Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 211 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

G-proteins

A
  • use GTP instead of ATP
  • like on/off switches: once activated, ON state can last anywhere from 10s to minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that attaches, binds to enzyme or receptor. Neurotransmitters are ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neural integration

A

Interplay b/w excitatory and inhibitory messages coming from dif neurons to decide whether to activate next neuron or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Axoaxonic synapse

A
  • attach near axon of another neuron
  • cannot start an action potential in next neuron but will influence likeliness of nrtrm release and action potential in next neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autoreceptor

A
  • autoregulatory function
  • inhibitory metabotropic receptors
  • on every neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classical neurotransmitter

A
  • e.g. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine
  • modified amino acids
  • synthesized in axon terminal
  • dock near entry of Ca2+
  • never leave synapse (except neuromodulators)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A
  • mediate their effect through g-proteins signalling cascade
  • can have any effect on cell function which allows for more regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A
  • open ion channels
  • have direct and rapid effect by letting in dif ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neuropeptides

A
  • more than 70
  • only activate metabotropic receptors
  • made and packaged in cell body, brought down axon terminal to be released once (they don’t come back like classical nrtrms)
  • non-synaptic communication, free to diffuse around
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glutamate

A
  • excitatory, let in Na+ ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuromodulators

A
  • dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine
  • act on metabotropic receptors
  • tend to modulate cell function rather than to cause fast ESPSs or ISPSs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory, let in Cl+2 ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • neuromodulator in CNS
  • in motor neurons at, muscular junction, acts as primary neurotransmitter activating excitatory ionotropic receptors
  • cause muscle contraction
  • toxin in black widow’s venom causes massive acetylcholine release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurotransmitter clearance

A
  • through enzymatic action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neostigmine

A
  • breaks enzyme that clears acetylcholine
  • acetylcholine stays around much longer causing prolonged muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Receptor agonist

A

inceases directly or indirectly of postsynaptic receptor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Receptor antagonist

A

decreases dir or indir postsynaptic receptor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Direct vs indirect agonist/antagonist

A

direct binds to receptor vs indirect doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Psychosis

A
  • condition where difficult to tell what’s real and what’s not
  • delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech and behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Antipsychotics

A
  • direct dopamine receptors antagonist
  • block dopamine D2 receptors: an inhibitory metabotropic receptors
  • blocks receptor so more depolarisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biased agonism

A

When ligand causes metabotropic receptor to preferentially activate a certain intracellular g-protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Competitive binding

A

When ligand binds to site where nrtrm would normally bind. It competes to take the same spot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Non-competitive binding

A

When ligand binds to a different site causing receptor protein to change its behavior (e.g. shape, how well receptor matches with nrtrm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-competitive agonist

A

Fully or partially activates receptor
- can also be considered antagonist if they reduced slightly effectiveness of nrtrm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Non-competitive antagonist

A

Always “wins” over normal nrtrm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ways to influence receptor activity in psychopharmacology

A
  • giving precursor molecule that enzyme in axon terminal turn into nrtrm, acts as receptor agonist
  • antagonist can break down nrtrm-making enzyme
  • antagonist can break down nrtrm-packaging enzyme
  • can block or activate vesicular release machinery
  • through nrtrm clearance: blocking enzymatic deactivation or reuptake, sometimes even reversing nrtrm path
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ispilateral

A

on same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

superficial

A

close to surface of body

28
Q

deep

A

far away from surface of body

29
Q

brain nuclei

A

patch of neuron working on same task

30
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of neurons
- stops 5 months after conception

31
Q

Apotposis

A

programmed cell death in multicellular organisms

32
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin producing cells in CNS

33
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelin producing cells in PNS

34
Q

Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

A
  • liquid form of blood that leaks out of blood vessels
  • is collected by lymph vessels
  • carried to lymphatic system to be cleaned
  • back into blood
  • in PNS only!!
35
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Liquid brain makes from scratch by picking exactly what it needs from blood.

36
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

blood tissue that makes CSF

37
Q

Interneuron vs projection neuron

A

Synapses locally vs synapses in distal areas

38
Q

Efferent fibers/neurons

A

Outputing, bringing info away from CNS
- motor neurons

39
Q

Afferent

A

Inputing, bringing info to CNS
- sensory neurons

40
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • takes care of conscious movements and processes
  • mostly external organs
41
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • takes care of unconscious movements in processes
  • mostly internal organs
  • parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
42
Q

Dorsal

A

Superior, above

43
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior, in front

44
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior, behind

45
Q

Which part of brain are the tectum and tegmentum in?

A
  • midbrain
46
Q

Superior colliculi

A
  • part of tectum within midbrain
  • responsible for orientation body to peripheral vision
47
Q

Inferior colliculi

A
  • part of tectum in midbrain
  • responsible for orienting towards surprising sounds
48
Q

Tegmentum

A
  • part of midbrain
  • involved in coordination of complex species-typical movements, pain processing and behavioral responses to threats
49
Q

The hindbrain comprises…

A

Medulla, pons and cerebellum
- internal sensations and muscles generally processed here (autonomic)

50
Q

Area postrema

A
  • part of medulla oblongata in hindbrain
  • most caudal part of brain stem
  • initiates vomiting when unwanted substances are detected
  • blood-brain barrier noticeably weaker here
51
Q

Pons

A
  • part of hindbrain
  • relay stations b/w cerebum and cerebellum
  • cranial nerve nuclei that participate in hearing, balance, taste, facial movements and sensations of face
52
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • part of hindbrain
  • huge nuclei
  • responsible for small coordinated movements, adjustments
53
Q

What subparts is the forebrain made of?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system

54
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • part of forebrain
  • intentional movements, motivation, reinforcement learning and habits
  • inputs come from all over and meet at this one specific nuclei and come out the other side at other nuclei
55
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • in forebrain
  • bunch of nuclei with each a dif function
  • master hormone regulator because controls pituitary gland – links endocrine system to NS
  • in charge of ANS and survival-related behaviors such as aggression, sex, hunger, sleep cycles
56
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for most sensory information except smell

57
Q

Limbic system

A
  • part of forebrain
  • contains
    - hippocampus: episodic memory
    - amygdala: emotions
    - cingulate cortex: large area that connect many
    parts of limbic system
58
Q

Sucli (sulcus, plural)

A

small groove(s)

59
Q

Fissures

A

large or major grooves

60
Q

gyri

A

ridges b/w sulci or fissures

61
Q

Excitotoxic brain lesions

A
  • way to study brain damage in animals
  • injection of strong glutamate receptor agonist that will excite neuron so much it will undergo apoptosis
62
Q

Optogenetics

A
  • use of light to control neurons that have been made sensitive to light through foreign DNA introduction
63
Q

Retrograde vs anterograde labeling

A

Ways to trace neural connections, to know where neurons project to

64
Q

Allosteric modulators

A
  • have effect only when normal nrtrm is bound to receptor
  • can be positive or negative
65
Q

At rest, Chloride ions…

A
  • are more concentrated outside than in cell (always true)
  • have equal and opposite forces (won’t move if channels open)
66
Q

K+ ions are always…

A

more concentrated in than out the cell

67
Q

Na+ ions are always…

A

more concentrated out than in the cell

68
Q

Ca+ ions are always…

A

more concentrated out than in cell
- a looot more concentrated
- channels are in axon terminal

PSYC 211 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions