Midterm #1 Flashcards

Question

chronic

Answer 1

disease that unfolds over time

Answer 2

c. 3rd - 1st century BCE

Answer 3

anything that is heating, drying in the diet could be applied --> then onto surgery, vomiting (maybe barley-gruel?) --> doctors would not need to use magic spells if they only understood diaita

Answer 4

similar to a plant: must have the correct characteristics and circumstances (talent, teaching, and environment in which to learn) --> exclusionary; preservation of medicine as a techne, only for the few

Answer 5

Asia (actually the Middle East, approx. Turkey/Iran): problem is in not experiencing enough variation, so not building toughness / resilience --> people have no presuffering, no war-like qualities; more likely to be subjugated to a monarchy

Answer 6

phrenitis, causus fever, pleurisy, and pneumonia

Answer 7

themes: religion, medical education, behavioral guidelines --> swear by gods to always use "powers of healing" as best as possible --> medical teaching must be free, but only given to sons of your teacher, yourself, or other initiates

Answer 8

c. 4th - 6th century CE

Answer 9

basis of ancient magic; Greek, "things are experienced together" --> experience of something in microcosm reflects to macrocosm --> manipulation of small to treat large (e.g. voodoo dolls)

Answer 10

--> quickest, most efficient way to relieve excess humors is through bloodletting, usually until unconsciousness --> vessels were "phlebes" (tubes), through which substances slowly oozed four pairs of phlebes, moving downwards from head: 1. head --> feet 2. head --> penis --> feet 3. head --> lungs 4. head --> arms --> hands blood created by consumption of food, conversion in liver; circulated, then absorbed at the end of the canal --> one model among many, probably as part of competition; shows significance of understanding flow

Answer 11

disease with a "quick crisis"

Answer 12

vital energy inside of a person, which escapes upon death --> emotive and psychic power; not quite "soul", but animating force

Answer 13

barley-gruel used to ease patient between stages of regimen change --> could be thick or thin, somewhere between a drink and a food --> both cooling and thirst-quenching, although could soak up too much moisture if taken in excess --> might increase sputum because of density; could cause "cold feet" (death)

Answer 14

Presocratic; everything is made of atoms (Gr., "uncuttable things")

Answer 15

although medicine was not respected, diaita was in high fashion --> emphasis on individual --> social empowerment: one can heal oneself through understanding diaita --> possibility of avoiding doctors, medicine entirely if optimal diaita maintained

Answer 16

calm, forgetful

Answer 17

difficult to estimate, but known to be short (~28 years) --> attributed to high infant mortality rates (~30%)

Answer 18

helped expand anatomical knowledge 1. purify in water with dissolved natron (crystallized chemical) 2. remove brain, fill skull with sawdust / dust / resin 3. incision in lower stomach; remove all organs, except for heart 4. stuff body to absorb moisture 5. soak body in natron for ~40 days 6. put body in resin, bandages; body will have shrunk to ~45% of original size

Answer 19

Gr., "change"; specifically those external --> harmful if in excess in either direction --> fits with other contemporary texts (e.g. political change - too fast would be harmful)

Answer 20

1. take only one meal 2. go without baths 3. sleep on a hard bed (make the body harder) 4. wear fewer clothes

Answer 21

Gr., "epilepsy"; focus point of "The Sacred Disease" --> different from our modern perception of the disease --> literally "attack", from the verb "to grab hold of"; being seized by some god or demon --> any medical condition where one may lose consciousness (seizure)

Answer 22

Euryphon: to Cnidus was Hippocrates was to Cos --> all writings from Cnidan school have been lost, and only Coan refutes remain --> in "Regimen for Acute Diseases", it seems that doctors in Cnidus were more collaborative

Answer 23

excess of phlegm: quiet, sad, depression (melancholy) excess of bile: manic, anger, volume excess of blood: nightmares, bloodshot eyes

Answer 24

healthy if fresh, not healthy if still

Answer 25

text considering how epilepsy, the "sacred disease", was actually of natural origin (like all others)

Answer 26

1. "molding the body", like a sculptor, to the desired appearance, such as through regime and athletics 2. "pre-suffering", or no-pain no-gain; regime requires some unpleasantness to be balanced, and more unpleasantness if imbalance is extreme 3. "guarding" or "protecting" body from illness, like some sort of self-amulet

Answer 27

friendly, rose-tinted

Answer 28

authorship not known, but possibly also Polybus (mentions of seasonal variation, style of "speaking to public")

Answer 29

infants: naturally warm and moist, but recommendations are also warm and wet because bodies are not yet ready for rapid change women: naturally colder, wetter than men, so regimens should be prescribed accordingly --> male body treated as norm, female as either a mirror or a lacking-version

Answer 30

xanthē chloē: Gr., "yellow bile" --> hot and dry; excess in summer --> probably pus, or some other secretion

Answer 31

also called "Against the Cnidans" or "In Praise of Barley-Gruel" --> treatise written for other doctors: lots of technical language, recommendations, and mentions of organs --> rejection of ideas by Cnidans

Answer 32

Gr., "air", pron. "pah-neigh-oo-ma" --> "life function": that which gives us spirit --> cool, so helps establish balance in the warm body

Answer 33

piece of medical writing/hypothesis

Answer 34

census records; cemeteries; skeletal evidence; archaeological remains (houses, housing density); literary records, comparisons b/w cities

Answer 35

c. 5th - 4th century BCE

Answer 36

--> no government legislation means anyone can practice (bad) --> need for initiation into service and education, almost clan-like in nature

Answer 37

present-day Iraq, ~53 miles south of Baghdad --> massive impression left because of quantity of documents written on clay, many still unread

Answer 38

Gr., "law" Asks the questions: 1. What makes a good doctor? 2. What makes a good medical student? 3. How can doctors protect reputation?

Answer 39

tree under which Hippocrates taught on the island of Cos --> strips now taken, planted at medical schools to convey prestige and knowledge

Answer 40

Why seizures? --> phlegm blocks passage of pneuma to body, cutting off "life force" --> phlegm, bile, and blood mentioned, but never referred to as humors --> overcome by having natural warmth of blood dislodge, dispense the phlegm and restore balance

Answer 41

necklaces worn to protect against disease --> lamella, or thin strips of lead, would have prayers / curses / thoughts written on them --> would be wrapped and worn --> evidence of continuance in turning to magical, religious means to protect against illness

Answer 42

a skill, science, or art; a body of knowledge that is rational --> evolution of medicine as a trade, not rooted in divine intervention

Answer 43

consideration of how knowledge should be protected, because no formal regulation existed for medicine --> anyone could be a doctor; many "actors" brought scorn upon the trade

Answer 44

modern category of philosophers (really thinkers, as philosophy yet to exist) who worked before / contemporary to Socrates --> thinker was "master of universe", had to consider big questions of origin with showmanship and style --> themes: physis (Gr., "nature", pron. "phoo-sis") --> Thales, Democritus, Empedocles

Answer 45

island, known for Hippocratic school of medicine --> close to Turkey and peninsula of Cnidus

Answer 46

state in the future (what is going to happen?)

Answer 47

1. loose grouping of people, texts circulating a variety of ideas 2. process of compilation, criticism (i.e. at Library of Alexandria) 3. printing (~1500 CE, after invention of printing press)

Answer 48

south: illnesses associated with flow - asthma, diarrhea, dysentery, heavy menstruation, miscarriages, pus-related north: illness associated wtih dryness, hardness - constipation, infertility, bile-related east: temperate, spring-like, healthy west: damp, autumn-like, sickly --> exception: a disease occurring in the wrong location must be extra strong

Answer 49

excess of phlegm in the heart, lungs --> "strangulation" (same as today)

Answer 50

practice mentioned in "Regimen in Acute Diseases", used by Cnidan doctors --> milk administered at the onset of any disease --> frowned upon by Coan doctors, as it would not allow for progress of disease to be followed

Answer 51

always unhealthy --> freezing = loss of the "lightest" part of water, and melting to drink heavy water is unhealthy

Answer 52

health is found as a balance of qualities - not too hot or too cold, too fat or too skinny

