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BOT 121 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of plants?

A
  • Basic human needs: food, clothing, shelter, fuel and clean air
  • All are directly or indirectly provided by plants
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2
Q

What is the basic organization of life?

A

Atoms, Molecules, Cells

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3
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

One cell performs every life
function: food capture,
photosynthesis, metabolism,
reproduction, etc.

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Each cell has a specialized
function. Many similar cells
form tissues, multiple
tissues form organs.

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Don’t have membrane-bound
organelles

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have membrane-bound
organelles

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7
Q

Plants are Eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have…

A
  1. Membrane-bound organelles (compartments)
  2. Nucleus - contains the genetic material
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8
Q

Animal cells

A
  • No cell wall
  • No large vacuole
  • No chloroplasts
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9
Q

Plant Cells

A
  • Cell wall
  • Large vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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10
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Made of cellulose
  • Function: structure and protection
  • Thin, flexible primary cell wall
  • Additional thick, rigid secondary cell wall
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11
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A selectively permeable barrier that regulates the
movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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12
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Small channels that connect neighboring cells
together for the exchange of chemical signals

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13
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Control center of the
    cell
  • Stores genetic material
    (DNA)
  • Instructions for making
    different enzymes and
    other proteins
  • Bound by a double
    membrane—nuclear
    membrane
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14
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Specialized organelle where photosynthesis
    occurs
  • sunlight + water + carbon dioxide = glucose/sugar
  • Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment
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15
Q

Variegated plants

A

some cells acquire
mutations which prevent the production of
chlorophyll

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular
respiration
* Sugar and starch is
broken down into
useable energy
* Similar in structure to
chloroplasts (inner
folded membrane)

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17
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Large fluid-filled organelle
  • Occupies 90% of the
    volume in mature cells
  • Maintains cell pressure
  • Stores nutrients and breaks
    down waste products
  • Stores water soluble
    pigments called
    anthocyanins (purple and
    red color)
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18
Q

Mitosis

A
  • DNA is duplicated
  • Cell is split into two
  • Both cells are genetically identical
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19
Q

Plant tissues

A

Groups of cells that perform the same function

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20
Q

Simple Tissue Types

A
  1. Parenchyma (most common)
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
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21
Q

Three Primary Tissue Systems

A
  1. Epidermal Tissue
  2. Ground Tissue
  3. Vascular Tissue
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22
Q

Parenchyma Tissue

A
  • Living at maturity
  • Most common type of cell
    and tissue
  • Thin primary cell walls
  • Large central vacuole
  • Can take on many shapes
  • Function in photosynthesis,
    storage, and transport of
    food and water
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23
Q

Amyloplasts

A

organelles
that store starch
molecules (energy for
the cell)

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24
Q

Collenchyma Tissue

A
  • Composed of living
    cells with thickened
    primary cell walls
  • Flexible support for
    organs such as
    leaves and
    herbaceous stems
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25
Q

Sclerenchyma Tissue

A
  • Dead at maturity
  • Thick and rigid secondary
    cell walls reinforced with
    Lignin
  • Function in support and
    protection
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26
Q

Two cell types of sclerenchyma tissue

A
  1. Fibers
  2. Sclereids
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27
Q

Fibers

A
  • Elongated
    sclerenchyma cells
  • Provide structural
    rigidity and stiffening
    to leaves, stems, and
    roots
  • Abundant in wood
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28
Q

Sclereids

A
  • Sclereids (stone cells)
    form the hard tissues of
    nuts, seed coats, etc.
  • Compact shape
  • May be present
    together with thin-
    walled parenchyma
    cells.
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29
Q

Epidermal tissue

A
  • Outermost layer of cells,
    the epidermis
  • Complex
    tissue:composed of
    numerous cell types
  • Covered with a waxy
    cuticle layer to prevent
    water loss
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30
Q

Epidermal tissue cell types

A

Epidermal
cells, root hairs, Guard
cells, trichomes

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31
Q

Epidermal cells

A

Covered with a waxy cuticle to prevent water
loss

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32
Q

Trichomes

A

Leaf hairs

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33
Q

Stomata

A
  • Pores (holes) in leaves and stems where
    gas exchange occurs and water evaporates
  • When stomata are open, CO 2 enters the
    plant, water and oxygen are released
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34
Q

Ground Tissue

A
  • Present in most organs of the
    plant, between the epidermal
    tissue and vascular tissue
  • Photosynthesis, storage,
    support
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35
Q

Ground tissue types

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
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36
Q

