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Medical Microbiology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the staining procedure for gram negative and gram positive bacteria

A

Purple dye, apply iodine, alcohol wash, and then safranin

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2
Q

What is the staining procedure for acid wash bacteria

A

Carbol-fuschin stain, destain with hydrochloric acid, and counterstain with methylene blue

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3
Q

What color should you expect for gram positive bacteria

A

Purple

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4
Q

What color should you expect for acid fast bacteria

A

Red

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5
Q

Koch’s original postulates

A

Must be present in diseased tissue and absent in healthy ones, needs to be cultured, need to cause original symptoms when recultured, and it must be the same microbe.

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6
Q

What are some difficulties with Koch’s original postulates

A

Ethnic concerns, may not be able to be cultured, and may be caused by complexes of microbial communities.

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7
Q

What is the function and location of the simple squamous epithelium

A

air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

diffusion, filtration, and lubicration.

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8
Q

simple cuboidal equilibrium
function/location

A

kidney tubules and small glands
secretes and absorbs

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9
Q

simple columnar equilibrium

A

bronchi, uterus, uterine tubes, digestive tract, and bladder
absorbs and secretes

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10
Q

What cells secrete mucus

A

goblet cells of the mucosa

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11
Q

What is the mucosa composed of

A

basal lamina, lamina propera, and epithelial cells

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12
Q

What produces T cells

A

the Thymus

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13
Q

What are sites for T and B cell activation

A

spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

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14
Q

Special class of cells that eliminate microbes

A

effector cells

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15
Q

What is the time span of innate immunity

A

0-96 hours

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16
Q

what is the precursor to macrophages

A

monocytes

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17
Q

How is the non-oxidative pathway for phagosomes activated

A

at a low ph, mediated by an atpase pump

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18
Q

How do neutrinophils trap cells

A

they breakdown their nucleus and dna and use it as a net

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19
Q

which type of receptors interact with viral pamps

A

RLR

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20
Q

NLR interacts with what type of cells

A

bacteria cells

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21
Q

What is the method of activation for the complement

A

proteolytic cleavage

22
Q

what are the functions of the complement

A

opsionization, membrane attack, and cytokine assistance.

23
Q

what produces antibodies in the body

A

B cells

24
Q

what holds the antibody chains together

A

disulfide

25
Q

what is the structure and function of the FAB domain

A

binds antigens and has one constant and one variable region

26
Q

what changes as antibody isotype changes

A

the constant region of the heavy chain

27
Q

what does every antibody start off as

A

the M type

28
Q

dominant serum antibody

A

IgG

29
Q

which antibody can crosslink to trap foreign components in the mucus

A

IgA

30
Q

which antibodies strongly neutralize antigens

A

IgA and IgG

31
Q

which antibodies weakly neutralize antigens

A

igM

32
Q

what is the most potent activator for the complement

A

igM

33
Q

which antibodies activate the complement

A

igM and IgG

34
Q

which antibodies are responsible for opsonization

A

IgG and IgM

35
Q

special features of bacteria biofilms

A

high water retention, protection, horizontal genetic transfer, sharing of nutrients, that is all held together by a polysaccharide “glue”

35
Q

which toll like receptor recognizes flagella

A

TLR 5

36
Q

which bacterial trait is highly conserved amongst different species

A

flagella

37
Q

Peritrichous flagella serves the purpose of

A

aiding navigation in highly viscous environments.

38
Q

lophotrichous flagella serves the purpose of

A

helping navigation in liquid mediums

39
Q

what are some special traits of bacterial encapsulation

A

preventing phagocytosis, hide from toll like receptor detection, protection against desiccation, prevent humoral binding,

40
Q

What are the primary stimuli in bacteria that induce movement

A

phototaxis, oxygen, magnetic field, and chemical

41
Q

What does il6 do

A

stimulate the liver to produce acute phase proteins

42
Q

what does tnf-a do

A

increase muscle cell metabolism

43
Q

which cytokine actives nk cells

A

il-12

44
Q

what does tlr 1 detect and where

A

plasma mebrane and bacteria

45
Q

what does tlr 3 detect and where

A

virus and endolysome

46
Q

what does tlr 7 detect and where

A

bacteria/virus and edolysome

47
Q

what are the activation pathways for the complement

A

mannose lectin binding, antibody cross linking, and serum c3

48
Q

what are the main bacterial points of entry

A

urogenital, skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory points

49
Q
A
50
Q
A

Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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