
What is annulus tendineous?
ring-like tendon at apex of orbit; common origin of rectus muscles
81
Where does the lateral rectus m. insert?
lateral sclera
82
Where does the medial rectus m. insert?
medial sclera
83
Where does the inferior rectus m. insert?
inferior sclera (ant/med to vertical axis)
84
Where does the superior rectus m. insert?
superior sclera (ant/med to vertical axis)
85
Where does the inferior oblique m. originate?
anteromedial orbital floor
86
Where does the superior oblique m. originate?
body of sphenoid above annulus tendineous
87
Where does the inferior oblique m. insert?
lateral posterior eyeball
88
Where does the superior oblique m. insert?
superior lateral eyeball (posterior to vertical axis)
89
What is the action of the lateral rectus m.?
abduction of eyeball
90
What is the action of the medial rectus m.?
adduction of eyeball
91
What is the action of the superior rectus m.?
elevation w/ adduction and intorsion (MR)
92
What is the action of the inferior rectus m.?
depression w/ adduction and extorsion (LR)
93
What is the action of the inferior oblique m.?
elevation w/ abduction and extorsion (LR)
94
What is the action of the superior oblique m.?
depression w/ abduction and intorsion (MR)
95
What innervates the lateral rectus m.?
CN VI - abducens
96
What innervates the medial rectus m.?
CN III - oculomotor
97
What innervates the superior rectus m.?
CN III - oculomotor
98
What innervates the inferior rectus m.?
CN III - oculomotor
99
What innervates the superior oblique m.?
CN IV - trochlear
100
What innervates the inferior oblique m.?
CN III - oculomotor
101
What is the common tendon of Zinn?
annulus tendineous
102
What is the trochlea of the eye?
fibrocartilaginous loop or sling of tissue on anterosuperomedial orbit; superior oblique tendon passes through it
103
Which extraocular muscles have relatively pure movements?
medial and lateral recti mm.
104
What 2 movements keep the eyes coordinated?
conjugate/parallel movements & vergence movements
105
When do the eyes use parallel movements?
tracking a moving object; tracking stationary object while moving
106
When do the eyes use vergence movements?
changing distance of focus; converging or diverging
107
Where does the levator palpebra superioris m. originate?
orbital apex
108
Where does the levator palpebra superioris m. insert?
superior tarsal plate/ superior palpebrum
109
What is a symptom of paralysis of levator palpebra superioris?
ptosis - upper eyelid droops
110
What is a cause of ptosis?
paraylsis of levator palpebra superioris m.
111
Which muscles are considered accessory muscles in the orbit?
tarsal mm.
112
What muscle type are the tarsal mm.?
smooth muscle
113
What innervates the tarsal mm.?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
114
What muscles open both eyelids?
tarsal mm.
115
What is a cause of narrowed palpebral fissure?
paralysis of tarsal mm. - sympathetic damage in head
116
What is the major artery of the orbit?
opthalmic a.
117
What are the 8 branches of the opthalmic a.?
central, lacrimal, ant & post ciliary, supraorbital, ant & post ethmoidal, supratrochlear
118
Where is & what is supplied by the central a.?
inside optic n. - inner layers of retina?
119
Where is & what is supplied by the lacrimal a.?
lateral orbit - lacrimal gland, lateral eyelids, some skin of lateral orbit
120
Where is & what is supplied by the posterior ciliary a.?
branches of the lacrimal & opthalmic aa. - goes to posterior choroid capillaries of eyeball. Supplies eyeball, including outer retina.
121
Where is & what is supplied by the anterior ciliary a.?
branches of the lacrimal & opthalmic aa. - goes to anterior choroid capillaries of eyeball. Supplies eyeball, including outer retina.
122
Where is & what is supplied by the supraorbital a.?
thru supraorbital notch/foramen - to superior orbit, skin of forehead and upper eyelid
123
Where is & what is supplied by the supratrochlear a.?
terminal branch of opthalmic a. - to top bridge of nose & medial forehead
124
Where is & what is supplied by the ethmoidal aa.?
thru ethmoidal foramina - to ethmoid air cells, frontal sinuses, part of nasal cavity
125
Which arteries supply the eyeball wall and retina?
central a., ant & post ciliary aa.
126
Which arteries supply inner layers of retina?
central aa.
127
Which arteries supply lacrimal gland?
lacrimal a.
128
Which arteries supply lateral orbit & eyelids?
lacrimal a.
129
Which arteries supply choroid capillaries of eyeball?
ant & post ciliary aa.
130
Which arteries supply superior orbit?
supraorbital a.
131
Which arteries supply skin of forehead & upper eyelid?
supraorbital a.
132
Which arteries supply medial forehead soft tissues?
supratrochlear a.
133
What arteries supply the top bridge of nose?
supratrochlear a.
134
Which arteries supply the ethmoid air cells?
ethmoidal aa.
135
Which arteries supply frontal sinuses?
ethmoidal aa.
136
Which arteries supply part of the nasal cavity?
ethmoidal aa.
137
What forms the central a.?
opthalmic a.
138
What forms the lacrimal a.?
opthalmic a.
139
What forms the posterior ciliary a.?
opthalmic & lacrimal aa.
140
What forms the anterior ciliary a,?
opthalmic & lacrimal aa.
141
What forms the supraorbital a.?
opthalmic a.
142
What forms the supratrochlear a.?
opthalmic a.
143
What forms the ethmoidal aa.?
opthalmic a.
144
What 4 major veins drain the orbit?
superior & inferior opthalmic, central, and vortex vv.
145
Where does the superior opthalmic v. drain to?
cavernous sinus
146
Where does the inferior opthalmic v. drain to?
cavernous sinus or superior opthalmic vv.
147
Where does the central v. drain to?
opthalmic vv. (or cavernous sinus)
148
Where do the vortex vv. drain to?
opthalmic vv. (into cavernous sinus)
149
What does the superior opthalmic v. drain?
orbital elements (via supraorbital vv. - forehead, etc)
150
What does the inferior opthalmic v. drain?
inferior orbital elements
151
What does the central v. drain?
inner retinal v.
152
What do the vortex vv. drain?
outer eyeball; choroid capillary plexus
153
What vein is inside the optic nerve bundle?
central v.
154
What vein is surrounding the optic nerve bundle?
vortex vv.
155
What cranial nerve creates the opthalmic n.?
trigeminal (V1)
156
What kind of information is carried by the opthalmic n.?
sensory only
157
Where does the opthalmic n. exit the skull?
superior orbital fissure
158
Where are the cell bodies for opthalmic n. neurons?
trigeminal ganglion
159
What are the 3 branches of the opthalmic n.?
frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary nn.
160
What's the largest branch of the opthalmic n.?
frontal n.
161
What branch of the opthalmic n. heads laterally?
lacrimal n.
162
What branch of the opthalmic n. haeds medially?
nasociliary n.
163
Which branch of the opthalmic n. heads superiorly?
frontal n.
164
What are the branches of the frontal n.?
supraorbital, supratrochlear nn.
165
What are the branches of the nasociliary n.?
long ciliary, ethmoidal, infratrochlear, nasociliary communicating rami
166
What are the branches of the lacrimal n.?
no named branches
167
Which branch of the opthalmic n. is smallest?
lacrimal n.
168
What is innervated by the supraorbital n.?
skin of forehead, parts of upper eyelid, parts of conjunctiva
169
What is innervated by the supratrochlear n.?
parts of upper eyelid, parts of conjunctiva, skin of medial forehead
170
What is innervated by the ethmoidal nn.?
mucous membranes of ethmoid air cells, frontal sinus, and part of nasal cavity
171
What is innervated by the infratrochlear n.?
skin of medial canthus, topmost bridge of nose
172
What innervates the upper eyelid?
supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.
173
What innervates the conjunctiva?
lacrimal, supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.
174
What innervates the skin of the forehead?
supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.
175
What innervates the mucous membrance of ethmoid air cells?
ethmoidal nn.
176
What innervates the mucous membrane of frontal sinus?
ethmoidal nn.
177
What innervates the mucous membrane of part of nasal cavity?
ethmoidal nn.
178
What innervates the skin at the medial canthus?
infratrochlear n.
179
What innervates the skin at the topmost bridge of the nose?
infratrochlear n.
180
What goes through the ciliary ganglion from the opthalmic n.?
communicating rami from nasociliary n.
181
What hitchhikes on the nasociliary n.?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers from internal carotid nerve plexus to dilator pupillae m.
182
What innervates the eyeball (sensory)?
long ciliary nn. (from nasociliary n.)
