Midterm 1

Question 1

What is the staining procedure for gram negative and gram positive bacteria

Answer 1

Purple dye, apply iodine, alcohol wash, and then safranin

Question 2

What is the staining procedure for acid wash bacteria

Answer 2

Carbol-fuschin stain, destain with hydrochloric acid, and counterstain with methylene blue

Question 3

What color should you expect for gram positive bacteria

Answer 3

Purple

Question 4

What color should you expect for acid fast bacteria

Answer 4

Red

Question 5

Koch’s original postulates

Answer 5

Must be present in diseased tissue and absent in healthy ones, needs to be cultured, need to cause original symptoms when recultured, and it must be the same microbe.

Question 6

What are some difficulties with Koch’s original postulates

Answer 6

Ethnic concerns, may not be able to be cultured, and may be caused by complexes of microbial communities.

Question 7

What is the function and location of the simple squamous epithelium

Answer 7

air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

diffusion, filtration, and lubicration.

Question 8

simple cuboidal equilibrium
function/location

Answer 8

kidney tubules and small glands
secretes and absorbs

Question 9

simple columnar equilibrium

Answer 9

bronchi, uterus, uterine tubes, digestive tract, and bladder
absorbs and secretes

Question 10

What cells secrete mucus

Answer 10

goblet cells of the mucosa

Question 11

What is the mucosa composed of

Answer 11

basal lamina, lamina propera, and epithelial cells

Question 12

What produces T cells

Answer 12

the Thymus

Question 13

What are sites for T and B cell activation

Answer 13

spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

Question 14

Special class of cells that eliminate microbes

Answer 14

effector cells

Question 15

What is the time span of innate immunity

Answer 15

0-96 hours

Question 16

what is the precursor to macrophages

Answer 16

monocytes

Question 17

How is the non-oxidative pathway for phagosomes activated

Answer 17

at a low ph, mediated by an atpase pump

Question 18

How do neutrinophils trap cells

Answer 18

they breakdown their nucleus and dna and use it as a net

Question 19

which type of receptors interact with viral pamps

Answer 19

RLR

Question 20

NLR interacts with what type of cells

Answer 20

bacteria cells

Question 21

What is the method of activation for the complement

Answer 21

proteolytic cleavage

Question 22

what are the functions of the complement

Answer 22

opsionization, membrane attack, and cytokine assistance.

Question 23

what produces antibodies in the body

Answer 23

B cells

Question 24

what holds the antibody chains together

Answer 24

disulfide

Question 25

what is the structure and function of the FAB domain

Answer 25

binds antigens and has one constant and one variable region

Question 26

what changes as antibody isotype changes

Answer 26

the constant region of the heavy chain

Question 27

what does every antibody start off as

Answer 27

the M type

Question 28

dominant serum antibody

Answer 28

IgG

Question 29

which antibody can crosslink to trap foreign components in the mucus

Answer 29

IgA

Question 30

which antibodies strongly neutralize antigens

Answer 30

IgA and IgG

Question 31

which antibodies weakly neutralize antigens

Answer 31

igM

Question 32

what is the most potent activator for the complement

Answer 32

igM

Question 33

which antibodies activate the complement

Answer 33

igM and IgG

Question 34

which antibodies are responsible for opsonization

Answer 34

IgG and IgM

Question 35

special features of bacteria biofilms

Answer 35

high water retention, protection, horizontal genetic transfer, sharing of nutrients, that is all held together by a polysaccharide "glue"

Question 35

which toll like receptor recognizes flagella

Answer 35

TLR 5

Question 36

which bacterial trait is highly conserved amongst different species

Answer 36

flagella

Question 37

Peritrichous flagella serves the purpose of

Answer 37

aiding navigation in highly viscous environments.

Question 38

lophotrichous flagella serves the purpose of

Answer 38

helping navigation in liquid mediums

Question 39

what are some special traits of bacterial encapsulation

Answer 39

preventing phagocytosis, hide from toll like receptor detection, protection against desiccation, prevent humoral binding,

Question 40

What are the primary stimuli in bacteria that induce movement

Answer 40

phototaxis, oxygen, magnetic field, and chemical

Question 41

What does il6 do

Answer 41

stimulate the liver to produce acute phase proteins

Question 42

what does tnf-a do

Answer 42

increase muscle cell metabolism

Question 43

which cytokine actives nk cells

Answer 43

il-12

Question 44

what does tlr 1 detect and where

Answer 44

plasma mebrane and bacteria

Question 45

what does tlr 3 detect and where

Answer 45

virus and endolysome

Question 46

what does tlr 7 detect and where

Answer 46

bacteria/virus and edolysome

Question 47

what are the activation pathways for the complement

Answer 47

mannose lectin binding, antibody cross linking, and serum c3

Question 48

what are the main bacterial points of entry

Answer 48

urogenital, skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory points