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Biol 1080 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define systems biology

A

the systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems

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2
Q

What is the main goal of systems biology

A

to better understand the entirety of the process that happen in biological system

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3
Q

What are the two components that systems biology considers

A

interactions and dynamics

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4
Q

What are emergent properties

A

properties of an entire system (or organism) that are not necessarily evident from examining the individual components

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5
Q

Since systems biology involves various levels of of the organism, mathematical modelling is used: what is this modelling called?

A

bioinformatics

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6
Q

What kind of studies does bioinformatics consider?

A

genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.
remember “omics”

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7
Q

Does systems biology use integration or reduction methods?

A

integration = think building up oppose to breaking down

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8
Q

What is the limitation with reductionist approaches?

A

hard to tell what the findings will mean in vivo

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9
Q

What is the limitation with integrative approaches?

A

less control over variables and viewed as less mechanistic (working with an entire organism not just one part of a system in study)

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10
Q

What type of disease is a reductionist approach best fit for

A

conditions where one or very few components are responsible for the overall affect on the system
- acute and simple diseases

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11
Q

What type of disease is an integrative approach best fit for

A

conditions where interactions between various components are responsible for the overall affect
- complex and chronic diseases

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12
Q

In which of the following would a systems biology approach work best

a) studying acute disease
b) when studying chronic and complex conditions
c) in a study where you want to find the mechanism of action

A

*recall: systems biology uses an integrative approach
therefore, b) chronic and complex conditions would use an integrative approach

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13
Q

Are most chronic conditions acute or complex

A

complex

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14
Q

Are chronic or acute diseases usually studied using a systems biology approach

A

chronic (integrative)

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15
Q

What are the biological concepts of health in terms of systems biology

A
  • each adult is considered as a unique biological system
  • the adult human has a control and communication network (CCN) that controls our functions
  • the CCN controls and processes information flow
  • the CCN is the focal point of health
  • aging and disease represent a compromised function of the CCN
  • systems biology approach to health should enhance medical practice
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16
Q

What makes each adult human a unique biological system

A

emergent properties

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17
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life

A
  • responsiveness to the environment
  • growth/change
  • ability to reproduce
  • have metabolism and breathe
  • maintain homeostasis
  • made up of cells
  • passing on traits to offspring
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18
Q

Who is Robert Sapolsky

A

explores long term impacts of stress and investigates how culture/society influence our moral compass

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19
Q

What are the components of the CCN

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
endocrine system
support and defence system

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20
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

What does the PNS consist of

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems (voluntary and involuntary)

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22
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

endocrine tissues and glands; hormones

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23
Q

What does the support and defence system consist of

A

support movement, maintenance, repair, adaptation, and defences (immune system)

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24
Q

In vegetative state, is the CCN still functioning?

A

yes; the CCN is always on

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25
Q

How does communication travel through the CCN

A

chemical cell-cell signalling

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26
Q

In this systems biology view of the CCN, are the mind and body separate or together?

A

mind and body are not separate, things such as emotion are also thought to be chemically-based

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27
Q

How is the CCN an integrator of input

A

integrator of input to health disease and aging (genetics, environment, and lifestyle)

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28
Q

How is the CCN an integrator of output

A

integrator of output to the 7 dimensions of health

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29
Q

How does disease relate to the CCN

A

disease is result from diminished/abnormal function of the CCN

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30
Q

How does aging relate to the CCN

A

aging pairs in hand with decreasing function of the CCN

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31
Q

What does P4 medicine stand for

A

personalized, predictive, preventative, and participatory

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32
Q

What of the 4 P’s are hardest to integrate into societal thinking

A

participatory - hardest to get individuals to participate in preventative health

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33
Q

What is a limitation with personalized/interactive medicine

A

evidence can be misinterpreted; providing info directly to consumers without physician consultation could lead to misunderstanding of results

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34
Q

If humans are the same species, how are we all considered unique

A

emergent properties of each individual make us unique biological beings

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35
Q

What is the overall control of humans

A

the control and communication network (CCN)

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36
Q

What happens when the CCN deteriorates

A

aging/disease

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37
Q

What is in silico research

A

done on mathematical models/computers

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38
Q

What is in vitro and ex vivo research

A

outside of living beings, in things such as cell culture, isolated tissue samples, etc.

