Midterm 1 Flashcards
Structure of Neurons
-soma/cell body w/ nucleus
-dendrites (receiving end)
-axon terminal (covered by myelin sheath insulation)
-presynaptic terminal buttons
What are glia?
type of cells in the nervous system
that, in contrast to neurons, does not
conduct impulses over long distances
What are the 5 types of glia?
- astrocytes
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- radial glia
Astrocytes are?
-star shaped
-shields synapses from chemicals
-synchronizes neural signals (taking up/releasing ions/transmitters)
Microglia are ?
-part of the immune system
-white blood cells of the brain
What do oligodendrocyes and Schwann cells do?
-build myelin sheaths
-supply axon with nutrients
What do radial glia do?
-guide migration of neurons and their axons during embryonic development, then differentiate into neurons
What is the resting potential?
When a neuron fires, the resting potential changes, and and the cell becomes DEPOLARIZED moving signals down axons to terminal buttons and releasing into adjacent extracellular space/synapse.; ~-70mV
What forces act on sodium & potassium ions ?
-selective permeability of cell membranes
-sodium-potassium pump
-electrical gradient (-70mV inside)
-concentration gradient (high to low)
Describe the sodium potassium pump?
-closed at rest
-3 Na+ 2 K+ in
-Na+ is 10x more concentrated outside
-active transport (requires energy)
What is Activation Potential?
AP is an explosion of electric activity created by a depolarizing current (message sent by axons).
The chemical events at a Synapse:
1) neuron synthesizes NT (small- axon terminals, neuropeptides-cell body)
2) AP travels down axon, calcium enters releasing NT
3) NT diffuse across synaptic cleft & attach to receptors
4) NT separate from receptors
5) NT diffuse or re-uptake
6) Post synaptic cells send reverse messages to end further NT release
Types of Neurotransmitters
glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate, acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y, ATP, adenosine, NO (nitric oxide)
Synthesize of Transmitters
-made from AA from proteins in diet
-made in presynaptic terminal
Storage of Transmitters
-stored in vesicles (tiny spherical packets)
-MAO (monamine oxidase)- breaks down into inactive chemicals to prevent accumulation
Release of Transmitters
Depolarization opens voltage-dependent calcium gates in the presynaptic terminal –> exocytosis (release of NT)
Drugs that bind to receptors include:
1) Hallocinogenic (distort perception)
2) Nicotine (increase dopamine)
3) Opiate (eg. morphine & heroin) relieve pain
Neuropeptide
influence ongoing synaptic activity; enhancing or impeding neurotransmission
What does the spinal chord do?
communicates with all sense organs except those of the head
What is the thalamus?
main source of input to the cerebral cortex; separate left and right structures located in the center of the midbrain
What is the hypothalamus?
-structure under thalamus,
-regulates most motivated behavior (sleep, eating, etc.)
What is the pituitary gland?
-endocrine (hormone producing gland) attached to the base of the thalamus
What is the hippocampus?
forms, organizes, stores memory; lies between thalamus & cerebral cortex, mostly towards posterior of the forebrain
What are the ventricles?
4 fluid filled cavities within the brain
Occipital Lobe
Lies at the very back of the brain and is responsible for visual input
Parietal Lobe
between occipital lobe and central sulcus, processes bodily sensations
Temporal Lobe
-lateral portion, near temples
-contributes to hearing, complex processes of vision and processing of emotional information
Frontal Lobe
Section of cerebral cortex that extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain
-fine movement, spacial association
Prefrontal Cortex
anterior portion of the frontal lobe, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for movement
How do the part work together?
The Binding Theory: broken into senses
Dave, sustained a mild to moderate concussion. Since Dave has sustained a mild to moderate concussion, is it possible that Dave might eventually begin to show some signs indicative of neural behavioral problems?
Yes
If your patient, who has sustained a mild to moderate concussion, do you think that your patient might eventually be referred to a neurologist for a comprehensive detailed neurological evaluation?
Yes
Does each spinal nerve have both a sensory and motor component?
Yes
What are afferent nerves?
Access (bring info towards); carry signals to the brain for the sensory organs
What are efferent nerves?
Exit (bring info away); transmit impulses from brain to muscles or glands
What is the path of light?
1) enters pupil
2) inversely projected to retina
3) bipolar cells
4) ganglion cells & amacrine cells (refine)
5) optic nerve
What is the trichromatic theory?
Color vision is perceived through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, more intense light increase the activity of the cones
What is vestibular sensation?
The movement, gravity and balance sense, allows us to move smoothly.
What is the somatosensory system?
the sensation of the body and its movements including touch, pressure, cold, pain, etc.
What are some ways of relieving pain?
-opioids/endorphins (CNS)
-cannabinoids/capsaicin (PNS)
-placebos
Dave is presenting and sustained a MILD TO MODERATE CONCUSSION/HEAD INJURy
Since Dave had sustained a mild to moderate concussion, is it possible that Dave might eventually begin to show some signs indicative of neurobehavioral problems?
Yes
Is Dave presently showing signs and symptoms of indicative of a panic disorder?
If, no feelings of sadness, anxiety or fear–> no
If your patient has sustained a mild to moderate concussion, do you think your patient might eventually be referred to a licensed neuropsychologist for a comprehensive check?
Yes
What is neuropsychology?
branch of psychology studying the brain and nervous system
What are the goals of a neuropsychological assessment?
to fulfill a patient’s care and recovery
Does a neuropsychological assessment assist a patient in understanding possible residual deficits?
True
What part of the nervous system prepares us for fight or flight?
The sympathetic nervous system
What are the names of the catecholamine NT?
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine
What do neuromodulators do?
-modify or regulates the effect of neurotransmitters; important for hunger or thirst
-like neuropeptides
NT are primarily associated with…
the synaptic cleft
What transmits nervous signals around the brain and to other parts of the body
Axons
What does polarization mean?
When the inside of the cell is more negatively charged.
Which part of the nervous system relaxes the body and facilitates vegetative, non-emergency responses?
Parasympathetic
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic, sympathetic
Which nervous system are emotional responses to a traumatic event most directly under the control of?
Autonomic
What is the name of the pair of structures at the centre of the forebrain?
the thalamus
True or false: When you see an object because light is striking your retina, you areseeing the object because it’s sending out light rays on the object
FALSE
Light from the right side of the world strikes which part of the retina?
The left
If you want to see something in fine detail where on the retina should you focus the light on?
the fovea
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory info sent?
temporal
Which color constancy theory can best explain why people who are wearing yellow glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?
Retinex theory
When a person sees spoken language or music..
synethesia
The brain chemicals known as endorphins that attach to the same receptors as morphine produce similar effects to which substance?
opiods
What receptors are responsible for color perception?
cones
Does a spinal neuron have both a sensory and motor component?
Yes
An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most likely have problems with ?
Touch
Rods are more sensitive to …
And cones are more sensitive to…
faint light, bright light
What does opponent process theory describe?
Green dot seeing as red dot (perception of color as opposite ends of a spectrum)
CNdilemma: The author quoted Gainotti’s research and mentioned that emotional disorders in brain injury cases may arise as a direct result of which of the following factors or causes?
1) Neurological damage
2) psychological /psychodynamic factors
3) psychosocial causes
CNdilemma: The author stated that there is much evidence to support the fact that many successful brain injury rehabilitation programs have not relied upon which of the following fields for their theoretical input?
Cognitive Neuroscience
In the concussion article, the author stated that __ is the most cited psychological disturbance after traumatic brain injury
depression
The author stated that traumatic brain injury can result in diffuse lesions in the brain and these lesions result in __ changes including an increase in excitatory neurotransmitters
biochemical changes
The author stated that traumatic brain injury has also been identified as a potential risk factor for the occurrence of which of the following disorders?
neurodegenerative dementing disorders including alzheimers, parkinson’s, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