Answer 53

humor: constituent substance of the body; "moisture" --> exists in many interpretations in the Corpus and beyond; this version "wins" because Galen adopts it in the 2nd century CE, bringing it into later Arabic and Western cultures --> the four humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

Answer 54

haima: Gr., "blood" --> hot and wet; excess in spring --> also used to describe the transportation method for other humors

Answer 55

Scythians: nomads in Central Asia --> too moist, too cold, and so suffering from massive infertility (men do not have enough heat) --> Samromatae: the Amazons (primarily matriarchic society, or at least one where women had power) - a group of unnatural Scythians --> men were infertile because they rode horses too often, getting vascular veins in the feet; these veins were removed by bloodletting behind the ear, which also leaked out semen

Answer 56

someone with knowledge (techne), not just opinions

Answer 57

doctors in the Iliad --> more respected, higher in hierarchy than Babylonian asû, but also had to serve as soldiers (not an independent profession) --> sons of Asclepius, the son of Apollo and healer taught by Chiron --> brothers, so medicinal knowledge was still familial

Answer 58

olive oil should be put on the clothes (before / after washing) in summer --> addition of moisture?

Answer 59

--> body as part of nature, not just divine --> health as a balance of mixtures --> timing and rhythm used to diagnose, treat, give advice --> regime (diaita) --> defense of medicine as a techne

Answer 60

massive quantity of written, physical evidence preserved --> more complex understanding than in Babylon, shown through hieroglyphs actually in shape of the body part

Answer 61

one of the only mentions of water in the Hippocratic Corpus --> default drink was wine, so why care? --> author may have been traveling to regions without constant access to wine, so had to consider "powers" of what was accessible --> "powers": hot/cold, clear/cloudy, thin/thick, soft (low mineral)/hard, odorless/smelly, fresh/salty --> sick man would need to take the principle of opposition into account when drinking (healthy could do as he pleased)

Answer 62

Babylonian, ~11th century BCE; 40 tablets containing about 3,000 phrases --> some parts diagnostic, some prognostic; sometimes written in code --> not individualized; basic guide for asû, who could only identify illness superficially (using senses, excretions) --> assumption that humans operate on same universal laws

Answer 63

mostly bread, grains (wheat), vegetables, diluted wine --> little meat (preferred to sacrifice to gods)

Answer 64

aphorism: "quotable quote", or a piece of wisdom set apart from the rest --> collection of wise sayings from doctors of the period --> Hippocratic hierarchy: change diet > medication > surgery > cauterization --> emphasis on regime, health as a balance, and the sense of timing; preferable circumstances necessary for good healing to occur --> "Life is short, science is long"

Answer 65

"Airs, Waters, Places"; Greece composed of many different areas, with many different climate conditions --> each would have its own characteristic diseases

Answer 66

recipes of natural ingredients, usually prepared by the asû or a specifically designated group of women --> not personalized --> recipes often "traveling", or found in different regions at different times - probably associated with traders and migration patterns

Answer 67

Babylonian; mix of doctor (healing powers) and exorcist (magic powers)

Answer 68

c. 3rd - 2nd century BCE

Answer 69

set of 282 laws detailing medical responsibilities --> named after King in ~1900 BCE --> malpractice: asû punished if his surgery causes harm, especially on an enslaved --> regulation of fees: protection of both asû from cheating and patients from overcharge --> responsibility taken by individual who causes an injury (respect to gods) --> early mention of veterinary medicine

Answer 70

script language of ancient Babylon --> logo/syllabic --> named for "wedge-like" incisions in tablets

Answer 71

c. 8th - 9th century BCE; author of the Iliad and Odyssey

Answer 72

Egyptian; "all comes to the heart" --> in contrast with encephalocentric cultures of the past

Answer 73

delayed onset because of malnutrition (~14/15 years) --> contributed to high infant mortality rate, as "peak" birthing years would occur later than when young women were married and socially expected to have children

Answer 74

Disease could be hereditary - a bad seed given to a bad child - or because something went wrong in the in-utero or post-birth cleansing process --> insufficient cleansing (too little) would leave behind too much phlegm --> overcleansing would leave behind too little phlegm to balance health