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39
Q

What is in vivo

A

in living beings (animal models or human participants)

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40
Q

What is the main purpose of in vitro (ex vivo) research

A

allows more controlled experimental conditions, to better understand fundamental mechanisms (reductionist research)

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41
Q

What is an example of a nematode model frequently used due to low cost and easy to study

A

c. elegans (nematode with 40% genetic homology to humans)

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42
Q

What insect is frequently studied due to 65% genetic homology to humans

A

fruit flies

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43
Q

What is the scientific name for fruit flies

A

drosophila melanogaster

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44
Q

What is the most frequently and effectively used small animal model for in vivo research

A

rats and mice

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45
Q

What is not effectively studied in rats

A

human infant nutrition and metabolism research

46
Q

Will studies done in rats and mice always have the same results

A

no, they are different species therefore they may not react the same to testing

47
Q

What is the best animal model used to study human infant nutrition and metabolism

A

swine (baby pigs)

48
Q

What (other than infant nutrition and metabolism) are swine used to study

A

xenografts (ie. pig heart valve transplants)

49
Q

What is the closest model compared to humans

A

primates

50
Q

What is the limitation with doing research in primates

A

cost, accessibility, ethics, etc.

51
Q

What is a non-clinical/non-intervention study

A

no intervention = no change in treatment or environment: simply obersvations without alterations

52
Q

What is the limitation with non-clinical research

A

cannot determine cause and effect, can only predict association/correlation

53
Q

What does non-clinical research help us determine about any given issue at hand

A

hypothesis

54
Q

What is a clinical study

A

any scenario where a medicinal treatment and/or placebo is given to intervene observed affects

55
Q

What is the importance of clinical research

A

can prove cause and effect relationships

56
Q

What is the gold standard type of research

A

double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials

  • meaning neither the patients nor the researcher know who has a placebo until observations are made, then revealed which patients had what to determine effect of the intervention
57
Q

What are human clinical trials used for

A

vaccinations and new drug safety

58
Q

What are the stages of a human clinical trial

A
  1. preclinical: only animal models
  2. phase 1 clinical trial: small group of people
  3. phase 2 clinical trial: larger group (100s)
  4. phase 3 clinical trial: even larger group (1000s)
  5. after approval: ongoing assessment of long term use
59
Q

What type of research is considered higher level of evidence above randomized control trials

A

approaches where previous research is combined and summarized to get an overall conclusion (critically appraised papers, critically appraised topics, and systematic reviews)

60
Q

What is at the very top of the evidence based medicine pyramid

A

systematic reviews

61
Q

What is evidence based medicine

A

when evidence from research, clinical information, and patient values are combined to find optimal approaches

62
Q

What is evolutionary medicine

A

the application of evolutionary theory to understanding current health and disease

63
Q

What is another term for evolutionary medicine

A

Darwinian medicine (invented by Darwin)

64
Q

What types of things are considered by evolutionary medicine

A
  • is our current diet unhealthy, should we mimic early diets?
  • are we not getting sufficient exercise in modern society?
  • stress kills in our society; what if our fight or flight response is always on and there’s no fight or flight response
65
Q

What is integrative medicine

A

healing-oriented medicine that takes into account the whole person being treated

66
Q

What kind of treatment is seen with integrative medicine

A

aroma therapy, music therapy, physiotherapy, massage therapy, acupuncture, etc.

67
Q

What is collective medicine

A

considers interconnected health between humans, animals, and the environment

68
Q

What is one health as a concept

A

looking at connections between animals, humans, and environment

69
Q

What is one health as an approach

A

who works in each field and how can they come together to solve the presented challenge

70
Q

What is enhancement medicine

A

medicinal practices used to enhance ones looks, performance, etc.

71
Q

What treatments are found in enhancement medicine

A

botox, nootropics (brain enhancers), fertility drugs, viagra, steroids, liposuctions, etc.

