Final Flashcards
1
Q
What bones form the roof of the orbit?
A
frontal (orbital process), sphenoid (lesser wing)
2
Q
What bones form the floor of the orbit?
A
maxilla (orbital process), zygomatic, palatine (orbital process)
3
Q
What bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?
A
zygomatic, sphenoid (greater wing)
4
Q
What bones for the medial wall of the orbit?
A
maxilla (frontal process), lacrimal, ethmoid (orbital process)
5
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the frontal bone?
A
roof
6
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the sphenoid bone?
A
roof, lateral wall
7
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the ethmoid bone?
A
medial wall
8
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the maxilla?
A
floor, medial wall
9
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the zygomatic bone?
A
floor, lateral wall
10
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the palatine bone?
A
floor
11
Q
What part of the orbit is formed by the lacrimal bone?
A
medial wall
12
Q
Which orbital foramen is in the lesser wing of the sphenoid?
A
optic canal
13
Q
Which orbital foramen is bordered by greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid?
A
superior orbital fissure
14
Q
Which oribital foramen is in the ethmoid bone?
A
ethmoidal foramina
15
Q
What comes though the optic canal?
A
CN II, opthalmic a.
16
Q
What comes through the superior orbital fissure?
A
CN III, IV, V1, VI, superior opthalmic vv.
17
Q
What comes through the inferior orbital fissure?
A
infraorbital n.a.v.
18
Q
What comes through the supraorbital foramen?
A
supraorbital n.a.v.
19
Q
What comes through the infraorbital foramen?
A
infraorbital n.a.v.
20
Q
What comes through the ethmoid foramina?
A
ethmoidal n.a.v.
21
Q
What comes through the nasolacrimal canal?
A
nasolacrimal duct
22
Q
What separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa?
A
orbital roof
23
Q
What separates the orbit from the maxillary sinus?
A
orbital floor
24
Q
What separates the orbit from the ethmoid air cells & nasal cavity?
A
medial wall of orbit
25
What part of the orbit is strongest?
lateral wall
26
What is palpebra?
eyelid
27
What is the palpebral fissure?
opening between upper & lower eyelids
28
What are cilia (pf the eye)?
eyelashes
29
What are supercilia?
eyebrows
30
What is a canthus?
junction of superior & inferior palpebrae; edges of palpebral fissure
31
What is the lacrimal caruncle?
fleshy prominence at medial canthus; includes sweat & sebaceous glands
32
What is the lateral corner of the eye?
lateral or temporal canthus
33
What is the medial corner of the eye?
medial of nasal canthus
34
What is the lacrimal puncta?
pin-hole opening in lacrimal papilla; permits draining of lacrimal fluid from cornea
35
What are tarsal plates?
sheets of dense fibrous CT deep to skin and muscle of eyelids
36
What are the glands in the tarsal plates?
Tarsal glands = Meibomian glands
37
What are Meibomian glands?
modified sebaceous glands in the tarsal plates of the eyes
38
What are the functions of the secretion from Meibomian glands?
lubricate margins of eyelids, help increase surface tension to help lacrimal fluid stay on cornea
39
What glands are found in the eyelids?
Meibomian & ciliary (Moll & Zeis)
40
What are the ciliary glands?
glands of Moll, glands of Zeis
41
What are the glands of Moll?
small modified sweat glands on the eyelids
42
What are the glands of Zeis?
small modified sebaceous glands on the eyelids
43
What is a sty?
infected ciliary gland of eyelid
44
What is a hordeolum?
same as sty
45
What is a chalazion?
plugged meibomian gland, cyst-like
46
What is the conjunctiva?
mucous membrane covering inner eyelids and sclera
47
What are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?
palpebral (lining inner eyelid) & bulbar (reflects onto eyeball?
48
What other eye structure is continuous with the conjunctiva?
bulbar conjunctiva becomes continuous with outer cornea
49
What are conjunctiva fornices?
spaces between eyelid & cornea where palpebral conjunctiva meets bulbar conjunctiva
50
What gland is in the superior lateral anterior portion of the orbit?
lacrimal gland
51
What are the functions of lacrimation?
moistens, cleans, lubricates, protects cornea
52
What kind of nerve provides secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland?
parasympathetic
53
What kind of nerve provides vasomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland?
sympathetic
54
What is the preganglionic nerve for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
greater petrosal n. (CN VII)
55
Where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
sphenopalatine ganglion
56
Where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies for sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic chain
57
What kind of innervation do parasympathetic fibers provide to the lacrimal gland?
secretomotor
58
What kind of innervation do sympathetic fibers provide to the lacrimal gland?
vasomotor
59
What path does lacrimal fluid follow after secretion by the lacrimal gland?
lacrimal gland ducts -> eyeball surface -> lacrimal puncta (at papillae) -> lacrimal canaliculi -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus of nasal cavity
60
What causes circulation of lacrimal fluid?
blinking & eye movement
61
Does lacrimal fluid flow medially or laterally?
medially
62
What is innervated by the greater petrosal n.?
lacrimal glands
63
What happens to cranial dura at the orbit?
separates into periorbita & orbital dura
64
What is periorbita?
continuation of periosteal layer of cranial dura; encapsulates all orbital structures; easily separable from orbital bones
65
What is orbital dura?
continuation of meningeal layer of cranial dura surrounding CN II
66
Which layer of cranial dura form periorbita?
periosteal
67
Which layer of cranial dura forms orbital dura?
meningeal
68
What fascial structure is formed by the periosteal layer of cranial dura entering the orbita?
periorbita
69
What fascial structure is formed by the meningeal layer of cranial dura entering the orbit?
orbital dura
70
What surrounds the optic n. in the orbit?
orbital dura
71
What eyeball structure is continuous with orbital dura?
sclera
72
What fascial layer is continuous with the sclera?
orbial dura
73
What provides packing structure in the orbit?
large amounts of adipose
74
What is Tenons Capsule?
smooth, thin, membranous layer of fascia on the anterior edge of orbital fat; posterior to eyeball
75
What is fascia bulbi?
same as Tenons Capsule
76
What is the episcleral space?
potential space between the sclera and the tenons capsule
77
What forms the socket for the eyeball?
orbital fat, tenons capsule, episcleral space
78
What are the 7 extraocular muscles?
4 rectus (lat, med, sup, inf), 2 obliques (sup, inf), levator palpebra superioris
79
What is the common origin for the 4 rectus muscles of the eye?
annulus tendineous
80
What is annulus tendineous?
ring-like tendon at apex of orbit; common origin of rectus muscles
81
Where does the lateral rectus m. insert?
lateral sclera
82
Where does the medial rectus m. insert?
medial sclera
83
Where does the inferior rectus m. insert?
inferior sclera (ant/med to vertical axis)
84
Where does the superior rectus m. insert?
superior sclera (ant/med to vertical axis)
85
Where does the inferior oblique m. originate?
anteromedial orbital floor
86
Where does the superior oblique m. originate?
body of sphenoid above annulus tendineous
87
Where does the inferior oblique m. insert?
lateral posterior eyeball
88
Where does the superior oblique m. insert?
superior lateral eyeball (posterior to vertical axis)
89
What is the action of the lateral rectus m.?
abduction of eyeball
90
What is the action of the medial rectus m.?
adduction of eyeball
91
What is the action of the superior rectus m.?
elevation w/ adduction and intorsion (MR)
92
What is the action of the inferior rectus m.?
depression w/ adduction and extorsion (LR)
93
What is the action of the inferior oblique m.?
elevation w/ abduction and extorsion (LR)
94
What is the action of the superior oblique m.?
depression w/ abduction and intorsion (MR)
95
What innervates the lateral rectus m.?