Answer 75

diaita was so fashionable as a concept that it received philosophical objections --> Socrates: too much focus on the body, not enough focus on the mind --> Plato: inaccessibility, socioeconomically, for some people to change their routines frequently

Answer 76

Egyptian; concept of channels in the body, used to transport substances --> non-specific: vessels, tendons, muscles, nerves, all transporting a variety of things --> example of early interest in vascular system; metu meet at the heart

Answer 77

authors are never named, and most treatises are by different people --> only one known is Polybus, of "The Nature of Man" --> some pieces, like Aphorisms, could have many authors put together --> some works display signs of being of the same author (similar style, ideas)

Answer 78

southerly wind, from Africa: "flow wind", accelerating flow in body and causing seizures northerly wind, from Europe: dry, cold, bitter, so not related to flow --> any quick change in winds could cause a seizure

Answer 79

melaina chloē: Gr., "black bile" --> cold and dry; excess in autumn --> fabricated by author, although reason is unknown; could be clotted blood? growths on body (melanoma)? "black" as representation of evil?

Answer 80

c. 9th - 8th century BCE

Answer 81

first incidence of a distinction between a mortal and non-mortal wound - sucking of wound: why? --> removal of poison --> cleansing (like dogs licking themselves) --> bloodletting, to remove excess blood --> saliva theory: idea taken from ancient Egypt, where spit had healing powers (think also, spit of Jesus) --> doctor Machaon was "a man godlike" (not fully of his own techne)

Answer 82

evidence of massive malnutrition; sponge-like appearance of tissue cavities around the eyes, caused by iron deficiency --> "eye socket sieves" --> appears in at least 85% of juveniles, 40% of males, 55% of females

Answer 83

--> lung diseases / respiratory problems (phthisis, tuberculosis) --> malaria ("bad air") --> typhoid (contaminated water, then food)

Answer 84

fluctuations in frequency of deaths depending on season --> modern day: stable --> ancient world: peak in late summer / early autumn (Sep / Oct)

Answer 85

winter: regimen should be hot and dry (wine not diluted, bread, roasted meats, few vegetables, quick walks, fewer baths) summer: regimen should be cold and wet (wine diluted, barley cake instead of bread, boiled meats, many vegetables, slow walks, many baths) spring and fall: transitional periods, so regimen should also be transitional

Answer 86

controversial debate: is it possible for Greece to not have been influenced? --> racism in lack of due credit? --> recipes probably traveled during period, spreading unintentionally --> argument against: Greeks often refused to read other languages; huge misconceptions in other writings about Babylonian culture, which they would not have made if interacting --> argument for: connectivity through trade routes must have led to some communication; stories passed through mixed families?

Answer 87

state in the present (what do you have?)

Answer 88

was Homer real, or even one person? --> Iliad, Odyssey rather compilations of generations of storytelling

Answer 89

so-called "father of medicine", also written as Hippokrates --> "Hippocrates the Asclepiad", literally 'descendent of Asclepius' (doctors would trace back ancestry) --> c. 460 - 370 BCE (Classical Athens) --> son-in-law Polybus, who is the only attributed author in Corpus --> mentioned by Plato, Aristotle as a prominent Athenian doctor --> legend: refused offer to serve as royal doctor to king of Persia, on grounds of loyalty to Greece

Answer 90

the way you live your life --> diet, regime, exercise, bathing, etc.

Answer 91

--> cheating people out of money for false services (knowledge was pure and should not cost money) --> treatments by actors were insensible, ineffectual --> theological argument: impious to suggest that a human healer could overpower the spirit of a god --> theological argument: gods were purer than human beings, so how could their spirits pollute an individual?

Answer 92

epic poem, telling story of the final year of the war between Greece and Troy (modern-day Turkey) --> origin of disease as both natural and divine ("was it a long sickness, or did Artemis of the arrows...")

