Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
seven components of intimacy
A
knowledge, caring, interdependence, mutuality, trust, commitment, responsiveness
2
Q
knowledge
A
more intimate a relationship, the more you know about each other; increase in personal disclosures; leads to greater understanding
3
Q
caring
A
intimate partners feel more affection for each other than for other people; mutual affection and support
4
Q
interdependence
A
the extent to which partners need and influence each other; intimate life events in one partner will affect the life of the other partner
5
Q
mutuality
A
the more intimate a relationship, the more those partners view themselves as a couple and one unit
6
Q
trust
A
intimate partners expect each other to be fair and care for each other
7
Q
commitment
A
behavior changes when people are committed in a relationship; behavior to keep that couple together
8
Q
the need to belong
A
a powerful drive to establish intimate connections to others
9
Q
intimacy…
A
is a basic part of human nature; people suffer both mentally and physically when they lack intimacy; may have been evolutionarily adaptive
10
Q
environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)
A
a conceptual environment to which a species is adapted where adaptive traits emerged and to which adaptive traits are best suited
11
Q
building blocks of relationships
A
culture, experience, individual differences, human nature, interaction
12
Q
the longer people cohabit…
A
the less enthusiastic about marriage they become and the less likely they are to ever marry
13
Q
technoference
A
frequent interruptions of interactions that are caused by technological devices; less eye contact
14
Q
phubbing
A
occurs when one partner ignores another by focusing on a phone
15
Q
sex ration
A
number of men / number of women
16
Q
cultures with high sex ratio…
A
too few women; tend to support traditional roles and to be sexually conservative
17
Q
culture with low sex ratio…
A
too few men; tend to be less traditional and more permissive
18
Q
attachment styles
A
learned orientations towards relationships with others
19
Q
secure attachment
A
trusting and relaxed
20
Q
anxious-ambivalent attachment
A
nervous and clingy; caregivers were unreliable; child was never sure when they would be there
21
Q
avoidant attachment
A
suspicious and withdrawn; parents who were cold and indifference; pushed them to independence early on
22
Q
kinds of individual differences
A
sex differences, gender differences, personalities, self-esteem, sexual orientation
23
Q
sexual orientation
A
comprised of identities, attractions, and behaviors; processes of close relationships are very similar in heterosexual and homosexual couples
24
Q
sex differences
A
biological and physical distinctions between men and women; hormones, sex drives, sexual reproduction
25
gender differences
differences that result from teaching, training, and upbringing; gender roles
26
gender roles
the patterns of behavior that our culture expects from "normal" men and women
27
"masculine" traits are instrumental traits
gets things done; agency; physical
- assertiveness, self-reliance, ambition, leadership, decisiveness
28
feminine traits are expressive traits
emotional, nurturing, caring
- warmth, tenderness, compassion, kindness, sensitivity to others
29
androgynous
both assertive and warm and sensitive and self-reliant; have both "masculine" and "feminine" traits
30
the big five personality traits
extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness
31
when people have low self-esteem
they underestimate their partner's love for them, are less optimistic their loves will last, perceive disregard where none exists, respond less constructively to conflict
32
natural selection
adaptation to changing local environments
33
three assumptions of evolutionary psychology
- natural selection and sexual selection has sculpted our species
- men and women differ only to the extent they have faced different reproductive dilemmas (parental investment and paternity uncertainty)
- cultures determine whether certain behaviors are adaptive and cultures change faster than human nature does
34
natural selection
adaptation to changing local environments
35
parental investment
men and women differ enormously in the minimum time and effort they have to invest in each child they produce
36
paternity uncertainty
men, but not women, may face doubts about whether o not a particular child is theirs
37
Darwinian Engine Room based on 3 indispensable features
- variation in traits across individuals in species
- inheritance (reliable) or individual characteristics by offspring
- selection by physical and social environment determining survival
38
combination of all three factors of Darwinian Engine Room...
leads to more reproductive success for individuals that are well adapted to the environment, the evolution of complex organs, or behavioral repertoires, and eventually new species evolving under certain conditions
39
biosocial model contributes to social influences
- social learning and social roles
- accumulation of culture
- biological processes and physical endowments
- psychological mechanisms
- patriarchy can be explained by biosocial influences
40
the influence of interaction
relationships emerge from the combinations of the partners' experiences and talents and are often much more than the sum of those parts
41
the dark side of intimacy
intimacy is sometimes costly; distress and displeasure sometimes result from our dealings from others
42
Aristotle
find documentation by Aristotle about the concerns people held about relationships; first to regard humans as social animals; three types of friendships based on utility, pleasure, or virtue
43
ancient Rome and marriage
- during prosperous times, women acquire more rights
- business-like pragmatics involved in most Roman marriages
- low sex ratio
- sex was considered a natural process and need like hunger
- cuckold --> a man whose wife is unfaithful; brought the man great shame because it showed that he has lost control over the relationship
44
Kama Sutra
ancient Indian text written about love; one of the first books devoted to love; discusses relationship and sex; provides advice
45
Medieval Europe - an era of dichotomies
began to depict sex in extreme ways because it was beginning to be seen as sinful
46
research of various types of intimate relationships today
- frequently in their natural settings
- often over long periods of time
- in diverse samples of people
- studying both the rewards and cost of intimacy
47
questions researchers ask emerge from various sources
- personal experience
- social problems
- previous research
- theories
48
descriptive studies
- come before the basic research
- cannot make conclusions
- tells the researcher what variables they should use in further research
49
convenience sample
participants who are readily available and consent to participating
50
representative sample
participants selected based on how they resemble the entire population of people who are of interest
51
correlational designs
two events are associated; does not show causation
52
experimental designs
manipulate independent variable to determine level of dependent variable; delineate causal connections
53
quasi-experimental
random sample is not possible; certain variables that cannot be manipulated (subject variables)
54
subject variables
variable that characterizes pre-existing differences among study participants
55
developmental designs
cross-sectional designs, longitudinal designs, retrospective designs
56
cross-sectional designs
compares different groups of people who are in different stages/ages of the developmental process; difficult to draw conclusions because the groups are fundamentally different
57
longitudinal designs
study the same group of people over a long period of time; have repeated measurements across that period of time; issue with attrition rate
58
attrition rate
some participants do not come back
59
retrospective designs
interview participants about their past experiences; issue with how memory is faulty and can be influenced by mood
60
laboratories as a setting for studies
fewer change of outside variables impacting the study; issue: can illicit unnatural behavior
61
natural environments or field studies as a setting for studies
observe natural behavior; issue with how other variables could interfere
62
immersive virtual environments (IVEs) as a setting for studies
structured situations or unstructured situations
63
self-reports
surveys or interviews; risk of social desirability bias
64
social desirability bias
people may be reluctant to report anything that makes them look bad
65
types of data collected
self-reports, couples' reports, observations, ecological momentary assessment, physiological measures, archival materials
66
ecological momentary assessment
intermittent, short periods of observation to capture samples of behavior in real time as they actually occur; risk of reactivity
67
reactivity
people may change their behavior when they know they are being observed
68
standard convention
if 5 or fewer times in 100 possible outcomes, results are "statistically significant" but does not provide absolute certainty
69
data obtained in relationship studies can present unique complexities
- paired, interdependent data
- different levels of analysis
- three sources of influence
70
meta-analyses
studies that statistically combine the results from prior studies to identify the themes they contain
71
Sigmund Freud
thought people acted on life instincts and drives; unconscious motivations; theory of psychosexual development; theories based on opinion
72
John Watson
considered the father of American behaviorism; Little Albert experiment
73
B. F. Skinner
operant conditioning; believed we are solely shaped by environmental conditioners
74
Konrad Lorenz
imprinting is the primary formation of social bonds in infant animals; influenced attachment theory
75
Nikolas Tinbergen
behavior based on the principles of human ethology; influenced attachment theory
76
human ethology
the study of human behavior based on both biological and social sciences
77
John Bowlby
developed attachment theory; wrote about it in three volumes; argued that mother-child attachment develops on an evolutionary basis; proposed that a mother serves as a secure base for the infant; based on observations in hospitals and orphanages
78
components of attachment
proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base, separation distress
79
Harry F. Harlow
experiment with Rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers; observed that young offspring in all primate species show a set order of reactions when separated from their caregiver: protest, despair, detachment
