FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of bacteria is yersinia pestis (gram negative or positive)
A
negative
2
Q
form of plague associated with inflamed lymph nodes that cause buboes to form
A
bubonic
3
Q
form of plague that causes skin hemorrhages and is associated with the black death
A
septacemic
4
Q
form of plague that is associated with infection of the lungs
A
pneumonic
5
Q
what is the difference between primary pneumonic and secondary pneumonic plague
A
primary is spread through aerosol droplets
secondary comes from other tissues
6
Q
is there a vaccine available for the black plague
A
nah
7
Q
the wild cycle of black plague transmission
A
Sylvatic
8
Q
what mechanism of the black plague causes fleas to bite more
A
yersinia pestis forms a biofilm within the stomach of fleas causing them to feel “hungrier” and thus bite more.
9
Q
what are the three cycles of bp transmission
A
sylvatic, urban and human
10
Q
what kind of secretion does the yersinia pestis use
A
type 3
11
Q
what kind of staining do you use for TB
A
acid fast
12
Q
which virus is TB closely associated with
A
HIV
13
Q
testing method of TB where size of bumps is diagnostic marker
A
mantoux test/ppd
14
Q
What are the two stages of TB
A
latent and active
15
Q
which bacteria type has many of its important virulence factors encoded in plasmids
A
y. pestis
16
Q
where does TB infection begin
A
pulmonary alveoli
17
Q
what are the three primary mechanisms TB uses to persist
A
blocking of cytokine signaling, blocking of phagosome maturation, and counteracting ROS
18
Q
what state does mtb often go into inside of a granuloma
A
a dormant state. within this state drugs and host antimicrobial strategies are less effective
18
Q
necrotic vs apoptotic macrophages (which is better for spreading bacteria)
A
necrotic. When they die the contents of that cell are released into the extracellular environment
19
Q
inside the granuloma, what can the mtb use for an energy source
A
lipids from dead cell membranes
20
Q
what are the components of a granuloma
A
epithelioid cells, multinucleated cells, foam cells, innate/adaptive cell types, and epithelial cells. Each of these contain few to no bacteria.
21
Q
what are the three stages of granulomas
A
solid, necrotic, and caseating
21
Q
in which stage of granuloma does tb exist as dormant
A
solid
22
Q
what is the transition state between solid and caseating granulomas (TB is now active again)
A
necrotic
23
in which stage of the granuloma does it lose it's rigidity due to decay at the center
caseating
24
does BCG prevent TB infection
no
25
what does BCG often cause in TB tests
false positives
26
what are the main modern gen vaccines used
live mycobacteria, subunit vaccines, naked dna and viral vectored, and double stranded rna capsules
27
TB is known for requiring what type of treatment
a cocktail of drugs
28
what class of bacteria is vibrio spp
gram negative
28
where is cholera typically found
in water or food sources that have been contaminated with feces from a person with cholera
29
what is vital for cholera to survive in water
biofilm
30
are there any known animal hosts for cholera
no, but technically they attach very easily to animals with high amounts of chitin in their shell
31
can antibiotics remove the effects of cholera?
no but they are effective in shortening the symptoms
32
true/false: all forms of cholera are pathogenic
no, there are two main types that make people sick
33
what kind of toxin is the cholera toxin
A-B translocation/type 3
34
what are the main targets of antibiotics
inhib of cell mebrane synthesis, protein translation, disruption of membrane, inhib of nucleic acid synth, disruption of bacterial dna, and inhibition of enzymes in dna replication
35
what are the resistance mechs of bacterial to antibiotics
limiting access of ab, enzymatic inactivation, modification of ab targets and failure to activate antibiotics
36
how are ab resistant genes regulated
repressors, translational attenuation, activators, and insertion/promoter mutations
37
mutations of ___ decrease diffusion of antibiotics into the cell
porins
38
which virus is near erradication
polio virus
39
smallpox is ___
erradicated
40
what did hershey and chase yield from their experiment
DNA is the molecule that mediates heredity. They found the irradiated DNA inside host cells but not the marked protein.