183
What is innervated by the long ciliary nn.?
eyeball including cornea & iris; fibers into nerve plexus of choroid layer
184
What is the terminal branch of the nasociliary n.?
infratrochlear n.
185
What hitchhikes on the lacrimal n.?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers (lacrimal gland vasomotor) & postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sphenopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland secretomotor)
186
What innervates the lacrimal gland (sensory)?
lacrimal n.
187
What innervates the lateral orbit?
lacrimal n.
188
What is innervated by the lacrimal n.?
parts of conjunctiva, upper eyelid, superolateral orbit, lacrimal gland
189
What kind of ganglion is the ciliary ganglion?
parasympathetic
190
What is innervated by axons from neurons in the ciliary ganglion?
constrictor pupillae & ciliary mm.
191
What is innervated by short ciliary nn.?
connect ciliary ganglion to back of eye
192
What innervates contrictor pupillae mm.?
short ciliary nn. (parasymp from ciliary ganglion)
193
What innervates ciliary mm.?
short ciliary nn. (parasymp from ciliary ganglion)
194
What is the bulbous oculi?
eyeball
195
What are the 3 layers of the bulbous oculi?
inner, middle, & outer tunics
196
What forms the outer tunic of the bulbous oculi?
sclera & cornea
197
What structures are continuous with the sclera?
orbital dura (around CN II); cornia (at limbus)
198
What tissue makes up the sclera?
fibrous CT
199
What makes the posterior part of the outer tunic of the bulbous oculi?
sclera
200
What are the 3 layers of the cornea?
anterior, middle, inner
201
What is the function of the cornea?
refractive
202
Is the outer tunic of the eyeball vascularized?
poorly
203
What tissue makes up the anterior layer of the cornea?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
204
What tissue makes up the middle layer of the cornea?
connective tissue
205
What tissue makes up the inner layer of the cornea?
simple squamous epithelium
206
Which layer makes up most of the cornea?
middle layer
207
What is the limbus?
where conjunctiva, sclera, cornea meet up
208
What is the anterior layer of the cornea continuous with?
bulbar conjunctiva
209
What is another name for the middle tunic?
vascular layer
210
What structures are in the middle tunic?
choroid, iris, ciliary body
211
What is the choroid?
posterior part of middle tunic of eyeball
212
What tissue makes up the choroid?
loose CT
213
What arteries supply the choroid?
anterior & posterior ciliary aa.
214
What veins drain the choroid?
vortex vv.
215
What nerves are found in the choroid?
ciliary nn. carrying sensory from V1 & postganglionic symp and parasymp fibers to eyeball
216
What tissue makes up the iris?
loose CT covered by epithelium
217
What's the most notable feature of the iris?
pigmentation
218
What is the opening in the iris?
pupil
219
What is the pupil?
adjustable opening in iris
220
What muscle increases the size of the pupil?
dilator pupillae m.
221
What muscles decreases the size of the pupil?
sphincter (constrictor) pupillae m.
222
Which pupillae muscle has concentric fibers?
sphincter pupillae m.
223
Which pupillae muscle has radial fibers?
dilator pupillae m.
224
What innervates the sphincter pupillae m.?
parasymp preganglionic fibers (CN III) -> postganglionic neurons ciliary ganglion
225
What innervates the dilator pupillae m.?
symp preganglionic fibers (T1) -> postganglionic neurons superior cervical ganglion
226
What action of the pupil is triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system?
closing (sphincter pupillae m.)
227
What action of the pupil is triggered by the sympathetic nervous system?
opening (dilator pupillae m.)
228
What is the cilary body?
circular structure between the choroid and the iris that controls lens tension and secretes aqueous humor
229
What secretes aqueous humor?
ciliary body
230
Where is the posterior chamber of the eye?
between iris & lens
231
Where is the anterior chamber of the eye?
between iris & cornea
232
Where is aqueous humor resorbed?
sinus venosus sclerae (Canal of Schlemm)
233
What is the canal of Schlemm?
sinus venosus sclerae
234
What is the sinus venosus sclerae?
where aqueous humor is resorbed, at angle between iris & cornea
235
What are the functions of aqueous humor?
refraction; nutrients & fluid to cornea & lens; interocular pressure (via circulation dynamics)
236
What is glaucoma?
condition of interference of circulation dynamic of aqueous humor; usually increase in interocular pressure
237
What holds the lens in place?
suspensary ligaments
238
What are suspensary ligaments?
ligaments from peripheral margin of lens to ciliary body
239
What are zonular ligaments?
suspenary ligaments
240
What controls circumferential tension on the lens?
suspensary ligaments
241
What effect is created by the increased tension of suspensary ligaments?
lens has smaller A-P diameter & less convexity
242
What effect is created by decreased tension of suspensary ligaments?
lens had larger A-P diameter & more convexity
243
What tenses the suspensary ligaments?
ciliary mm.