CN VI - abducens
96
What innervates the medial rectus m.?
CN III - oculomotor
97
What innervates the superior rectus m.?
CN III - oculomotor
98
What innervates the inferior rectus m.?
CN III - oculomotor
99
What innervates the superior oblique m.?
CN IV - trochlear
100
What innervates the inferior oblique m.?
CN III - oculomotor
101
What is the common tendon of Zinn?
annulus tendineous
102
What is the trochlea of the eye?
fibrocartilaginous loop or sling of tissue on anterosuperomedial orbit; superior oblique tendon passes through it
103
Which extraocular muscles have relatively pure movements?
medial and lateral recti mm.
104
What 2 movements keep the eyes coordinated?
conjugate/parallel movements & vergence movements
105
When do the eyes use parallel movements?
tracking a moving object; tracking stationary object while moving
106
When do the eyes use vergence movements?
changing distance of focus; converging or diverging
107
Where does the levator palpebra superioris m. originate?
orbital apex
108
Where does the levator palpebra superioris m. insert?
superior tarsal plate/ superior palpebrum
109
What is a symptom of paralysis of levator palpebra superioris?
ptosis - upper eyelid droops
110
What is a cause of ptosis?
paraylsis of levator palpebra superioris m.
111
Which muscles are considered accessory muscles in the orbit?
tarsal mm.
112
What muscle type are the tarsal mm.?
smooth muscle
113
What innervates the tarsal mm.?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
114
What muscles open both eyelids?
tarsal mm.
115
What is a cause of narrowed palpebral fissure?
paralysis of tarsal mm. - sympathetic damage in head
116
What is the major artery of the orbit?
opthalmic a.
117
What are the 8 branches of the opthalmic a.?
central, lacrimal, ant & post ciliary, supraorbital, ant & post ethmoidal, supratrochlear
118
Where is & what is supplied by the central a.?
inside optic n. - inner layers of retina?
119
Where is & what is supplied by the lacrimal a.?
lateral orbit - lacrimal gland, lateral eyelids, some skin of lateral orbit
120
Where is & what is supplied by the posterior ciliary a.?
branches of the lacrimal & opthalmic aa. - goes to posterior choroid capillaries of eyeball
121
Where is & what is supplied by the anterior ciliary a.?
branches of the lacrimal & opthalmic aa. - goes to anterior choroid capillaries of eyeball
122
Where is & what is supplied by the supraorbital a.?
thru supraorbital notch/foramen - to superior orbit, skin of forehead and upper eyelid
123
Where is & what is supplied by the supratrochlear a.?
terminal branch of opthalmic a. - to top bridge of nose & medial forehead
124
Where is & what is supplied by the ethmoidal aa.?
thru ethmoidal foramina - to ethmoid air cells, frontal sinuses, part of nasal cavity
125
Which arteries supply the eyeball wall and retina?
central a., ant & post ciliary aa.
126
Which arteries supply inner layers of retina?
central aa.
127
Which arteries supply lacrimal gland?
lacrimal a.
128
Which arteries supply lateral orbit & eyelids?
lacrimal a.
129
Which arteries supply choroid capillaries of eyeball?
ant & post ciliary aa.
130
Which arteries supply superior orbit?
supraorbital a.
131
Which arteries supply skin of forehead & upper eyelid?
supraorbital a.
132
Which arteries supply medial forehead soft tissues?
supratrochlear a.
133
What arteries supply the top bridge of nose?
supratrochlear a.
134
Which arteries supply the ethmoid air cells?
ethmoidal aa.
135
Which arteries supply frontal sinuses?
ethmoidal aa.
136
Which arteries supply part of the nasal cavity?
ethmoidal aa.
137
What forms the central a.?
opthalmic a.
138
What forms the lacrimal a.?
opthalmic a.
139
What forms the posterior ciliary a.?
opthalmic & lacrimal aa.
140
What forms the anterior ciliary a,?
opthalmic & lacrimal aa.
141
What forms the supraorbital a.?
opthalmic a.
142
What forms the supratrochlear a.?
opthalmic a.
143
What forms the ethmoidal aa.?
opthalmic a.
144
What 4 major veins drain the orbit?
superior & inferior opthalmic, central, and vortex vv.
145
Where does the superior opthalmic v. drain to?
cavernous sinus
146
Where does the inferior opthalmic v. drain to?
cavernous sinus or superior opthalmic vv.
147
Where does the central v. drain to?
opthalmic vv. (or cavernous sinus)
148
Where do the vortex vv. drain to?
opthalmic vv. (into cavernous sinus)
149
What does the superior opthalmic v. drain?
orbital elements (via supraorbital vv. - forehead, etc)
150
What does the inferior opthalmic v. drain?
inferior orbital elements
151
What does the central v. drain?
inner retinal v.
152
What do the vortex vv. drain?
outer eyeball; choroid capillary plexus
153
What vein is inside the optic nerve bundle?
central v.
154
What vein is surrounding the optic nerve bundle?
vortex vv.
155
What cranial nerve creates the opthalmic n.?
trigeminal (V1)
156
What kind of information is carried by the opthalmic n.?
sensory only
157
Where does the opthalmic n. exit the skull?
superior orbital fissure
158
Where are the cell bodies for opthalmic n. neurons?
trigeminal ganglion
159
What are the 3 branches of the opthalmic n.?
frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary nn.
160
What's the largest branch of the opthalmic n.?
frontal n.
161
What branch of the opthalmic n. heads laterally?
lacrimal n.
162
What branch of the opthalmic n. haeds medially?
nasociliary n.
163
Which branch of the opthalmic n. heads superiorly?
frontal n.
164
What are the branches of the frontal n.?
supraorbital, supratrochlear nn.
165
What are the branches of the nasociliary n.?
long ciliary, ethmoidal, infratrochlear, nasociliary communicating rami
166
What are the branches of the lacrimal n.?
no named branches
167
Which branch of the opthalmic n. is smallest?
lacrimal n.
168
What is innervated by the supraorbital n.?
skin of forehead, parts of upper eyelid, parts of conjunctiva
169
What is innervated by the supratrochlear n.?
parts of upper eyelid, parts of conjunctiva, skin of medial forehead
170
What is innervated by the ethmoidal nn.?
mucous membranes of ethmoid air cells, frontal sinus, and part of nasal cavity
171
What is innervated by the infratrochlear n.?
skin of medial canthus, topmost bridge of nose
172
What innervates the upper eyelid?
supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.
173
What innervates the conjunctiva?
lacrimal, supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.
174
What innervates the skin of the forehead?
supraorbital & supratrochlear nn.
175
What innervates the mucous membrance of ethmoid air cells?
ethmoidal nn.
176
What innervates the mucous membrane of frontal sinus?
ethmoidal nn.
177
What innervates the mucous membrane of part of nasal cavity?
ethmoidal nn.
178
What innervates the skin at the medial canthus?
infratrochlear n.
179
What innervates the skin at the topmost bridge of the nose?
infratrochlear n.
180
What goes through the ciliary ganglion from the opthalmic n.?
communicating rami from nasociliary n.