41
what is variolation
direct use of tissue from infected organism to introduce virus into immune system
42
which virus type requires RNADP ( brings its own RNADP)
negative rna type
43
which virus is similar and can be translated directly to a protein
positive rna type
44
how many dna families have envelopes
three
44
which rna strand type is associated with being enveloped
single strand type
45
not all + rna is mrna
true
45
Viral genomes must make mRNA that can be read by
host ribozyme true/false
true
46
what envelops negative strand rna viruses
helical nucleocapsids
47
what is encoded by the viral genome
rep of viral genome, assembly and packaging of the genome, reg and tim of rep cycle, modulation of host defenses, and spread to other cells and hosts
48
what is not encoded by the viral genome
ribozyme, trna, membrane and energy production
49
what kind of replication for HPV 16
roling circle
50
what kind of replication for HSV
linear
51
what are the four main driving effects of viral evolution
large number of progeny, large number of mutants, quasi effects, and selection
52
quasi species theory
Viral infections are initiated a population of particles, not a single virus, The large number of progeny produced are complex products of
selective forces inside the host, and The survivors that can re-infect a new host reflect the selective
forces outside the host
53
is there a vaccine for measles
yes, created in 1963 and quite effective
54
is there a vaccine for Ebola
not yet it is current under development
55
what determines cell tropism
cell receptors for a virus, cell transcription factors that recognize virus promoters, ability of the cell to support viral replication, and physical barriers
56
what are the 2 types of chronic persistent infections
true latency and persistence
57
characteristics of a "persistent virus"
replicates constantly at a low level
58
characteristics of a true latent virus
ceases replication after initial primary infection
59
Rapid onset of disease symptoms result in eradication of the virus or death of the infected animal
acute infection
59
what are the basic steps in the viral life
1. absorption, penetration, uncoating, synth of viral nucleic acid and protein, assembly, and release
60
what are the three pathways of persistent infection
integration into host genome, sporadic release but latent most of the time, and virus is constantly released without lysis of host cell membrane
61
how is viral absorption affected by temperature
it is not affected, it acts independent of temp
62
How do enveloped viruses enter the cell
fusion with the cell membrane through endosomes
63
what is enveloped virus entry dependent upon
mediated by PH
64
when does the eclipse phase of viral replication end?
it ends when the first viral particle is formed.
65
where does protein synthesis occur for viral replication
in the cytoplasm
65
where can nucleic acids be synthesized for viral replication
in the nucleus or the cytoplasm
66
what is the transmission route for influenza a
respiratory
67
what is the transmission route for the enterovirus
faecal-oral
68
vertical transmission
transfer of virus to offspring
68
what is the transmission route for hepatitis b
blood borne
69
what is the transmission route for rabies
insects or animal vectors
70
what is horizontal transmission
from one organism to another via direct or indirect
71
what are plaque forming units
viruses that lyse cells and create holes in the monolayer of cells
71
what does virulence depend on
dose, strain, host factors, and inocculation route
72
what is the most common method used to propagate viruses
cell culturing
73
what does the MOI ratio indicate
the ratio of virons to host cells
74
what can we evaluate with MOI
the total number of cells that will be infected and the number of virons infecting each cell
75
what is a lytic infection
virus entering cell and lysing/killing the cell in the process
76
what are the innate receptors for viruses
NOD, TLR, AND RIG
77
gram staining procedure
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol wash, and then application of safranin
78
what does the clonal selection theory explain
how the immune system responds to different pathogens and develops specific immunity against different antigens
79
RIG 1 is for
viruses
80
what is a special function of TCRs
antigen recognition
81
What causes differentiation and survival of tcrs
co-stimulation via B7CD28 and cytokines
82
what do TCRs recognize
linear epitopes presented on MHC 1 and MHC 2 molecules
83
how do TCRs mature
recombination
84
what is the only cell type that does not express MHC's
red blood cells
85
what are MHC 1 molecules for
endogenous antigens
86
what are MHC 2 molecules for
exogenous antigens
87
which MHC class type Kill sinfected cells by perforin/granzyme or fas/fas-
ligand mediated cytotoxicity and restricts viral replication
MHC 1/CD8+
88
which influenza type is only infectious to humans, causes less severe illness, and causes epidemics
Type B
89
which mhc class type is required for B cell activation
MHC 2/ CD 4+
90
what are the antibody mediated forms of protection
opsonization, activation of the complement, and neutralization
91
Which influenza type is associated with more severe illness, regular epidemics, and able to cause pandemics. Also effects humans and animals
type A
92
what are the surface proteins found on the influenza virus
hemagglutin and neuraminidase
92
what kind of virus is the influensa virus
neg sense single stranded rna
93
what is the mechanism that causes seasonal influenzas
error prone RDRP>>>antigenic drift>> seasonal influenza
94
what is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift in terms of viruses
antigenic drift occurs due to point mutations in hemaglutin and neuraminidase and thus slightly different antigenic profiles. Conversely antigenic shift occurs due reassortment of genes and explosive spread that has no existing immunity
95
which antigenic type ( drift or shift) is associated with causing pandemics
shift
96
What does influenza virus bind to
salic acid
97
which surface protein binds to salic acid
HA
98
which surface protein cleaves influenza
NA
99
what regulates type 3 secretion
calcium and temp
100
Where are MH2 molecules normally found
in adaptive/innate cells
101
which influenza type is considered to be more severe
influenza type a
102
where does the influenza virus replicate
inside the nucleus
103
where does the influenza virus undergo protein synthesis
in the cytoplasm
104
when is type three secretion most active
at low calcium and around 37 degrees celsius
105
most of the plus strand rnas have a __ genomic RNA structure
single stranded