Vascular tissue

A
  • Continuous tissue
    throughout the plant
    in which water and
    sugar are transported
  • Composed of
    numerous cell types
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37
Q

Vascular Tissue types

A
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
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38
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transports water and minerals
  • Made of tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, xylem parenchyma
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39
Q

Tracheids

A

tapered at the ends, water passes between tracheids through thin areas in the cell wall called pits

40
Q

Vessel elements

A

long tubular cells
open at both ends, arranged end to end forming vessels that function like water pipes

41
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transports sugars and other
    organic substances
  • Composed of sieve tube members, companion cells, phloem fibers, phloem parenchyma
42
Q

Sieve tube members

A

long tubular cells with sieve plates in the end walls, arranged end to end, alive but lacking a nucleus

43
Q

Companion cells

A

help sieve tube
members function

44
Q

Primary Growth

A
  • Apical Meristems
  • Form primary tissues
  • Plant increases in
    length
  • Tips of every branch
    (and in leaf axils)
  • Mitosis creates new
    tissues
45
Q

Phototropism and Auxin

A

Cell elongation results in the bending of the shoot toward the light

46
Q

Cook Pine

A
  • Native to New Caledonia
  • Grown ornamentally worldwide
  • Tree trunk leans toward the equator
    (phototropism)
47
Q

Functions of a stem

A
  • Transport – water and sugars
    through vascular tissue
  • Support - holds leaves in
    position for efficient
    photosynthesis
  • Storage– Ground tissue
    stores energy and water for
    later use
48
Q

Internal Stem Structure

A

Vascular Tissue - Conducts water,
minerals, and sugar
Pith- Stem center (storage, support)
Cortex
** Cortex** - Outer portion of ground tissue

** Epidermis** - The outer most layer of cells*

49
Q

Natural Fibers

A
  • Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
  • Grown for rope, paper,
    clothing, sailcloth
  • Strong and resistant to
    water and sea water
50
Q

The typical stem

A

The pattern of growth is
consistent as the main axis
of the plant develops:
Stem, Leaf, Bud

51
Q

Modified Stems: Stolons

A
  • Horizontal above- ground stems
  • Function:
    Vegetative Reproduction
52
Q

Modified Stems: Rhizomes

A
  • Horizontal below- ground stems
  • Function:
    Vegetative Reproduction
  • produce new individuals at nodes below ground
53
Q

Modified stems: Succulent stems

A
  • round, fleshy, water-storing stems
  • Function: Water Storage
54
Q

Modified Stems: Bulbs

A
  • underground storage stem with fleshy leaves
  • Function: water and energy storage
55
Q

Modified stems: Tuber

A
  • The swollen end of an underground stem.
  • Function: Water and
    energy storage,
    propagation from axillary
    buds (”eyes” of a potato)
56
Q

Modified Stems: Thorn

A
  • Sharp and pointed stem (often a sharp axillary bud)
  • Function - Physical protection against
    herbivores and frugivores (fruit-eaters)
57
Q

Root functions

A
  1. Anchoring plant in soil
  2. Absorption
  3. Conduction
  4. Storage
  5. Hormone Production
58
Q

Root systems: Taproot

A
  • one main root that grows downward
  • Carrots, radishes,
    turnips, and beets
    are examples
  • Most Eudicots
59
Q

Root systems: Fibrous roots

A
  • have many branch roots. No single root is more prominent
    than others.
  • Wheat and corn are examples.
  • Most Monocots (e.g. corn, wheat, rice, palms, onions)
60
Q

Roots have

A
  • a root cap that
    protects the apical
    meristem
  • no nodes
  • root hairs for H 2 O
    absorption
61
Q

Root cap

A
  • Protects the root tip
  • Produces lubricating mucigel
  • Constantly sloughed off and
    regenerated by apical
    meristem
62
Q

Root epidermis

A
  • Provides protection
  • Absorbs water and minerals from
    the soil
  • Absorption is facilitated by root
    hairs
63
Q

Examples of Monocots

A
  • Lilies
  • Orchids
  • Irises
  • Onions
  • Bananas
  • Ginger
  • Grasses
  • Agaves
64
Q

Eudicots

A
  • Roses
  • Tomatoes
  • Sunflowers
  • Poppies
  • Apples
  • Oranges
  • Avocados
65
Q

Monocots vs. Eudicots (Stem)

A
  • Monocots: vascular bundles are scattered throughout stem
  • Eudicots: vascular bundles are arranged in a ** ring** around stem
66
Q