181
What hitchhikes on the nasociliary n.?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers from internal carotid nerve plexus to dilator pupillae m.
182
What innervates the eyeball (sensory)?
long ciliary nn. (from nasociliary n.)
183
What is innervated by the long ciliary nn.?
eyeball including cornea & iris; fibers into nerve plexus of choroid layer
184
What is the terminal branch of the nasociliary n.?
infratrochlear n.
185
What hitchhikes on the lacrimal n.?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers (lacrimal gland vasomotor) & postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sphenopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland secretomotor)
186
What innervates the lacrimal gland (sensory)?
lacrimal n.
187
What innervates the lateral orbit?
lacrimal n.
188
What is innervated by the lacrimal n.?
parts of conjunctiva, upper eyelid, superolateral orbit, lacrimal gland
189
What kind of ganglion is the ciliary ganglion?
parasympathetic
190
What is innervated by axons from neurons in the ciliary ganglion?
constrictor pupillae & ciliary mm.
191
What is innervated by short ciliary nn.?
connect ciliary ganglion to back of eye
192
What innervates contrictor pupillae mm.?
short ciliary nn. (parasymp from ciliary ganglion)
193
What innervates ciliary mm.?
short ciliary nn. (parasymp from ciliary ganglion)
194
What is the bulbous oculi?
eyeball
195
What are the 3 layers of the bulbous oculi?
inner, middle, & outer tunics
196
What forms the outer tunic of the bulbous oculi?
sclera & cornea
197
What structures are continuous with the sclera?
orbital dura (around CN II); cornia (at limbus)
198
What tissue makes up the sclera?
fibrous CT
199
What makes the posterior part of the outer tunic of the bulbous oculi?
sclera
200
What are the 3 layers of the cornea?
anterior, middle, inner
201
What is the function of the cornea?
refractive
202
Is the outer tunic of the eyeball vascularized?
poorly
203
What tissue makes up the anterior layer of the cornea?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
204
What tissue makes up the middle layer of the cornea?
connective tissue
205
What tissue makes up the inner layer of the cornea?
simple squamous epithelium
206
Which layer makes up most of the cornea?
middle layer
207
What is the limbus?
where conjunctiva, sclera, cornea meet up
208
What is the anterior layer of the cornea continuous with?
bulbar conjunctiva
209
What is another name for the middle tunic?
vascular layer
210
What structures are in the middle tunic?
choroid, iris, ciliary body
211
What is the choroid?
posterior part of middle tunic of eyeball
212
What tissue makes up the choroid?
loose CT
213
What arteries supply the choroid?
anterior & posterior ciliary aa.
214
What veins drain the choroid?
vortex vv.
215
What nerves are found in the choroid?
ciliary nn. carrying sensory from V1 & postganglionic symp and parasymp fibers to eyeball
216
What tissue makes up the iris?
loose CT covered by epithelium
217
What's the most notable feature of the iris?
pigmentation
218
What is the opening in the iris?
pupil
219
What is the pupil?
adjustable opening in iris
220
What muscle increases the size of the pupil?
dilator pupillae m.
221
What muscles decreases the size of the pupil?
sphincter (constrictor) pupillae m.
222
Which pupillae muscle has concentric fibers?
sphincter pupillae m.
223
Which pupillae muscle has radial fibers?
dilator pupillae m.
224
What innervates the sphincter pupillae m.?
parasymp preganglionic fibers (CN III) -> postganglionic neurons ciliary ganglion
225
What innervates the dilator pupillae m.?
symp preganglionic fibers (T1) -> postganglionic neurons superior cervical ganglion
226
What action of the pupil is triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system?
closing (sphincter pupillae m.)
227
What action of the pupil is triggered by the sympathetic nervous system?
opening (dilator pupillae m.)
228
What is the cilary body?
circular structure between the choroid and the iris that controls lens tension and secretes aqueous humor
229
What secretes aqueous humor?
ciliary body
230
Where is the posterior chamber of the eye?
between iris & lens
231
Where is the anterior chamber of the eye?
between iris & cornea
232
Where is aqueous humor resorbed?
sinus venosus sclerae (Canal of Schlemm)
233
What is the canal of Schlemm?
sinus venosus sclerae
234
What is the sinus venosus sclerae?
where aqueous humor is resorbed, at angle between iris & cornea
235
What are the functions of aqueous humor?
refraction; nutrients & fluid to corner & lens; interocular pressure (via circulation dynamics)
236
What is glaucoma?
condition of interference of circulation dynamic of aqueous humor; usually increase in interocular pressure
237
What holds the lens in place?
suspensary ligaments
238
What are suspensary ligaments?
ligaments from peripheral margin of lens to ciliary body
239
What are zonular ligaments?
suspenary ligaments
240
What controls circumferential tension on the lens?
suspensary ligaments
241
What effect is created by the increased tension of suspensary ligaments?
lens has smaller A-P diameter & less convexity
242
What effect is created by decreased tension of suspensary ligaments?
lens had larger A-P diameter & more convexity
243
What tenses the suspensary ligaments?
ciliary mm.
244
What are the ciliary mm.?
smooth muscle in ciliary bodies for changing shape of lens
245
What is lens accommodation?
reflexive action refocusing eyes when gaze shifts from far to near; contracting ciliary mm.
246
What action of ciliary mm. tenses the suspensary ligaments?
ciliary mm. relaxing
247
What action of the ciliary mm. relaxes the suspensary ligaments?
ciliary mm. contracting
248
What action of ciliary mm. increases lens A-P dimension?
ciliary mm. contracting
249
What action of the ciliary mm. decreases lens A-P dimension?
ciliary mm. relaxing
250
What action of the ciliary mm. is better for close focus?
ciliary mm. contracting
251
What action of ciliary mm. is better for distant focus?
ciliary mm. relaxing
252
What innervates the ciliary mm.?
preganglionic parasymp fibers (CN III) -> postganglionic parasymp neurons ciliary ganglion
253
What part of the autonomic nervous system triggers the ciliary mm.?
parasympathetic
254
How does the height of the ciliary body change then ciliary mm. contract?
ciliary m. contraction makes ciliary bodies taller
255
What occupies the inner layer of the bulbous oculi?
the retina
256
What is the retina?
inner surface of eyeball; sight sensation
257
What are the 2 layers of the retina?
pigmented & neural layers
258
Which layer of the retina does light hit first?
neural layer
259
What are the functions of the pigmented layer of the retina?
absorb light, structural & nutritional support
260
What gives color to the pigmented layer of the retina?
melanin
261
What tissue makes up the pigmented layer of the retina?
simple cuboidal
262
What are the photoreceptive cells of the eye?
rods and cones
263
What is the function of cone cells?
color vision, high resolution, central vision
264
What is the function of rod cells?
peripheral vision, low resolution, low-light vision
265
What are bipolar cells?
the innervate rods & cones
266
What are ganglion cells?
innervate bipolar cells
267
What is the ora serrata?
anterior margin of retina at ciliary body
268
What artieries supply the reinta?
central & ciliary aa.
269
What drains the retina?
retinal vv. -> central vv. -> cavernous sinus (opthalmic vv.)