244
What are the ciliary mm.?
smooth muscle in ciliary bodies for changing shape of lens
245
What is lens accommodation?
reflexive action refocusing eyes when gaze shifts from far to near; contracting ciliary mm.
246
What action of ciliary mm. tenses the suspensary ligaments?
ciliary mm. relaxing
247
What action of the ciliary mm. relaxes the suspensary ligaments?
ciliary mm. contracting
248
What action of ciliary mm. increases lens A-P dimension?
ciliary mm. contracting
249
What action of the ciliary mm. decreases lens A-P dimension?
ciliary mm. relaxing
250
What action of the ciliary mm. is better for close focus?
ciliary mm. contracting
251
What action of ciliary mm. is better for distant focus?
ciliary mm. relaxing
252
What innervates the ciliary mm.?
preganglionic parasymp fibers (CN III) -> postganglionic parasymp neurons ciliary ganglion
253
What part of the autonomic nervous system triggers the ciliary mm.?
parasympathetic
254
How does the height of the ciliary body change then ciliary mm. contract?
ciliary m. contraction makes ciliary bodies taller
255
What occupies the inner tunic of the bulbous oculi?
the retina
256
What is the retina?
inner surface of eyeball; sight sensation
257
What are the 2 layers of the retina?
pigmented & neural layers
258
Which layer of the retina does light hit first?
neural layer
259
What are the functions of the pigmented layer of the retina?
absorb light, structural & nutritional support
260
What gives color to the pigmented layer of the retina?
melanin
261
What tissue makes up the pigmented layer of the retina?
simple cuboidal
262
What are the photoreceptive cells of the eye?
rods and cones
263
What is the function of cone cells?
color vision, high resolution, central vision
264
What is the function of rod cells?
peripheral vision, low resolution, low-light vision
265
What are bipolar cells?
the innervate rods & cones
266
What are ganglion cells?
innervate bipolar cells
267
What is the ora serrata?
anterior margin of retina at ciliary body
268
What artieries supply the reinta?
central & ciliary aa.
269
What drains the retina?
retinal vv. -> central vv. -> cavernous sinus (opthalmic vv.)
270
Which photoreceptive cell handles color vision?
cones
271
Which prohotreceptive cell handles high resolution?
cones
272
Which photoreceptive cell handles central vision?
cones
273
Which photoreceptive cell handles peripheral vision?
rods
274
Which photoreceptive cell handles low-light vision?
rods
275
What innervates the rods & cones?
bipolar cells
276
What innervates the bipolar cells?
ganglion cells
277
What is the anterior margin of the retina?
ora serrata
278
What is formed by the axons of ganglion cells?
optic n. (CN II)
279
Where does the optic nerve leave the retina?
optic disc
280
What is the effect on vision from the optic disc?
"blind spot" because no room for rods & cones here
281
What is papillederma?
swelling of optic disc, compromising vision
282
What is vitreous body?
transparent hydrophilic gel within eyeball
283
What is vitreous humor?
the fluid hydrating the gel vitreous body
284
What's the function of the vitreous body?
holds structures in place; fill 4/5 volume of eyeball; refractive medium
285
What is the hyaloid canal?
extends from the optic disc to lens thru vitreous; marks position of embryonic hyaloid a. to embryonic lens
286
What embryonic remnant can sometimes be found in the eye?
hyaloid canal
287
What refracts the light entering the eye?
vitreous body, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
288
What provides general sensory innervation to the eyeball?
V1, especially nasociliary n. (long & short ciliary nn.)
289
What nerve carries preganglionic parasymp neurons to the eyeball?
CN III
290
What eye msucles are innervated parasympathetically?
constrictor pupillae m., ciliary mm.
291
What eye muscles are innervated sympathetically?
dilator pupillae m., vasomotor to vessels of eyeball
