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Motor Learning > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor learning involves the study of

A

-acquiring new motor skills
-performance enhancement
-reacquisition of skills following inquiry, disease, and the like

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2
Q

Motor control involves the study of

A

How the neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the mm and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill
-while learning a new skill
-while performing a well learned skill

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3
Q

Motor dev involves study of

A

Motor behaviour and human development throughout lifespan

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4
Q

Three influences on how we perform a motor skill

A
  1. The person
  2. The skill
  3. Performance environment
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5
Q

What are skills

A

Tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve
-require voluntary control over movements of joints and body segments

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6
Q

What are actions

A

Term used synonymously termed motor skills

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7
Q

Characteristics of skills and actions

A
  1. There’s a goal to achieve
  2. Types of motor skills of interest are performed voluntarily
  3. Motor skills require movement of joints and body segments to accomplish task goals
  4. Skills need to be learned or relearned
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8
Q

What are movements

A

Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments

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9
Q

What are neuromotor processes

A

How nervous system controls movements and actions

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10
Q

Explain why we distinguish actions, movements, and neuromotor processes

A

-ppl initially learn to achieve action goals
-ppl use movements to discover the best movement to accomplish the action goal
-ppl modify neuromotor processes by refining movement and making it more efficient
- not everyone can accomplish action goal using same movement pattern
-diff measures are used to evaluate actions, movements, and neuromotor processes

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11
Q

Why do we classify motor skills

A

-provides basis for identifying similarities and differences among skills
- helps identify demands different skills place on performer
- provides basis for developing principles related to performing and learning motor skills

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12
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Require use of large musculature to achieve goal of the skill
Ex: walk, jump

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13
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Require control of small muscles to achieve goal of skill
Ex: skills involving hand eye coordination

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14
Q

Discrete motor skills

A

Specified beginning and end points, usually require simple movement
Ex: flipping a light switch

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15
Q

Continuous motor skills

A

Arbitrary movement beginning and end points; usually involve repetitive movements
Ex: steering car

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16
Q

Serial motor skills

A

Involve continuous series of discrete movements
Ex: shifting gears in stick shift

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17
Q

Environmental context

A

Physical location in which a skill is performed
- supporting surface
- objects involved
- other ppl or animals

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18
Q

Closed motor skills

A

Stationary supporting surface, object, or other ppl/animal; performer determines when to start the action
Ex: picking up cup while sitting at table

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19
Q

Open motor skills

A

Performed in an environment that supports surfaces, objects, or other ppl or animals are in motion; environmental context in motion determines when to start the action
Ex: catching a thrown ball

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20
Q

Regulatory conditions

A

Features of environmental context to which movements must conform to achieve action goal
- regulate spatial and temporal aspects of the movement as well as forces that underlie these characteristics

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21
Q

Non regulatory conditions

A

Features of environment that have no influence or only an indirect influence on movement characteristics

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22
Q

Intertrial variability

A

variations in regulatory conditions associated w performance of a skill change or stay from one trial to next
Ex: grocery store layout

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23
Q

Stationary regulatory conditions - no intertrial variability

A

-free throws
-walking in uncluttered hall

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24
Q

Stationary regulatory conditions - intertrial variability

A
  • golf shots
  • taking several sips of water from same glass
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25
Q

In motion regulatory conditions - no intertrial variability

A
  • Hitting tennis balls projected at same speed from ball machine
  • Walking on treadmill at constant speed
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26
Q

Body stability

A

Skills that involve no change in body location during performance of skill

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27
Q

Body transport

A

Active and passive changes of body locations

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28
Q

Object manipulation

A

Maintaining and changing position of moveable objects

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29
Q

Characteristics of Gentiles taxonomy

A
  • each skill category poses different demands on performer
  • skills that demand least of the performer are the simplest; those that demand the most are complex
  • environmental context dimension and action function dimension form bases for creating 16 categories of motor skills
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30
Q

Practical application of taxonomy

A

Can be used for evaluating learners movement capabilities and limitations

-increase persons performance capabilities
-help person overcome their performance deficiencies

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31
Q

Why do we study the measurement of motor performance

A

For performance assessments

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32
Q

Two general categories of measurements

A

Performance outcome measures
Performance production measures

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33
Q

Performance outcome measures

A

Indicates outcome of motor skill
- doesn’t tell us about movements that led to outcome
- doesnt provide info about activity of various mm involved in each action or how the nervous system was involved

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34
Q

Performance production measures

A

Indicates how nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems function during performance of motor skill