270
Which photoreceptive cell handles color vision?
cones
271
Which prohotreceptive cell handles high resolution?
cones
272
Which photoreceptive cell handles central vision?
cones
273
Which photoreceptive cell handles peripheral vision?
rods
274
Which photoreceptive cell handles low-light vision?
rods
275
What innervates the rods & cones?
bipolar cells
276
What innervates the bipolar cells?
ganglion cells
277
What is the anterior margin of the retina?
ora serrata
278
What is formed by the axons of ganglion cells?
optic n. (CN II)
279
Where does the optic nerve leave the retina?
optic disc
280
What is the effect on vision from the optic disc?
"blind spot" because no room for rods & cones here
281
What is papillederma?
swelling of optic disc, compromising vision
282
What is vitreous body?
transparent hydrophilic gel within eyeball
283
What is vitreous humor?
the fluid hydrating the gel vitreous body
284
What's the function of the vitreous body?
holds structures in place; fill 4/5 volume of eyeball; refractive medium
285
What is the hyaloid canal?
extends from the optic disc to lens thru vitreous; marks position of embryonic hyaloid a. to embryonic lens
286
What embryonic remnant can sometimes be found in the eye?
hyaloid canal
287
What refracts the light entering the eye?
vitreous body, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
288
What provides general sensory innervation to the eyeball?
V1, especially nasociliary n. (long & short ciliary nn.)
289
What nerve carries preganglionic parasymp neurons to the eyeball?
CN III
290
What eye msucles are innervated parasympathetically?
constrictor pupillae m., ciliary mm.
291
What eye muscles are innervated sympathetically?
dilator pupillae m., vasomotor to vessels of eyeball
292
Where is the infratemporal fossa?
deep to the mandible, below temporal fossa & zygomatic arch
293
What forms the anterior border of the infratemporal fossa?
posterior maxilla
294
What forms the medial border of the infratemporal fossa?
sphenoid (lateral pterygoid plate)
295
What forms the superior border of the infratemporal fossa?
sphenoid (greater wing)
296
What forms the lateral border of the infratemporal fossa?
mandible
297
What 4 other areas of the skull are connected to the infratemporal fossa?
temporal fossa, cranial cavity (middle fossa), orbit, sphenopalatine fossa
298
What passes from the infratemporal fossa to the cranial cavity?
V3 N & middle meningeal A
299
What passes from the infratemporal fossa to the orbit?
infraorbital N,A,V
300
What passes from the infratemporal fossa to the sphenopalatine fossa?
sphenopalatine A,V
301
What is the opening between the infratemporal fossa and the middle
cranial fossa?
foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
302
What is the opening between the infratemporal fossa and the orbit?
inferior orbital fissure
303
What is the opening between the infratemporal fossa and the
| sphenopalatine fossa?
pterygomaxillary fissure
304
What passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure?
sphenopalatine A&V
305
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
medial & lateral pterygoids, masseter, temporalis
306
Which muscles of mastication elevate the mandible?
medial pterygoid, masseter, temporalis
307
Which muscles of mastication depress the mandible?
lateral pterygoid
308
Which muscles of mastication retract the mandible?
temporalis
309
Which muscles of mastication protract the mandible?
medial & lateral pterygoids
310
What innervates the muscles of mastication?
V3
311
Which muscles of mastication attach to the sphenoid bone?
pterygoids
312
Which muscles of mastication attach to the zygomatic arch?
masseter
313
Which muscles of mastication attach to the TMJ?
lateral pterygoid
314
Which muscle of mastication has 2 heads?
lateral pterygoid
315
Which muscles of mastication laterally deviate the mandible?
pterygoids deviant the mandible contralaterally
316
What's the terminal branch of the external carotid artery?
maxillary artery
317
What's the major artery of the infratemporal fossa?
maxillary artery
318
What is supplied by the small (auricular, tympanic) branches of the
maxillary artery?
external ear, TMJ, tympanic cavity & membrane
319
What mucles are supplied by the maxillary artery?
muscles of mastication
320
What are 6 named branches of the maxillary artery?
middle meningeal, buccal, inferior alveolar, infraorbital, posterior
superior alveolar, sphenopalatine As
321
What is supplied by the middle meningeal A?
cranial bones
322
What is supplied by the buccal A?
cheek soft tissues
323
What is supplied by the inferior alveolar A?
mandible, teeth, chin
324
What is supplied by the infraorbital A?
maxillary sinus, anterior face, anterior teeth of maxillae
325
What is supplied by the posterior superior alveolar A?
posterior upper jaw & teeth
326
What is supplied by the sphenopalatine A?
nasal cavity, sinuses, palate
327
Where do the veins of the infratemporal fossa drain to?
into pterygoid plexus
328
What is the collection of veins in the infratemporal fossa?
pterygoid plexus
329
What is the pterygoid plexus?
network of veins in infratemporal fossa
330
Where does the pterygoid plexus drain to?
facial vv. or retromandibular vv.
331
What A supplies the TMJ?
auricular branches of maxillary A
332
What innervates the TMJ?
V3 - auriculotemporal N
333
What are the branches of the inferior alveolar A?
dental As, mental A
334
What houses the inferior alveolar A?
mandibular canal
335
Where does the inferior alveolar A enter & exit the mandible?
mandibular foramen & mental foramen
336
What are 5 named branches of the mandibular nerve?
meningeal, buccal, auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar Ns
337
What is innervated by the meningeal N?
dura of middle cranial fossa
338
What is innervated by the buccal N?
skin & mucus membranes of cheek (sensory)
339
What is innervated by the auriculotemporal N?
pinna, temporal skin, tympanic membrane, TMJ
340
What is innervated by the lingual N?
anterior tongue, oral cavity floor (sensory)
341
What is innervated by the inferior alveolar N?
teeth & chin via dental & mental Ns
342
Which N travels between the two head of lateral pterygoid M?
buccal N
343
Which N splits around the middle meningeal A?
auriculotemporal N
344
What hitchhikes on the lingual N?
chorda tympani N (VII)
345
What is innervated by chorda tympani N?
taste to front of tongue, preG symp axons to submandibular ganglion
346
What cranial nerve creates the chorda tympani?
VII - facial N
347
What innervates mylohyoid & anterior digastric Ms?
mylohyoid N from inferior alveolar N
348
What is the condyloid process of the mandible?
the part making the TMJ
349
What part of the mandible is in the TMJ?
condyloid (=condylar) process
350
What part of the temporal bone is involved with the TMJ?
mandibular fossa & articular tubercle
351
What kind of joint is the TMJ?
synovial, ellipsoid
352
What 4 motions are found in the TMJ?
gliding, lateral deviation, rotation around horizontal axis, circumduction
353
What makes up the TMJ articular disc?
fibrous CT + fibrocartilage
354
What's significant about the joint capusule of TMJ?
quite lax to allow for a lot of movement
355
Which joint space provides the laxity of the TMJ joint capsule?
superior joint space
356
Where is the superior TMJ joint space?
between mandibular fossa & disc
357
Where is the inferior TMJ joint space?
between disc & head of mandible
358
Which TMJ ligament is attached directly to the joint?
lateral TMJ L
359
Which TMJ ligaments provide external support to the joint?
stylomandibular & sphenomandibular Ls
360
Where in the TMJ is the articular disc?
held tightly to condyle at rest
361
What happens in the first phase of mouth opening?
superior joint space moves; condyle slides anteriorly
362
What happens in the second phase of mouth opening?
inferior joint space moves; condyle rotates against articular tubercle
363
What are the two principal actions in opening the mouth?
sliding, then hinging
364
Where does TMJ pain refer?
temporal region & ear
365
What is medial to the infratemporal fossa?
sphenopalatine fossa
366
What are the borders of the sphenopalatine fossa?
```
sphenoid posteriorly (pterygoid process), palatine bone anteriorly
(perpendicular plate)
```
367
What are 5 spaces that connect to the sphenopalatine fossa?
infratemporal fossa, middle cranial fossa, orbit, nasal cavity, palate
368
What kind of neurons are in the maxillary nerve?
sensory only
369
What are 5 named branches of the maxillary nerve?
zygomatic, superior alveolar, palatine, nasal, infraorbital
370
What is innervated by the zygomatic N?
skin over lateral orbit & zygomatic
371
What is innervated by the superior alveolar Ns?
upper jaw & teeth
372
What is innervated by the palatine Ns?
mucus membranes of soft & hard palate
373
What is innervated by the nasal Ns?
mucus membranes of most of nasal cavity
374
What is innervated by the infraorbital N?
lower eyelid, some skin of nose, upper lips, maxillary sinus
375
What are the 3 branches of superior alveolar Ns?
posterior (directly from V2), middle & anterior (from infraorbital)
376
What's the terminal branch of the maxillary A?
sphenopalatine A
377
What is supplied by the sphenopalatine A?
nasal cavity & palate
378
What ganglion is suspended from the maxillary N?
sphenopalatine ganglion
379
What kind of neurons are in the sphenopalatine ganglion?
parasympathetic post-G
380
What nerves enter the sphenopalatine ganglion?
primarily vidian N
381
What is the nerve of the pterygoid canal?
vidian N
382
What are the 2 components of the vidian N?
greater petrosal N & deep petrosal N
383
What's in the greater petrosal N?
taste axons & pre-G parasymp axons
384
What's in the deep petrosal N?
post-G sympathetics
385
Where do parasympathetics enter the sphenopalatine ganglion?
greater petrosal N
386
Where do sympathetics enter the sphenopalatine ganglion?
deep petrosal N
387
What is innervated by parasympathetics from the sphenopalatine
secretomotor to nasal, palatine, lacrimal glands
388
What is innervated by sympathetics from the sphenopalatine ganglion?
vasomotor to nasal cavity & palate
389
What supplies the palate with taste innervation?
greater petrosal N (VII)
390
What supplies the palate with vasomotor innervation?
sympathetic from internal carotid plexus via vidian N
391
What supplies the palate with secretomotor innervation?
parasympathetics via greater petrosal N (VII) to sphenopalatine ganglion
392
What supplies the palate with somatosensory innervation?
maxillary N - V2
393
What are the 4 components in palatine Ns?
somatosensory, taste, vasomotor (symp), secretomotor (ps)
394
What fibers from the sphenopalatine ganglion hitchhike on V1 nerves?
parasymp to lacrimal gland on lacrimal N
395
What fibers from the sphenopalatine ganglion hitchhike on V1 nerves?
```
parasymp to lacrimal gland hitchhikes on zygomatic N (V2) on the way to
lacrimal N (V1)
```
396
What is the vestibule of the oral cavity?
lateral edges; between cheek and teeth
397
What are the fauces?
connection point between oral cavity & oral pharynx
398
What is frenulum labii?
superior & inferior folds connecting aa lip to a gum at midline
399
What connects a lip to the gum at midline?
frenulum labii
400
What is the parotid papilla?
entry of stenson's duct on cheek opposite 2nd molar
401
Where does Stenson's duct enter the oral cavity?
on cheek opposite 2nd molar
402
What is the frenulum lingulae?
fold connecting base of tongue & lower gum at midline
403
What connects the base of the tongue to the lower gum at midline?
frenulum lingulae
404
Where do Wharton's ducts enter the oral cavity?
at sublingual papillae (carunculae) on either side of the frenulum lingulae
405
What are sublingual folds?
elevations later to sublingual papillae in oral floor; location of sublingual
glands
406
What are the 3 major parts of a tooth?
crown - neck - root
407
What part of a tooth projects above the gums?
crown
408
What are gingiva?
the gums
409
What is the alveolar process of the mandible (or maxilla)?
the hole into which the tooth fits
410
What part of a tooth is embedded in an alveolus?
the root
411
What part of the tooth is at the gumline?
the neck
412
What are 2 spaces inside a tooth?
pulp cavity & root canal
413
Where is the tooth cavity?
in crown & neck of tooth
414
What is the pulp cavity?
== tooth cavity
415
Where is the root canal?
connecting pulp cavity to .. ?
416
What 2 substances make up the hard part of a tooth?
enamel & dentine
417
What is enamel?
2.5 mm of hard, translucent, 95% inorganic material covering the crown of
the tooth
418
What is dentine?
modified bone making up the "ivory", most of the tooth body, 70%
419
What is found inside a tooth's pulp cavity?
loose CT, AVN, lined by odontoblasts making dentine
420
What attaches the root of a tooth to an alveolus?
periodontal membrane
421
What is the periodontal membrane?
ligament attaching tooth root to alveolus
422
What is the periodontal ligament?
== periodontal membrane
423
What is cementum?
dentine attaching periodontal L to root of tooth
424
What innervates the periodontal membrane?
dental Ns from alveolar Ns (V2 & V3)
425
What connects the tooth root to the periodontal membrane?
cementum
426
What are deciduous teeth?
baby teeth, replaced by permanent teeth
427
When do deciduous teeth appear?
4th-8th month
428
How do deciduous teeth differ from permanent teeth?
smaller (similar shape)
429
When do deciduous teeth disappear?
permanent teeth start erupting at 6-8 years through late teens
430
What are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors, canine, premolars, molars
431
Which teeth are incisors?
thin, most anterior
432
Which teeth are canines?
pointy, at corners of jaws
433
Which teeth are premolars?
smaller flat ones
434
Which teeth are molars?
larger flat ones, most posterior
435
How many deciduous teeth are usual?
20 total (ICPM: 2102 in each half jaw)
436
How many permanent teeth are usual?
32 total (ICPM: 2123 in each half jaw)
437
What are wisdom teeth?
third (most posterior) molars
438
Which teeth have multiple roots (and how many)?
upper (3) & lower (2) molars
439
Which tooth has 3 roots?
upper molars
440
Which tooth has 2 roots?
lower molars
441
Which tooth has 1 root?
incisors, canines, premolars
442
What makes up the root of the tongue?
extrinsic muscles
443
What is the dorsal median sulcus of the tongue?
midline in anterior tongue
444
What are 5 areas that have taste buds?
fungiform, vallate, foliate papillae; palate, epiglottis
445
What structure is at the base of the pharyngeal tongue?
epiglottis
446
What are epiglottic valleculae?
depressions between base of tongue & base of epiglottis
447
What are the depressions between the base of the tongue and the base of
the epiglottis?
epiglottis valleculae
448
Summarize the innervation of the tongue.
anterior : Lingual N (V3) for sensory chorda tympani (VII) for taste;
posterior : glossopharyngeal (IX) for all; all XII for motor except palatoglossus (X)
449
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus
450
What innervates the muscles of the tongue?
XII for all but palatoglossus (X)
451
Which muscles control the position of the tongue?
extrinsic muscles
452
Which muscles control the shape & size of the tongue?
intrinsic muscles
453
Which muscles protrude the tongue?
genioglossus (bilat or unilat)
454
Which muscles retract the tongue?
styloglossus & hyoglossus
455
Which muscles elevate the tongue?
styloglossus
456
Which muscles depress the tongue?
genioglossus (bilat) & hyoglossus
457
Which muscles laterally deviate the tongue?
genioglossus (unilat) gives contralateral deviation
458
Which muscles close the fauces of the tongue?
palatoglossus
459
Which teeth does an adult have that a child does not?