72
Q

What is a trajectory

A

years, decades; usually refers to growth development and aging

73
Q

What is a rhythms

A

days, weeks, months; usually refers to maintenance and repair

74
Q

What is homeostasis/balance

A

seconds, minutes, hours; maintenance of steady state

75
Q

What is energy/information flow

A

milliseconds, microseconds; action potentials, enzymatic reactions, etc.

76
Q

What is lifespan

A

how long one lives in years

77
Q

What is health span

A

how long one lives a healthy, independent lifestyle

78
Q

What is average health span in Canada

A

72 years

79
Q

What is average lifespan in Canada

A

81 years

80
Q

What is the difficulty in maximizing health span

A

might result in shorter lifespan but health span as a result is longer
- ie. cancer patient given 2 years to live with treatment, or 6 months to live with no treatment: no treatment would allow for 6 months of healthy independence, whereas treatment would diminish health span right away

81
Q

What do we use to measure aging and disease progression

A

biomarkers: things we objectively measure that can be tracked with age/disease (ie. height)

82
Q

When does decline in height typically occur

A

around age 40 (earlier than expected)

83
Q

What leads to shortening height with age

A

bone degeneration, compression fractures, disk degeneration, etc.

84
Q

How to differentiate between age and disease using biomarkers

A

tracking biomarkers with age reveals a general trend that is followed, if someone diverges heavily from this trend there is indication of disease present

85
Q

What is the limitation with biomarker measurement

A

measurement has to be consistent (standing vs sitting, what time of day, etc.) and sometimes this is not attainable

86
Q

How to limit loss of muscle mass with age

A

resistance training with high protein intake

87
Q

What is required to be considered a biomarker

A

reflect both normal and abnormal function, be measurable, have a predictable range across a range of individuals

88
Q

What is chronobiology

A

the study of timescales and cycles in biology

89
Q

What are ultra radian rhythms

A

less than 24 hours

90
Q

What are circadian rhythms

A

24 hour span

91
Q

What are infradian rhythms

A

more than 24 hours

92
Q

What is another term for circadian rhythm

A

diurnal variation

93
Q

What are some examples of circadian rhythms

A

sleep, nutrient supply, metabolic patterns, etc.

94
Q

When is rate of healing lowest

A

at night

95
Q

What is the master “central clock” called that keeps time based on light signals from the retina

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

96
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

controls light signals from the retina
- why it is easier to sleep in the dark

97
Q

What hormone does blue spectrum light inhibit

A

inhibits melatonin release

98
Q

How could a shift in sleep schedule impact circadian rhythms

A

since the suprachiasmatic nucleus functions on light signals, an altered sleep schedule would throw off ones circadian rhythm

99
Q

What type of research is used to observe the effects of of altered sleep on rhythms

A

observational (if you altered someones sleep schedule on purpose that has ethical limits)

100
Q

What health risk are shift workers at greater risk for

A

heart attacks, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular complications, cancer, alzheimers

101
Q

When is risk of sudden heart attack greatest

A

mid morning (no solid understanding of this yet though)

102
Q

What is the diurnal variation in height daily

A

~2cm

103
Q

When should you NOT measure height as a biomarker

A

within the first hour of getting out of bed (most effect of compression occurs in this time frame)

104
Q

What is DEXA

A

dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- determines bone mineral density, which is a more effective and accurate approach

105
Q

Why is calcium important

A

helps with bone density

106
Q

What is the danger of calcium deficiency in pregnancy

A

fetus will draw calcium from the mothers bones if not getting a sufficient supply, putting the mom at risk for injury

107
Q

What does osteoporotic bone look like compared to normal bone

A

less calcium = less density, so osteoporotic bone has less hydroxyapatite and a weaker bone matrix

108
Q

When do humans experience peak bone mass

A

between age 20-30

109
Q

Why is it especially important to get calcium in childhood

A

to build bone density since it peaks so early in adulthood and cannot be built past that point

110
Q

What two things are needed for building bone density

A

calcium and vitamin D

Biol 1080 (3 decks)

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