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35
Q

What is reaction time

A

Measure indicating how long it takes a person to prepare and initiate movement
-stim indicates action

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36
Q

Events and time intervals of reaction time and movement time

A

Warning signal
-fore period
Go signal
-RT
Initiation of response
- movement time
Termination of response

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37
Q

RT is used to…

A

-assess how fast someone can initiate a required movement
-identify environmental context information someone uses to prepare to produce a required action
-assess capabilities of a person to anticipate required action and determine when to initiate it

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38
Q

3 types of RT sits

A

Simple RT
Choice RT
Discrimination RT

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39
Q

Premotor time

A

Quiet interval of time between onset of stimulus signal and beginning of mm activity

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40
Q

Motor time

A

Period of time from increase in mm activity until actual beginning of observable limb movement

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41
Q

Error measures

A

Allow us to evaluate performance for skills that have spatial or temporal accuracy action goals

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42
Q

3 error measures

A

Absolute error
Constant error
Variable error

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43
Q

Absolute error

A

Absolute diff between actual performance on each trial and the criterion for each trial
**see lec 2 for formula
-provides a general index of performance accuracy

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44
Q

Constant error

A

Signed plus or minus deviation from target or criterion
- serves as measure of performance bias
-lec 2 has formula

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45
Q

Variable error

A

Standard deviation of CE scores for series of repititions

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46
Q

Assessing error for two dimensions movement goals

A

Obtain qualitative assessment of bias and consistency by looking at actual grouping of locations
- when outcome of performing a skill requires accuracy in vertical and horizontal directions, the person assessing error must make modifications to the one dimension assessment method

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47
Q

Radial error

A

General accuracy measure for the two dimension situation

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48
Q

Root mean squared error

A

Commonly used error score for continuous skills

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49
Q

Kinematics

A

Description of motion without regard to force or mass; it includes displacement, velocity, and acceleration

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50
Q

Displacement

A

Change in spatial position of a limb or joint during movement

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51
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change of an objects position w respect to time
V=displacement / time

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52
Q

Acceleration

A

Change in velocity during movement
A=change in velocity / change in time

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53
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of role of force as a cause of motion
-internal external forces

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54
Q

Electromyography - EMG

A

Recording of electrical activity of muscle or group of mm
- to determine when mm begin and end activation

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55
Q

Whole mm mechanomyography

A

Detects and measures lateral displacement of muscles belly following maximal percutaneous neuromuscular stimulation

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56
Q

Near infrared spectroscopy

A

Determines level of oxygenation in muscle

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57
Q

4 measures for brain activity

A

EEG
PET
FMRI
MEG
TMS

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58
Q

Electroenceohalography EEG

A

Measures electrical activity in brain

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59
Q

Positron emission topography PET

A

Neuroimaging technique measuring blood flow in brain
- PET scan detects activated brain regions

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60
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI

A

Neuroimaging technique that measures blood flow changes by detecting blood o2 levels while someone performs a skill or activity in MRi

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61
Q

Magnetoencephalography MEG

A

Assesses magnetic fields created by neuronal activity in brain

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62
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS

A

Method in which a short burst of a field of magnetic waves is directed at a specific area of cortex
-noninvasive

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63
Q

Measuring coordination

A

Assess movement relationship between joints of limb and body segments

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64
Q

What is ability

A

General trait or capacity of a person
-enduring characteristics
-determinant of a persons achievement potential for performance of specific skills

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65
Q

What is motor ability

A

Ability that’s related to the performance of motor skill
- everyone has a variety of motor abilities

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66
Q

General motor ability hypothesis

A

Many motor abilities are highly related and can be grouped as a singular, global motor ability

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67
Q

Specificity of motor ability hypothesis

A

Many motor abilities are relatively independent in an individual

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68
Q

Static vs dynamic balance

A

Static and dynamic are two independent balance abilities
- as a motor ability, balance must be viewed as a multidimensional ability

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69
Q

External timing

A

Movement timing based on external source

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70
Q

Eternal timing example

A

Starting a sprint in track

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71
Q

Internal timing

A

Timing of movement based on someone’s internal representation of time

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72
Q

Internal timing example

A

Maintaining rhythm in dance without music

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73
Q

Fleishmans taxonomy of motor abilities

A

To define the fewest independent ability categories which might be most useful and meaningful in defining performance in the widest variety of tasks