2 premolars & 1 molar additional
460
Which tongue muscles originate from the mandible?
genioglossus
461
Which tongue muscles originate from the temporal bone?
styloglossus
462
Which tongue muscles originate from the hyoid bone?
hyoglossus (greater cornu)
463
Which tongue muscles originate from the palate?
palatoglossus
464
Which eye muscles adduct the eye?
medial, superior, & inferior rectus
465
Which eye muscles abduct the eye?
lateral rectus, inferior & superior oblique
466
Which eye muscles elevate the eye?
inferior oblique & superior rectus
467
Which eye muscles depress the eye?
superior oblique & inferior rectus
468
Which eye muscles medially rotate the eye?
superior rectus & oblique
469
Which eye muscles laterally rotate the eye?
inferior rectus & oblique
470
What makes up the hard palate?
maxillae (palatine pr.) & palatine bones (horiz plates)
471
What makes up the soft palate?
fibromuscular + mucous membrane
472
What is the posterior termination of the soft palate?
uvula
473
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
the palate
474
What is the uvula?
posteriormost part of soft palate
475
What acts as a valve to close nasopharynx off from oral pharynx?
uvula
476
What are 5 muscles that connect to the palate?
levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus,
palatopharyngeus
477
Which palate muscles attach to the temporal bone?
levator veli palatini
478
Which palate muscles attach to the sphenoid bone?
tensor veli palatini
479
Which palate muscles attach to the eustachian tube cartilage?
levator & tensor veli palatini
480
Which palate muscles attach to the lateral tongue?
palatoglossus
481
Which palate muscles attach to the pharynx?
palatopharyngeus
482
What membrane covers the palatoglossus M?
palatoglossus fold
483
What membrane covers the palatopharyngeal M?
palatopharyngeal fold
484
Where is the tonsilar fossa?
between palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal folds
485
Where are the palatine tonsils?
tonsilar fossa
486
What space is between the palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal folds?
tonsilar fossa
487
Which palate muscle is innervated by V3?
tensor veli palatini
488
What supplies taste innervation to the palate?
greater petrosal N (VII)
489
What provides secretomotor innervation to the palatine glands?
parasymp: greater petrosal N (VII) -> sphenopalatine G
490
Which arteries supply the palate?
palatine branches of maxillary & facial As
491
What makes up the bony part of the nose?
nasal bones + frontal pr of maxillae
492
What makes up the external nose?
nasal bones, frontal pr of maxillae, nasal cartilages
493
What are the external nares?
nostrils
494
What are the nasal alae?
lateral borders of external nares
495
What are the nares Ms?
facial expression Ms of the nose
496
What are the nasalis Ms?
nares Ms
497
What innervates the nasalis Ms?
facial N (VII)
498
What innervates nasal skin?
trigeminal N (V) - both V1 and V2
499
What separates the left & right nasal fossae?
median nasal septum
500
What makes up the floor of a nasal fossa?
hard palate
501
What bones make up the roof of a nasal fossa?
nasal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid (cribriform plate)
502
What makes up the medial wall of a nasal fossa?
median nasal septum
503
What makes up the lateral wall of a nasal fossa?
maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, inferior concha
504
What are the two tissues in the median nasal septum?
anterior is cartilage; posterior is bone
505
What bones contribute to the median nasal septum?
vomer bone + perpendicular plate of ethmoid
506
What are concha?
processes on lateral wall of nasal cavity
507
What are turbinates?
conchae
508
What are processes on the lateral walls of nasal fossae?
conchae
509
What bone makes up the nasal conchae?
inferior: its own bone; middle, superior, supreme: ethmoid
510
What are nasal meati?
passageways under each concha
511
What is the space between the superior [or supreme] concha and the
cribriform plate?
sphenoethmoidal recess
512
What is the sphenoethmoidal recess?
narrow space in superior part of nasal fossa, between top concha and
cribriform plate
513
Where are olfactory cells found?
in epithelium of sphenoethmoidal recess
514
Which nerves contribute sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?
V1 (ethmoidal), V2 (nasal & infraorbital)
515
Which arteries supply the nasal cavity?
primarily nasal As (from sphenopalatine from maxillary); also ethmoidal
As (from ophthalmic)
516
What provides secretomotor innervation to the nasal cavity?
parasymp: greater petrosal N (VII) -> sphenopalatine G
517
What provides vasomotor innervation to the nasal cavity?
sympathetics
518
What are the paranasal sinuses?
invaginations into cranial diploe
519
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
shape of face, vocal resonance, conditioning incoming air
520
What are the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses?
frontal, sphenoid, maxillary sinuses & ethmoid air cells
521
Which paranasal sinus drains best in a upright position?
frontal
522
Which paranasal sinus drains best in a face-down position?
sphenoid
523
Which paranasal sinus drains best in a side-lying position?
maxillary
524
What position drains the frontal sinus?
upright
525
What position drains the sphenoid sinus?
face-down
526
What position drains the maxillary sinus?
side-lying
527
What drains into the superior nasal meatus?
ethmoid air cells
528
What drains into the middle nasal meatus?
frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoid air cells
529
What drains into the inferior nasal meatus?
nasolacrimal duct
530
Where does the frontal sinus drain?
middle nasal meatus
531
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?
sphenoethmoidal recess
532
Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
middle meatus
533
What is the pharynx?
connection of nasal & oral cavities to larynx & esophagus
534
What's the superior border of the pharynx?
base of skull
535
What's the inferior border of the pharynx?
inferior border of cricoid cartilage
536
What makes up the wall of the pharynx?
muscles & mucus membrane
537
What 6 muscles move the pharynx?
superior/middle/inferior constrictors, stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus,
salpingopharyngeus
538
Which muscles elevate the pharynx?
superior constrictor, stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
539
Which muscles constrict the pharynx?
sup/mid/inf constrictors
540
What innervates the muscles of the pharynx?
mostly X (IX for stylopharyngeus)
541
Which pharynx muscles attach to the occiput?
superior constrictor
542
Which pharynx muscles attach to the hyoid bone?
middle constrictor
543
Which pharynx muscles attach to the thyroid cartilage?
inferior constrictor
544
Which pharynx muscles attach to the cricoid cartilage?
inferior constrictor
545
Which pharynx muscles attach to the temporal bone?
stylopharyngeus
546
Which pharynx muscles attach to the palate?
palatopharyngeus
547
Which pharynx muscles attach to the eustachian tube opening?
salpingopharyngeus
548
What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
549
What is the pharyngotympanic tube?
eustachian tube
550
What is the torus tubarius?
raised prominence around the eustachian tube opening
551
What is the raised prominence around the eustachian tube opening?
torus tubarius
552
What are adenoids?
hypertrophied pharyngeal tonsils
553
What lies between the alpingopharyngeal fold and the posterior wall of
the pharynx?
pharyngeal recess
554
What are the borders of the nasopharynx?
between nasal cavity & soft palate
555
What are the borders of the oropharynx?
between soft palate & hyoid bone
556
What are the borders of the laryngopharynx?
between hyoid level & inferior border of cricoid cartilage
557
What lies between the oral cavity and the oral pharynx?
the fauces
558
What is the aditus?
opening from laryngopharynx to larynx
559
What lies between the laryngopharyx & the larynx?
aditus
560
What is the piriform recess?
space lateral to the larynx
561
What is the pyrimidal recess?
piriform recess
562
What space lies lateral to the larynx?
piriform recess
563
How many cartilages make up the larynx?
