final Flashcards
what is overlearning
continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion
what influence does overlearning have on retention of motor skill learning
positive influence
what are procedural skills
skills that have a combo of cognitive and motor components and require a series of easy movements
how does overlearning apply to dynamic balance skills
diminishing returns for amount of extra practice
how does overlearning apply to physical education class setting
due to time constraints, learner-rotated format is superior, because it provides more efficient use of the available practice time
why can overlearning lead to poor learning
practicing the same movement can result in decreasing capability to remember the movement as well as to transfer to a movement variation
**more practice variability required
massed practice
-longer practice sessions and shorter rest between sessions
-longer practice trials and shorter rest between trials within each session
distributed practice
-time is distributed across many shorter sessions
-shorter practice trials and longer rest between trials within each session
when does the best learning result
when ppl practice skills in more frequent and shorter sessions
3 hypotheses - why distributed practice sessions are better for learning
- fatigue hypothesis
- cognitive effort hypothesis
- memory consolidation hypothesis
fatigue hypothesis
massed practice is more physically tiring
cognitive effort hypothesis
less effort, monotonous and boring
memory consolidation hypothesis
time to form long term memory
continuous skills - distributed or massed
distributed schedules are more effective in promoting learning than massed schedules
discrete skills - massed or distributed?
massed schedules are more effective than distributed schedules in promoting learning
complexity
number of parts or components and the degree of info processing that characterize a skill
-more complex smt is, the more component parts it has which means there are more demands on info processing
organization
relationships among the component parts of the skill
low level of organization
when the component parts are relatively independent
explain how to decide to use whole or part practice
-skill of low complexity and high organization = whole skill
-skill of high complexity and low organization = part method
W or P: discrete skills
whole practice
W or P: serial skills
part practice
W or P: continuous skills
whole or part practice
fractionization
practicing individual limbs first for a skill that involves the asymmetric and simultaneous coordination of the arms or legs
segmentation
begin practice with first part of skill, then progressively add each part until the skill is practiced as a whole
-ex: tennis serve
simplification
practice an easier variation of the skill before practicing the skill itself
-ex: tball, then pitching machine, then pitcher
3 strategies: practicing parts of a skill
fractionization
segmentation (progressive part method)
simplification
what is mental practice
the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements
mental practice can take the form of…
-thinking about cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill
-engaging in visual or kinaesthetic imagery of the performance of a skill or part of a skill
-practice strategy to aid the acquisition of motor skills
-a means of preparing to perform a learned skill
to determine the influence of mental practice on skill learning, researchers have typically compared what three practice conditions
physical practice
mental practice
no practice
is physical practice better or wore than mental and no practice
better
why would a combo of mental and physical practice trials lead to learning effects that are as good as physical practice only
mental practice can also promote cognitive problem solving activity
mental practice benefits
- rehabilitative settings
- learning medical procedures
- power and speed training
- part of a general preparation strategy that aids learning
why is mental practice becoming popular in rehab
-lets interventions begin early in the recovery process, when little or no movement might be possible
-inexpensive
-can be done anywhere
-no safety risks
mental practice benefits for power and speed training
-improves power for ppl learning a 40m bike sprint
-can gain strength on a range of different tasks with various combinations of physical and mental practice
-influences movement speed
mental practice strategy involves what steps
- get ready physically, mentally, and emotionally
- mentally imaging performing the action, both visually and kinaesthetically
- concentrating intensely on only one relevant cue related to the action
- execute the action
- evaluate the performance outcome
motivational: specific
specific goals and goal oriented behaviour
ex: winning a medal
motivational: general mastery
effective coping and mastery of challenges
ex: confidence, focus
cognitive: specific
performing specific skills
ex: golf shot
motivational: general arousal
relaxation, stress, arousal, anxiety
ex: relaxation before event
cognitive: general
strategies related to an event
ex: organize items while cooking
3 hypotheses as to why mental practice is effective
neuromuscular hypothesis
brain activity hypothesis
cognitive hypothesis
neuromuscular hypothesis
EMG recordings show muscle activity during mental practice
brain activity hypothesis
brain activity during imagery is similar to the activity during actual performance
cognitive hypothesis
helps learner answer “what to do” questions that are common during the initial stage of learning