80
normative features of attachment theory
mother-infant synchrony, proximity seeking, four phases of development
81
mother-infant synchrony
- mothers interact with their babies about 1 foot from their faces, which is the optimal distance for infants to see faces clearly
- mothers encourage eye contact and smiling
- mothers exaggerate their facial expressions, use baby talk, and play coordinated games relying on turn taking
82
proximity seeking
- signaling behaviors like cooing and smiling back at caregiver
- aversive behaviors like crying that are designed to be irritating so the caregiver picks them up
- active behaviors
- contact maintenance and proximity seeking
83
four phases of development
- birth to 2-3 months: no strong preferences for single caregiver
- from 2-3 months to 7 months: caregiver preferences established
- from 7 months to 3 years: internal working models develop and three main functions of attachment emerge in behavior (proximity maintenance, safe haven, and secure base)
- from 3 years on: goal directed partnerships are forged --> theory of mind, coordination skills, language develops, desire for physical proximity replaced by psychological proximity, early adolescence primary functions of attachment are gradually transferred to peers and romantic partners
84
Mary Ainsworth
found three types of attachment, "strange situation" assessment
85
Ainsworth's "strange situation" assessment
- parent and child are alone in a room
- child explores the room without parental participation
- stranger enters the room, talks to the parent, and approaches the child
- parent quietly leaves the room
- parent then returns and comforts the child
86
three primary attachment patterns when mothers leave
- secure children become upset, approach mothers when they return, calm down quickly, and resume exploration
- avoidant children remain calm and ignore their mothers when they return
- anxious children continue their distress when mothers return and mix being clingy with outbursts of anger
87
parenting for the three attachment styles
- secure children tend to have sensitive, warm, consistent parenting
- avoidant children tend to have cold parents who dislike body contact and may be physically or psychologically punitive
- anxious children tend to have parents who respond erratically to signs of distress and may be neglectful or under-involved
88
adult attachment styles
- secure: comfortable in relationships, able to seek support form partner
- avoidant: greater sense of autonomy, tend to cut themselves off emotionally from partner
- anxious: fear rejection from partner, strong desire to maintain closeness
89
four attachment styles emerge, in part, from different global judgments of oneself and others
positive or negative view of other compared to positive or negative view of self; results in secure, dismissing, preoccupied, or fearful
90
environmental risk model
if the environment is both harsh and unpredictable, this produces a fast reproductive strategy
- less time to nurture a warm relationship
- from an evolutionary perspective, earlier reproduction is more optimal
91
intimacy increases when people believe that their partners understand, respect, and appreciate them
responsive to their needs and concerned for their welfare
92
reduce these characteristics of intimate relationships when harm occurs by partner
oppenness and interdependence
93
qualities that make close ties tolerable
caring, trust, responsiveness
94
sources of change in cultural norms
- economic influences
- individualism has become more pronounced --> support of self-expression and the emphasis on personal fulfillment
- new technology (reproductive and communication)
- relative number of young men and women in a given culture
95
Bartholomew's four general categories of attachment style
secure, preoccupied, fearful, dismissing
96
preoccupied attachment
people who nervously depend on others' approval to feel good about themselves thus they are worried about and preoccupied with the status of their relationships
97
fearful attachment
avoid intimacy with others because of their fears of rejection
98
dismissing attachment
feels that intimacy with others isn't worth the trouble
99
two broad themes underlie and distinguish Bartholomew's four styles of attachment
- people differ in their avoidance of intimacy
- people differ in their anxiety about abandonment
100
avoidance of intimacy
affects the ease and trust with which one accepts interdependent intimacy with others
101
anxiety about abandonment
the dread that others will find one unworthy and leave them
102
sex differences between men and women are presumed...
to be large, but this is not true
103
explosion of studies on relationship science in the...
1960s and 1970s
104
benefits of self-reports
- allow researchers to "get inside people's heads" and understand personal points of view that may not be apparent to outside observers
- inexpensive
- easy to obtain
105
potential problems with self-reports
- participants' interpretations of the questions
- difficulties in recall or awareness
- bias in participants' reports
106
statistically significant
calculation of how likely it is that the results could have occurred by chance
107
open science
research materials and data are shared with other scientists who wish to replicate one's work
108
paired, interdependent data
most statistical procedures assume that the scores of different participants are independent of each other, but this is not true when both members of a couple are involved; responses often interdependent
109
three sources of influence on relationship studies
relationship researchers often encounter phenomena that result from the combination of two individual partners and the idiosyncratic partnership they share (three influences)