9 total (5 are major)
564
What are the 5 major laryngeal cartilages?
1 thyroid, 1 cricoid, 1 epiglottic, 2 arytenoid
565
What laryngeal cartilage is found at C4-5 level?
thyroid cartilage
566
What laryngeal cartilage is found at C6 level?
cricoid cartilage
567
What articulates with the thyroid cartilage?
cricoid & epiglottic cartilages
568
What articulates with the cricoid cartilage?
thryoid & arytenoid cartilages
569
What articulates with the epiglottic cartilage?
thyroid cartilage
570
What articulates with the arytenoid cartilages?
posterior lamina of cricoid cartilage
571
What are the accessory laryngeal cartilages?
corniculate & cuneiform cartilages
572
What are the corniculate cartilages?
accessory laryngeal cartilages
573
What are the cuneiform cartilages?
accessory laryngeal cartilages
574
What is the vocal process?
part of arytenoid cartilage attached to vocal Ls
575
Which ligaments attach arytenoid to thyroid cartilages?
vestibular Ls & vocal Ls
576
What's connected by the vestibular Ls?
arytenoid & thryroid cartilages
577
What's connected by the ventricular Ls?
arytenoid & thryroid cartilages
578
What's connected by the vocal Ls?
arytenoid & thryroid cartilages
579
What are the vestibular folds?
membrane covering vestibular Ls
580
What are the ventricular folds?
membrane covering vestibular Ls
581
What are vocal folds?
membrane covering vocal Ls
582
What are the ventricles of the larynx?
spaces between vocal & vestibular folds
583
What are the aryepiglottic folds?
connect arytenoid cartilage with lateral epiglottis
584
What is the aditus?
opening into larynx from pharynx
585
What is the laryngeal vestibule?
space above vestibular folds
586
Where is the infraglottic space?
space below glottis (below vocal folds)
587
What is the rima glottidis?
"slit-like" space between L&R vocal folds
588
What is the glottis?
L&R vocal folds + rima glottidis
589
What changes the shape & size of rima glottidis?
movements of arytenoid cartilages
590
What movements can the arytenoid cartilages induce in the vocal folds?
adduction & abduction, anterior & posterior gliding
591
What narrows the rima glottidis?
vocal folds adduct
592
What widens the rima glottidis?
vocal folds abduct
593
What controls the length & tension of the vocal folds?
arytenoid cartilages gliding anterior or posterior
594
What position are the vocal folds in during speech?
adducted
595
What position are the vocal folds in during quiet respiration?
neutral position
596
What position are the vocal folds in during forced respiration?
strongly abducted
597
What position are the vocal folds in during bearing down?
completely adducted (closed)
598
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
suprahyoid & infrahyoid
599
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
"several" including cricothyroideus
600
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
vagus N (X)
601
What are the actions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
open or close glottis; control length or tension of vocal folds
602
What arteries supply the larynx?
superior laryngeal A (from superior thyroid A), inferior laryngeal A
(from inferior thyroid A)
603
What innervates the larynx?
vagus N (X)
604
Which 2 nerves from X innervate the larynx?
superior & recurrent laryngeal Ns
605
Where is the recurrent laryngeal N found?
loops around [aortic arch/subclavian A], then ascends into neck
606
What is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal N?
motor innervation to intrinsic larynx Ms except cricothryroid
607
What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal N?
internal & external laryngeal Ns
608
Where is the internal laryngeal N?
passing through thyrohyoid membrane
609
What is innervated by the internal laryngeal N?
sensory to most of larynx down to vocal folds
610
What provides sensory innervation to the larynx?
internal laryngeal N (X)
611
What innervates the cricothyroid M?
external laryngeal N (X)
612
What is innervated the external laryngeal N?
cricothyroid M
613
What are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?
squamous, tympanic, petrous
614
Which part of the temporal bone forms part of the external auditory
meatus?
tympanic
615
Which part of the temporal bone includes the zygomatic process?
squamous part
616
Which part of the temporal bone forms the internal auditory meatus?
petrous part
617
What are 3 landmarks of the petrous temporal bone?
mastoid process, styloid process, internal auditory meatus
618
Which part of the temporal bone has the mastoid process?
petrous part
619
Which part of the temporal bone has the styloid process?
petrous part
620
What are the mastoid air cells?
network of spaces in mastoid process of temporal bone
621
Where do the mastoid air cells drain into?
tympanic cavity
622
Which 3 muscles attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone?
SMC, posterior digastric, splenius capitis
623
Which 3 muscles attach to the styloid process of the temporal bone?
stylohyoid, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus
624
Which 2 ligaments attach to the styloid process?
stylohyoid, stylomandibular
625
What passes through the internal auditory meatus?
VII, VIII, internal auditory A
626
What 2 parts make up the inner ear?
osseous labyrinth & membranous labyrinth
627
What separates the external auditory canal from the tympanic cavity?
tympanic membrane
628
What part of the ear is the tympanic cavity?
middle ear
629
What 3 bones are in the middle ear?
malleus, incus, stapes
630
What 2 muscles are in the middle ear?
tensor tympani, stapedius
631
What is the pinna?
external ear
632
What is the external auditory canal?
entire path from pinna to tympanic membrane
633
What is the external auditory meatus?
hole in skull; osseus part of external auditory canal
634
What is the tympanic membrane?
eardrum
635
What orientation does the tympanic membrane have?
oblique to vertical (inferior is medial)
636
What 2 stimuli does the tympanic membrane respond to?
vibrations in air, vibrations in bone
637
What provides general sensory innervation to the tympanic membrane?
V3, IX, X
638
Which 3 arteries supply the tympanic membrane?
maxillary, posterior auricular, superficial temporal
639
What is the otoscopic view of a normal tympanic membrane?
pearly gray, glistening, oval, manubrium appears as streak, surface is
tapered towards umbo
640
What is the umbo?
tip of the manubrium of the malleus
641
What structure is in the center of the tympanic membrane?
umbo of manubrium of malleus
642
What bones are visible in a normal otoscopic view?
manubrium & lateral process of malleus
643
What is the pars tensa?
most of tympanic membrane, held taut to manubrium
644
What is the pars flaccida?
superior part of tympanic membrane, lax
645
What is the cone of light?
ant/inf quadrant of tympanic membrane; reflects light to examiner's eye
646
What are the sections of the tympanic membrane as seen through
pars tensa, pars flaccida, cone of light
647
What are the borders of the tympanic cavity?
tympanic membrane (lateral) & petrous temporal bone
648
What is the eustachian tube?
auditory tube, connects tympanic cavity to nasopharynx
649
What connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx?
eustachian tube
650
What are 2 functions of the eustachian tube?
drainage for tympanic cavity, equalization of pressure on either side of
tympanic membrane
651
What is the mastoid antrum?
space connecting mastoid air cells to tympanic cavity
652
What connects the tympanic cavity to the mastoid air cells?
mastoid antrum
653
What are the 3 processes of the malleus?
anterior, lateral, manubrium
654
Which processes of the malleus are attached to the tympanic membrane?
lateral & manubrium
655
What articulates with the head of the malleus?
body of incus
656
What 2 processes does the incus have?
short & long
657
Which process of the incus articulates with the stapes?
long process
658
What articulates with the base of the stapes?
oval window of inner ear
659
What part of the ossicles interact with the inner ear?
base of stapes, at oval window
660
What is the result of the base of the stapes moving in the oval window of
the inner ear?
changes pressure of fluid in inner ear
661
What 2 senses are handled by the inner ear?
auditory & vestibular
662
What are the 3 parts of the osseous labyrinth?
vestibule, semi-circular canal, cochlea
663
Which part of the osseous labyrinth connects to the tympanic cavity?
vestibule
664
What 2 openings connect the inner ear to the tympanic cavity?
oval window & round window
665
What is the fenstra vestibula?
oval window
666
What is the fenestra cochlea?
round window
667
What covers the oval window?
footplate of stapes
668
What covers the round window?