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74
Q

Multi limb coordination

A

Ability to coordinate movements of a number of limbs simultaneously

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75
Q

Multi limb coordination example

A

Playing piano

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76
Q

Response orientation

A

Ability to make a rapid selection of controls to be moved

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77
Q

Response orientation example

A

Soccer play dribbling past a defender

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78
Q

Manual dexterity

A

Ability to make skillful arm-hand movements to manipulate large objects under speeded conditions

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79
Q

Manual dexterity example

A

Dribbling a basketball while running

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80
Q

What are aptitude tests used for

A

Predicting future performance of a motor skill or physical activity

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81
Q

What’s a neuron and what’s its size range

A

A nerve cell ranging from 4-100 microns

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82
Q

What are dendrites and their function

A

Extensions from cell body that range from none to thousands per neuron
-receive info from other neurons

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83
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

Efferent (motor)
Afferent (sensory)
Interneuron

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84
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons function

A

Send neural impulses to CNS from sensory receptors
-cell body and most of axon is in PNS; only the central process of the axon enters the CNS

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85
Q

Alpha motor neurons are found where & and what do they connect with

A

-found in spinal cord
-have long branching axons that connect directly w skeletal muscle fibers

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86
Q

Gamma motor neurons function

A

Supply a portion of skeletal muscle called intrafusal fibers

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87
Q

What are interneurons and what do they connect

A

Specialized neurons that originate and terminate in the brain or spinal cord
They connect:
-axons descending from brain and motor neurons
- axons from sensory nerves and the spinal nerves ascending to the brain

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88
Q

What four structures are most directly involved in the control of movement in the CNS

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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89
Q

What connect the L&r hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

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90
Q

Cortical neurons are either…

A

Pyramidal cells
Nonpyramidal cells

91
Q

What is the motor control theory

A

Explains how nervous system produces coordinated movement to successfully perform motor skills in multiple envrionemnts

92
Q

Essential issues important to motor control

A
  1. Meaning of coordination
  2. The degrees of freedom problem
93
Q

Definition of coordination

A

Patterning of head, body, and limb movements relative to the patterning of environment objects and events

94
Q

Two parts to consider regarding coordination

A
  1. Refers to relationship among head, body and limbs at a specific point in time during skill performance
  2. Need to consider movement coordination in relation to the context in which the skill is performed
95
Q

Degrees of freedom (df)

A

Number of independent components in a ctrl system and the number of ways each component can vary

96
Q

Degrees of freedom problem

A

Ctrl problem that occurs in the designing of a complex system that must produce a specific result

97
Q

Open loop and closed loop control systems

A

Shows different ways the CNS and PNS initiate and control action
-generates and forwards movement instructions to effectors

98
Q

Open loop system

A

Doesn’t use feedback
- instructions contain all the info needed for effectors to carry out planned movements

99
Q

Closed loop system

A

Uses feedback
-ctrl centre issues info to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
-relies on feedback to continue and terminate movement

100
Q

Two theories of motor control

A

Motor program
Dynamical systems theory

101
Q

Motor program

A

Memory based construct that controls coordinated movement

102
Q

Dynamical systems theory

A

Emphasizes role of info in the environment and mechanical properties of body and limbs

103
Q

Generalized motor program (gmp) characteristics

A

Proposed that each gmp controls a class of actions which are identified by common invariant characteristics

104
Q

GMP invariant features

A

Form basis of what is stored in memory
-characteristics that don’t vary across performances of a skill within class of actions

105
Q

GMP parameters

A

Movement related features of the performance of an action that can be varied from one performance to another

106
Q

Example of an invariant feature

A

Relative time of the components of a skill

107
Q

Example of a a parameter

A

Overall duration and the muscles used to perform a skill

108
Q

Attractors

A

Stable behavioural steady states of systems

109
Q

Characteristics of an attractor

A
  • preferred behavioural states
  • represent stable regions of operation around which behaviour typically occurs when a system is allowed to operate in its preferred manner
  • energy efficient states
110
Q

Order parameters

A

Functionally specific variables that define overall behaviour of the system
-aka collective variables
-enable a coordinated pattern of movement to be distinguished from other patterns
- relative phase is the most prominent order parameter: it shows how one joint moves relative to another

111
Q

Control parameter

A

A variable when increased or decreased will influence the stability and character of the order parameter

112
Q

Self organization

A

Behaviour that spontaneously emerges in response to a particular set of constraints

113
Q

Examples of self organization

A

Bimanual finger movement task performed in the Kelso experiments

114
Q

Coordinative structures (muscle synergies)

