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KINE 3012 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis??

A

It is the relatively stable condition of ECF that results from regulatory system actions

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2
Q

What are the factors that effect homeostasis regulation?

A

Concentration of nutrients, O2/CO2, waste products, pH, water, salt, electrolytes, plasma, blood pressure and temperature.

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3
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

It’s response counteracts the initial stimuli, at the body level effecting tissue, organs and cells.

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4
Q

What is a feedforward system?

A

It is an anticipatory response, and primes the body for challenges to come/ fight or flight.

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5
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

It adds to the initial stimuli; changes that move the body away from homeostatic balance.

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6
Q

What is the job of the respiratory system?

A

To obtain O2 for cells and eliminate CO2 produced in the body.

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7
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of O2/CO2 between external environments and cells in the body.

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps of external respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation/movement of air in/out of the lungs
  2. O2/CO2 exchanged between air in alveoli and blood by diffusion
  3. blood transports O2/CO2 to lungs and tissues
  4. O2/CO2 exchanged between tissues and blood by diffusion
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9
Q

The anatomy of the respiratory system consists of:

A

The lungs, alveoli, diaphragm and ribs.

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10
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

It takes place in the alveoli sacs

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11
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Where air moves through them

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12
Q

What is the cilia’s function in the conducting zone?

A

To sense temperature and air flow, it also traps foreign particles and sends them upward.

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13
Q

What does a feedback system consist of?

A

A sensory system, a relay system and response system.

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14
Q

What does the airway consist of?

A

Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

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15
Q

Why is it important to have a thin alveolar wall?

A

To help maximize the diffusion capabilities in gas exchange.

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16
Q

What is the function of type 2 alveolar cells?

A

To secrete pulmonary surfactant which lubricates alveoli and minimizes surface friction.

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17
Q

What is the function of the pores of Kohn?

A

To allow the movement of air between alveoli.

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18
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

The diaphragm

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19
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

It flattens and pulls the thoracic cavity down and expands.

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20
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

The inspiratory muscles relax, pressure will rise compressing the lung allowing air to move out.

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21
Q

What factors challenge the diaphragm?

A

Pregnancy, Obesity and Tumors.

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22
Q

Why is the pleural sac important to the lung?

A

It helps maintains shape, holding the chest wall and lungs in place and maintains change in pressure.

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23
Q

What are the 2 pleural sacs?

A

Visceral: attaches to the outer lung
Parietal: attaches to the thoracic wall and diaphragm

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24
Q

What are the 4 different pressure considerations?

A

Atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure, pleural pressure and transpulmonary (recoil) pressure

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25
Q

Which pressure is most important for air flow in/out of lungs?

A

Alveolar pressure

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26
Q

What determines pressure?

A

Volume, temperature and number of molecules.

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27
Q

Boyle’s Law is?

A

P1V1=P2V2

28
Q

Poiseuille’s Law is?

A

F= △P/R

29
Q

What happens when P(pl) and P(a) are equal

A

The recoil pressure = 0 and theres a collapsed lung

30
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

How much effort is required to stretch or distend the lungs.

31
Q

What happens when lungs become less compliant?

A

The lungs stiffens up, more work is required to inflate/deflate the lung.

32
Q

What determines compliance?

A
  1. Highly elastic connective tissue
  2. Alveolar surface tension
33
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

A complex mixture of lipids and proteins, dispersed by water molecules in fluid lining the alveoli

34
Q

What are the benefits of surfactant?

A
  1. Reduces work of lungs
  2. Reduces recoil pressure across different alveoli
35
Q

What is law of laplace?

A

P=2T/R

36
Q

What is the formula for air resistance?

A

R=△P/F

37
Q

What are physical factors that influence air resistance?

A
  1. Transpulmonary pressure
  2. Muscus Accumulation
38
Q

What neurological factors influence air resistance?

A
  1. Parasympathetic constricts radius
  2. epinephrine dilates
  3. histamine constricts
39
Q

What does asthma affect?

A

It affects or impairs flow

40
Q

What are factors of COPD?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

41
Q

What does each disease result in?

A

Increased airway resistance and decreased air flow.

42
Q

What do restrictive diseases do?

A

They reduce lung capacity

43
Q

What are some examples of restrictive lung diseases?

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis and Neuromuscular disorders

44
Q

What is tidal volume? (VT)

A

The volume of air in/out during a single breath

45
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)

A

The forced air passed tidal volume

46
Q

What is inspiratory capacity? (IC)

A

The maximal volume that can be inspired

47
Q

What is total lung capacity? (TLC)

A

The maximal volume of air lungs can hold

47
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)

A

The air that is forced out during expiration

48
Q

What is residual volume? (RV)

A

The volume of air remaining after maximal expiration

49
Q

What is functional residual capacity? (FRC)

A

The volume of air left in lungs after a normal expiration

50
Q

What is vital capacity? (VC)

A

The maximal air expired normally after maximal inspiration

51
Q

What is FEV1?

A

The forced expiratory volume in 1 second

52
Q

How is FVC different to VC?

A

FVC is forced

53
Q

What does the FEV1/FVC ratio measure?

A

The index of flow

54
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The amount of air moved in/out of the alveoli

55
Q

What is dead space ventilation?

A

Gas that gets stuck in conducting airways that don’t make it to the alveoli

56
Q

What is the formula for ventilation with and without dead space?

A

Without: VE=(VT)(f)
With: Va=(VT-VD)(f)

57
Q

How do we know if alveolar ventilation is sufficient?

A

By looking to see if CO2/O2 levels are normal

58
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A

PaCO2=(VCO2/Va)(k)

59
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

(Pp) = Total pressure x gas fraction

60
Q

What is atmospheric air comprised of?

A

FN2 is 0.7904 79.04%
FO2 is 0.2093 20.93%
FCO2 is 0.0003 0.03%

61
Q

What is Henry’s law of gas

A

Cgas = Pgas x k

62
Q

What is ventilation adequacy?

A
  1. hyperventilation (breathing too much)
  2. hypoventilation (not breathing enough)
63
Q

When can inadequate gas exchange occur?

A
  1. The surface area for gas exchange is decreased
  2. Thickness of air and blood barrier increased
64
Q

Why does hemoglobin bind O2?

A

It is a more efficient way to transport O2

KINE 3012 (5 decks)

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