2° tympanic membrane
669
What's the order of the inner ear structures from anterior to posterior?
cochlea is most anterior, then vestibule, semicircular canals are posterior
670
What are the 3 semi-circular canals?
anterior, posterior, lateral/horizontal
671
What's at the end of each semi-circular canal?
ampullae
672
What are ampullae?
expansions at one end of each semicircular canal
673
How many turns does the cochlear canal take?
2.75
674
What are 3 parts of the cochlea?
basal turn, cupola, modiolus
675
What is the basal turn?
part of cochlea connecting to vestibule
676
What is the cupola?
center-most curl of cochlea
677
What is the modiolus?
central core of bone in cochlea
678
What forms the central axis around which the cochlea turns?
the modiolus
679
What is the center-most curl of the cochlea?
cupola
680
What part of the cochlea connects to the vestibule?
basal turn
681
What encloses the cochlear canal?
perilymphatic cavity of osseous labyrinth
682
What fluid fills the osseous labyrinth?
perilymph
683
What lines the perilymphatic cavity?
periosteum
684
What is enclosed in the perilymphatic cavity?
membranous labyrinth
685
What are 5 parts of the membranous labyrinth?
utricle, saccule, endolymphatic sac/duct, semicircular ducts, cochlear duct
686
What is the utricle?
part of membranous labyrinth near junction of semicircular canals; has
macula sense receptor
687
What is the saccule?
part of membranous labyrinth in vestibule; has macula sense receptor
688
What is a macula?
special sensory "spot" in membranous labyrinth of inner ear which
monitors head position; found in utricle & saccule
689
What is the endolymphatic sac?
extension of membranous labyrinth from vestibule towards cranial cavity
just deep to dura
690
What are the semicircular ducts?
membranous labyrinth inside semicircular canals (osseous)
691
What sensation is reported by the maculae?
static head position & linear motion of head
692
What sensation is reported by the utricle?
static head position & linear motion of head
693
What sensation is reported by the semicircular ducts?
angular motion of head
694
What sensation is reported by the crista ampularis?
angular motion of head
695
What sensation is reported by the utricle?
static head position & linear motion of head
696
What is the crista ampularis?
special sensor in semicircular ducts for measuring angular motion of head
697
What special sense receptors are found in the utricle?
macula (of uticle)
698
What special sense receptors are found in the saccule?
macula (of saccule)
699
What special sense receptors are found in the semicircular ducts?
crista ampularis
700
What special sense receptors are found in the cochlear ducts?
organ of corti
701
What sensation is reported by the organ of corti?
sound
702
What connects the cochlear duct and the saccule?
ductus reunionus
703
What is the ductus reunionus?
connects the cochlear duct & saccule
704
What is the organ of corti?
special sense receptor for sound
705
What innervates the organ of corti?
VIII (cochlear portion) via spiral ganglion
706
What is the spiral ganglion?
ganglion in modiolus with bodies of VIII neurons
707
Where are the bodies for neurons carrying sound information?
spiral ganglion
708
What fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
709
What is perilymph?
fluid filling osseus labyrinth
710
What is endolymph?
fluid filling membranous labyrinth
711
What innervates the vestibular receptors?
VIII (vestibular portion)
712
What is innervated by VIII?
special sense receptors in inner ear (vestibule & cochlea)
713
What ganglion is found in the internal auditory meatus?
vestibular ganglion
714
What is the vestibular ganglion?
ganglion in internal auditory meatus with bodies of neurons for VIII from
maculae & cristae ampularis
715
What innervates the macula utricle?
VIII via vestibular ganglion
716
What innervates the macula saccule?
VIII via vestibular ganglion
717
What innervates the crista ampularis?
VIII via vestibular ganglion
718
What is Scarpa's ganglion?
vestibular ganglion
719
Where are the bodies for neurons carrying vestibular information?
vestibular ganglion
720
Which part of the organ of corti is stimulated most by high pitched
near basal turn of cochlear duct
721
Which part of the organ of corti is stimulated most by low pitched sounds?
near distal end of cochlear duct
722
Which sounds stimulate the basal turn of the cochlear duct?
high pitches
723
Which sounds stimulate the distal end of the cochlear duct?
low pitches
724
Where is the tensor tympani M attached?
bony canal above eustachian tube to manubrium of malleus
725
Where is the stapedius M attached?
wall of tympanic cavity to neck of stapes
726
What innervates tensor tympani M?
V3
727
What innervates stapedius M?
VII
728
What's the action of the tensor tympani M?
attenuates movements of malleus & tympanic membrane
729
What's the action of the stapedius M?
attenuate movements of stapes
730
What triggers the inner ear muscles to contract?
loud sounds
731
What protects the ear from loud sounds?
contraction of tensor tympani & stapedius Ms
732
Which nerve traverses across tympanic membrane and malleus?
chorda tympani
733
Where does chorda tympani exit the skull?
petrotympanic fissure
734
What passes through the petrotympanic fissure?
chorda tympani (VII)
735
Which nerve does chorda tympani hitchhike on?
lingual N (V3)
736
What is the tympanic plexus?
nerve plexus on wall of tympanic cavity, mostly IX fibers
737
Which cranial nerve has fibers on the wall of the tympanic cavity?
IX (tympanic br.)
738
What travels from the internal carotid plexus to the tympanic membrane?
sympathetics from SCCG
739
What 2 kinds of fibers make up the tympanic branch of IX N?
(somato-)sensory & pre-G parasymp
740
What provides somatosensory innervation to the mucus membranes of the eustachian tube?
tympanic branch of IX N
741
What provides somatosensory innervation to the mucus membranes of the tympanic cavity?
tympanic branch of IX N
742
What provides somatosensory innervation to the mucus membranes of the mastoid antrum & air cells?
tympanic branch of IX N
743
What does the tympanic branch of IX N provide somatosensory innervation to?
eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum & air cells, (part) tympanic cavity
744
Which cranial nerves innervate the tympanic membrane (somatosensory)?
VII, IX, X
745
What motor neurons are in the tympanic branch of IX?
pre-G parasympathetic neurons via lesser petrosal N to otic ganglion (to parotid gland)
746
What fibers are in the lesser petrosal N?
pre-G parasympathetic going to otic G
747
What nerve carries parasympathetics to the otic ganglion?
lesser petrosal N
748
What ganglion receives the lesser petrosal N?
otic G
749
What ganglion receives pre-G parasympathetics from IX?
otic G