A

Groups of mm and joints constrained to act as functional units by the nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an action
-if perturbation stops one set of mm from working, another automatically compensates

115
Q

Example of muscle synergies

A

Speaking with a mouth full of jelly beans

116
Q

Perception action coupling

A

Inextricable linkage between info specifying body and environment and action ctrl

117
Q

Perception action coupling- perception

A

Detection and utilization of critical information for the ctrl of action

118
Q

Perception action coupling- action

A

Movement control features that are regulated and which enable the person to achieve the action goal

119
Q

Perception action coupling- example

A

When walking, the time to contact an object in your pathway determines when you initiate stepping over the object
- your stepping action is coupled with your visual perception of the approaching object

120
Q

Affordances example

A

Ratio of leg length to stair height determines whether a set of stairs is climbable

121
Q

The optimal theory of motor learning

A

A new theory of motor control and learning that focuses on three issues:
1. Conditions that enhance expectancies for future performance
2. Variables that influence learners autonomy
3. External focus of attention on the intended movement effect

122
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Are below skin surface in dermis
-provide CNS with temp, pain, and movement info
- greatest amount in finger tips

123
Q

Meissners corpuscle

A

Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, touch and pressure

124
Q

Merkel’s corpuscle

A

Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors, touch and pressure

125
Q

Free neuron ending

A

Slowly adapting, including nociceptors, itch receptors, thermoceptors, and mechanoreceptora

126
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, vibration and deep pressure

127
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Slowly adapting, mechanoreceptor, skin stretch

128
Q

Roles of tactile info in motor control

A

Accuracy
Consistency
Timing
Force adjustments

129
Q

Proprioception

A

Sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position and movement characteristics

130
Q

How does CNS receive proprioception information

A

Via Afferent sensory neural pathways that begin in specialized sensory neurons which are proprioceptors

131
Q

Where are proprioceptors located

A

Mm, tendons, ligaments, and joints

132
Q

Three primary types of proprioceptors

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon organs
  3. Joint receptors
133
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers & where are they located

A

Specialized muscle fibers that contain a capsule w both sensory receptors and muscle fibers
-lie in parallel w extrafusal muscle fibers and are attached to muscle sheath

134
Q

What do type Ia axons do

A

Wrap around middle region of intrafusal muscle fibers and detect changes in muscle length and velocity of length changes

135
Q

GTO’s (golgi tendon organs)

A

-in skeletal mm near insertion of tendons into muscle
-type Ib sensory axons detect changes in mm tension or force
-poor detectors of muscle length changes

136
Q

Joint receptors

A

-respond to changes in force and rotation applies to the joint
-respond to changes in joint movement angle esp at extreme limits of angular movement or joint positions

137
Q

Surgical deafferentation

A

Afferent neural pathways associated w movements of interest have been surgically removed or altered

138
Q

Deafferentation due to sensory neuropathy

A

Sometimes called sensory neuropathy
-large myelinated fibers of the limb are lost, leading to loss of all sensory information except pain and temp

139
Q

Proprioception in motor control- movement accuracy

A

-specific kinematic feedback provided by proprioceptors to the CNS
- feedback about limb displacement provides basis for spatial position corrections

140
Q

Proprioception in motor control- coordination of body and limb segments

A

-postural control
-spatial-temporal coupling between limbs and limb segments

141
Q

3 roles of Proprioception in motor control

A
  1. Movement accuracy
  2. Timing of onset of motor commands
  3. Coordination of body and limb segments
142
Q

The moving room experiment

A

Infants prioritized vision when touch/proprioception and vision provided conflicting info to CNS

143
Q

Result of moving room experiment

A

Infants initiated unnecessary postural adjustments and often lost balance and fell
- adults show postural compensation in the moving room

144
Q

Temporal occlusion techniques

A

-stop video recording or film at various times
-use of specially prepared visual occlusion spectacles

145
Q

Event occlusion technique

A

Involves editing film or video recordings to occlude parts of the environmental context or the performer

146
Q

Two visual systems for motor control

A

Central and peripheral

147
Q

Binocular vision

A

Provides better info for movement control than monocular vision for motor skills such as locomotion in cluttered environments and reaching and grasping objects
-provides important info to help intercept moving objects

148
Q

Central vision

A

Detects info only in the middle of 2-5 degrees of visual field

149
Q

Central vision for reaching and grasping an object

A

Contributes to controlling transport of limb to the object and grasping the object

150
Q

Central vision for walking on a pathway

A

Provides specific pathway information to stay on path and avoid obstacles

151
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Detects info beyond central vision limits
-provides info about environmental context and moving limbs

152
Q

Peripheral vision field

A

200° horizontally and 160° vertically

153
Q

Optical flow

A

Moving pattern of light rays that strikes the retina from all parts of environment when head moved through space

154
Q

Vision for perception (ventral stream)

A

-used for analysis of visual scene into form, colour, and features
-anatomically processes info from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe
-available to consciousness

155
Q

Vision for action (dorsal stream)

A

-used for detecting spatial characteristics of a scene and guiding movement
-anatomically processes info from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex
-not available to consciousness

156
Q

Perception action coupling

A

When applied to visual system, enables precise coupling between body and environment

157
Q

Sensory cortex
- loc
- function

A

Located posterior to central sulcus
-sensory info is transmitted via sensory nerves to the part of cortex that receives that type of info

158
Q

Primary motor cortex
-loc
-structure
-function

A

-Frontal lobe just anterior to central sulcus
-contains motor neurons that send axons to specific skeletal muscles throughout body
-critical for movement initiation and coordination of moevemnts for fine motor skills
-control and learning of postural coordination

159
Q

Premotor area loc & function

A

Ant to primary motor cortex
- controls organization of movements before they’re initiated and rhythmic coordination during movement
- enables transitions between movements of a serial motor skill

160
Q

Supplementary motor area loc and function

A

-medial surface of frontal lobe
- helps control of sequential movements and prepares and organizes movement

161
Q

Parietal lobe loc and function

A

Behind frontal lobe and central sulcus and above temporal
-interacts w premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and small before and during movement.

162
Q

Basal ganglia loc & parts

A

Buried in cerebral hemispheres
Consists of 4 nuclei
-caudate nucleus
-putamen
-substantia nigra
-globus pallidus

163
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Receives neural info
- plays role in control of movement
1. Planning and initiation
2. Control of antagonist mm
3. Control of force

164
Q

What is Parkinson’s

A

Disease associated w dysfunction of basal ganglia
- lack of dopamine production by substantia nigra
-motor control problems

165
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Relay station- receives sensory info from spinal cord and brainstem; passes them through to cerebral cortex
-plays an important role in the control of attention mood and perception of pain

166
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Controls endo system and regulates homeostasis

167
Q

Cerebellum loc and structure

A

Behind cerebral hemispheres and attached to brainstem
-cerebellar cortex covering which is divided into 2 hemispheres

168
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Controls movements and detects and corrects them
-controls hand eye coordination, movement timing, force ctrl, and postural ctrl

169
Q

Pons function

A

Controls various body functions and balance

170
Q

Medulla function

A

Regulatory centre for internal physiologic processes

171
Q

Reticular formation function

A

Integrator of sensory and motor neural impulses

172
Q

Two pairs of horns in spinal cord

A

Dorsal horns and ventral horns

173
Q

Dorsal horns function

A

Cells transmit sensory information

174
Q

Ventral horns

A

Contains alpha motor neuron cell bodies whose axons terminate on skeletal mm

175
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

60% from primary motor cortex
- control fine motor skill performance

176
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts

A

Involved in postural control and control of hand and finger flexion and extension

177
Q

Motor unit

A

End of the transmission of motor neural info

178
Q

Fine movements

A

Have smallest number of mm fibers for each motor unit

179
Q

Gross movements

A

Have the largest number of mm fibers per motor unit w as many as 700 muscle fibers innervated by one motor unit

180
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

Amount of force generated by muscle contraction depends on.number of muscle fibers activated

181
Q

Neural control of voluntary movement

A

Performing a motor skill begins w a cognitively derived intent that’s based on the dictates of the situation or needs or the person

182
Q

Trade off

A

Increasing speed yields decreasing accuracy and vice versa

183
Q

Speed accuracy skills: fitts law

A

Showed we could mathematically predict movement time for speed - accuracy skills.

184
Q

Application of fitts law to non laboratory skills

A

This law also applies to various non laboratory motor skill performance situations
Ex: darts, piano etc

185
Q

Two motor control processes involved in performance of speed accuracy skills

A

Open loop ctrl
Closed loop ctrl

186
Q

Open loop ctrl

A

Initial movements speed, direction and accuracy are under CNS control without feedback

187
Q

Closed loop control

A

Visual feedback about limbs relative position to that target is used to guide the homing in phase of the limb to ensure it’s accurate landing on target

188
Q

Preparation phase

A

Person uses vision to determines regulatory conditions that characterize environmental context in which action will occur

189
Q

Initial flight phase

A

Vision acquires limb displacement and velocity info and acquires time to contact information that will be used later as the movement nears the target to make movement modifications

190
Q

Termination phase

A

Begins just before and ends when the target is hit which is when the key is inserted into the keyhole

191
Q

Prehension

A

Term for actions involving reaching for and grasping objects

192
Q

Three components for prehension

A

Transport
Grasp
Object manipulation

193
Q

Relationship between transport and grasp components

A

They are temporally coupled and they interact synergistically

194
Q

Goodall and colleagues finding

A

Regardless of object size and distance, max grip aperture and hand closure occurred at approx two thirds of total movement time duration of action

195
Q

Role of vision in prehension

A

Assists planning of prehension actions by providing info about regulatory conditions of the environmental context

196
Q

Prehension and fitts law

A

Prehension demonstrates speed-accuracy take off characteristics as predicted by fitts law

197
Q

What makes bimanual coordination hard

A

Inherent preference of the motor control system for controlling limb movements
-motor control system prefers symmetry

198
Q

Catching a moving object - three phases

A
  1. Initial positioning of arm and hand
  2. Shaping of hand to catch the object
  3. Grasping object w fingers
199
Q

Central pattern generator

A

Are in spinal cord and are involved in control of locomotion

200
Q

Rhythmic structure of locomotion

A

Walking and running each have rhythmic structure and a rhythmic relationship exists between arms and legs

201
Q

Benefit of analyzing rhythmic structure of gait patterns

A

Allows for assessment of coordination problems of trunk and legs

202
Q

Spontaneous gait transitions

A

Important characteristic of locomotion
Ppl spontaneously change from walking to running gait at critical speed

203
Q

Why do spontaneous gait transitions occur

A

Most popular: minimize metabolic energy use
No single cause for gait transitions has been determined

204
Q

Avoiding contact w objects

A

Vision provides motor system with advance information about the body to determine how to avoid contact

205
Q

Reaction time

A

An index of preparation required to produce an action

206
Q

3 types of RT situations

A

Simple RT
Choice RT
Discrimination RT

207
Q

What are the main steps on the RT diagram from signal to termination

A
  1. Warning signal (time)
  2. Go signal (RT start) (beginning of total response time)
  3. Response initiated (RT end and MT start)
  4. Response termination (MT end) (total response time end)
208
Q

Hicks law

A

RT increases as the number of stimulus response choices increases

209
Q

Cost benefit trade off

A

Cost and benefit that occur as a result of biasing the preparation of an action in favor of one of several possible actions

210
Q

Stimulus response compatibility

A

Includes the spatial arrangement of stimuli and limb movements required to respond to them, and the physical characteristics or meaning of a stimulus and the type of response required

211
Q

Stroop effect

A

Phenomenon that occurs when a person must verbally respond to the ink colour of s word that names a colour

212
Q

Foreperiod length regularity

A

RT decreases when interval between warning and go signal is more regular

213
Q

Movement complexity

A

RT increases as complexity of the action influences the time a person required to prepare the motor control system

214
Q

Movement accuracy

A

RT increases as movement accuracy demands increase

215
Q

Repetition of a movement

A

Repitition of the same response on the next attempt while performing a situation means that the persons RT for the next trial will be faster than it was for the previous attempt

216
Q

Time between different responses to different signals

A

Delay of response to the second stimulus is called the psychological refractory period
-responding to the second stimulus is related to the response selection demands of the two S-R tasks that must be performed in rapid succession or to the timing of response initiation

217
Q

Psychological refractory period

A

Takes time to realize what happened and react to it

218
Q

Alertness of performer

A

Should be provided with a warning signal that indicates they must respond within the next few secs

219
Q

Vigilance effects

A

RT increases the longer alertness is maintained

220
Q

Attention focused on signal versus movement

A

Results showed that for both novices and experiences sprinters, RT was faster for the sensory set condition

221
Q

Anticipatory postural adjustments

A

Organization of movements needed for postural support

222
Q

Limb performance characteristics

A

Movement direction
Movement trajectory
Prepare in advance for ballistic movement and spatial accuracy

223
Q

Object control characteristics

A

Force control
End state comfort control

224
Q

Rhythmicity preparation

A

Pre performance rituals
-they prepare relative timing of upcoming movements

Motor Learning (3 decks)

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