Answer 93

the text is not atheist; rather, the author wants to preserve the sanctity of religion --> division between the natural and divine view of disease; division between piety and fear of the gods --> liberating text for people who fell ill: disease detached from being culturally damning

Answer 94

not the same as today - certain categories, like black vs. white, didn't exist, but stereotypes against certain ethnos (Gr., "peoples") did help determine who was better than who --> link of personality, politics to geography; more North = more civilized --> adopted to serve future eras of colonialism

Answer 95

some ingredients given "code names" to conceal identity, maintain the trade as a secret techne for its practitioners

Answer 96

similarities: idea of an "oath" (with punishment), medicine as a techne, intent for initiation, idea of secrecy differences: no mention of abortion/euthanasia/surgery, lack of religious context, no mention of chastity/purity, no hereditary knowledge, knowledge now has a cost --> religious inclusivity; generalization of "do not harm"; secrecy held to protect patient privacy, not medical knowledge as a whole

Answer 97

--> schistosomiasis: snail-fever; blood in urine, pain --> parasitic worms --> dracunculiasis: guinea-worm

Answer 98

1. What is a disease? --> How does the qualification of a disease change throughout history? --> How does the understanding of the origin of disease change throughout history? 2. Medicine as a techne 3. Nature of scientific progress --> change is not linear; ideas shift, sometimes falling out of fashion even when correct, until rediscovery

Answer 99

melancholy

Answer 100

c. 1st - 4th century CE

Answer 101

encyclopedic text by Galen during the Roman era; explains humor-related qualities of certain foods --> comment on absences in "Regimen": no theories about the relationship between the humors and food --> idea had developed in intermediary period that humors arise from food, and so that humors can be adjusted by eating different things --> example: watermelon is cooling and moist, cleansing and diuretic, but can produce "bad juices" via vomiting

Answer 102

lightest parts of water are taken up by the sun, leaving the heavy parts behind --> boiling always makes water sweeter (contrary to idea of heavy vs. light)

Answer 103

large number of tenuous, minor veins, and two major veins running through body --> vena cava: "hollow vein", transporting blood and pneuma --> flow goes upward through body; major veins hit the liver and spleen

Answer 104

~30,000 in 508 BCE; ~27,000 in 400s BCE --> citizens were only adult free males

Answer 105

"burning" bodily fever --> excess of bile

Answer 106

if outside of its related season, a disease caused by a certain humor could be because of problems with: --> the individual "manner of life" (diaita) --> the population air

Answer 107

part of income for doctors was from how illustrative their treatments would be --> healing, spells likely performative; many read as symbolic songs or chants (repetition, wordplay)

Answer 108

the doctor must understand the individual situation and the timing, location, and season in order to make a proper diagnosis

Answer 109

phlegma: Gr., "phlegm" --> cold and wet; excess in winter

Answer 110

--> authorship: possibly same as "The Sacred Disease", or someone within that intellectual circle --> written for traveling physicians (someone who needed to understand health in a geographical context)

Answer 111

breakaway group of religious doctors, maybe of some minority or "mystery religion" (worshipping some other primary god than Zeus) --> had to swear Oath to join sect, as it is similar to religious incantations --> would fit with lack of surgery, as touching blood was religiously impure --> theories in Oath fit with future religions (e.g. Christianity), so it persisted

Answer 112

"soma" (Gr., body) only applied to the dead; the living were more so a "collection of parts"

Answer 113

transcription of a lecture for a general audience, attributed to Polybus --> author clearly influenced by Empedocles, in the sense of four elements being part of nature --> arguments against single-substance theories; arguments for humoral composition and change

Answer 114

1. oral/practical knowledge (lost to time) 2. treatises (e.g. Hippocratic Corpus, Galen) 3. encyclopedias (Late Antiquity) 4. archaeological evidence (funerary monuments, surgical devices) 5. inscriptions and papyrii (tombstones, Egyptian writings)

Answer 115

a doctor must change a patient's diaita to treat them, but a change made too suddenly will introduce more health problems than it cures

Answer 116

basic Hippocratic principle of treating some illness with a regime of the opposite qualities; re-obtaining balance by introducing new factors

Answer 117

daring, bitter

Answer 118

smaller, shorter than today --> men: ~ 5'6" --> women: ~5'2"

Answer 119

ancient: you would not want to be too much of anything --> so neither too fat nor too thin