Endodermis in roots

A
  • Ring of cells surrounding
    vascular cylinder
  • Each cell of the
    endodermis is surrounded
    by a Casparian strip
    impregnated with suberin
    and lignin
  • The Casparian strip is
    impermeable to water
    and solutes
67
Q

Casparian Strip

A
  • Substances entering or
    leaving the vascular
    cylinder must pass
    through a plasma
    membrane of the
    endodermis cells
  • Function: Regulation of
    what enters and leaves
    the vascular cylinder
  • Effectively acts like a filter
    for the root
68
Q

Pericycle

A
  • Layer of
    meristematic cells
    where lateral roots
    develop
  • Outer boundary of
    vascular tissue, just
    inside the endodermis
69
Q

Lateral Roots

A
  • emerges from the
    pericycle inside of the
    primary root
  • maintains its connection with the vascular tissue
70
Q

Root ground tissue

A
  • Greatest volume of
    most roots
  • Function: storage of
    starch
71
Q

Root Symbiosis with Bacteria

A

Plant gets nitrogen,
bacteria gets sugar from
the plant

72
Q

Root Symbiosis with Fungi

A
  • Plant provides sugar for
    fungi
  • Fungi provide water and
    nutrients with plants
73
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Roots that arise from a tissue other than the pericycle

74
Q

Prop Roots

A

Adventitious roots that stabilize the plant, like
stilts or lateral braces.

75
Q

Aerial Roots

A

Above-ground adventitious roots that absorb
water or reach the soil and function as prop roots

76
Q

Sugar Beet

A
  • Artificially selected for a
    high concentration of
    sucrose
  • Same species as chard,
    and red beets (varieties)
  • Beet sugar accounts for
    40% of the world’s sugar
    production
77
Q

Haustoria

A
  • Penetrating roots of
    parasitic plants
  • Connect to vascular tissue of
    host plant and steal water
    and nutrients
  • Mistletoes, wildflowers, etc.
78
Q

Annuals

A
  • most herbaceous plants that demonstrate only
    primary growth
  • entire life cycle takes place in one growing season.
79
Q

Biennials: two seasons, germination to seed

A
  • First season - energy storage in roots/stems
  • Second season – stored energy used to produce
    flowers and fruits
80
Q

Perennials: plants that live for several years

A
  • soft-stemmed plants that die back each
    year, re-sprout each year from underground roots/stems
  • Woody plants (shrubs and trees) that display secondary
    growth in their stems and roots
  • Monocots DO NOT display secondary growth
81
Q

What happens to perennial plants after years of growth?

A

After several years of growth, perennial plants start to form secondary tissues

82
Q

Secondary growth

A

Formation
of wood and bark
and widening of
stems and roots

83
Q

Meristem

A

where growth occurs

84
Q

Lateral meristems

A
  1. Vascular cambium
  2. Cork cambium
85
Q

Cork

A
  • Produced by the cork
    cambium, which develops
    from parenchyma cells in
    the cortex
  • Replaces the epidermis
  • Cork cells are dead and
    impregnated with suberin
    wax (waterproof)
  • Protective outer coating
  • Constantly regenerated to
    protect vascular cambium
86
Q

Coast Redwood

A
  • California’s state tree
  • Redwood lumber is
    the most
    commercially
    valuable softwood
    (gymnosperm wood)
  • Coast redwoods are
    the tallest trees on
    Earth
87
Q

What are the two state trees

A
  • Coast Redwood
  • Giant Sequoia
88
Q

The Functions of Leaves

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Regulate water loss - transpiration
  • Many specialized functions
  • Storage
  • Protection
  • Attraction
  • Propagation
  • Climbing
89
Q

Early Development of a Leaf

A

Apical meristem forms leaf primordia (immature leaves) and axillary buds during primary
growth

90
Q

Morphology of a Leaf

A
  • Blade – expanded
    portion of the leaf
  • Petiole – leaf stalk
  • Stipule – appendage
    at the base of the
    petiole
91
Q

Leaf Venation

A

Vein: vascular bundles
in the leaves

92
Q

Simple Leaves

A

The leaf blades are not divided
into separate parts (may be
deeply lobed)

93
Q

Compound Leaves

A

Leaf blades are
divided into leaflets

94
Q

Pinnately compound

A

leaflets arise from either side
of the rachi

95
Q

Palmately compound

A

leaflets diverge from the
petiole tip (no rachis)

96
Q

Rachis

A

an extension of the petiole

97
Q

Bracts

A

leaves associated with
flowers. They help attract
pollinators

BOT 121 (3 decks)

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