Midterm 1 Flashcards
Locates exchange principle
States that there is an exchange of materials when two objects come into contact with each other
Digital forensics
The field of forensic science that investigates digital evidence found on devices like laptop and smartphones
Calvin Goddard
Found a way of using a comparison microscope to improve this technique to better match bullets
Forensic science
The application of science to the criminal justice system
Forensic odontology
Provides insight into the identification of individuals through their teeth
Expert witness
Someone whom the court deems has special knowledge relevant to the case, generally knowledge an ordinary person would not have
Forensic sociology
The application of social science to criminal investigations
Edmond Locard
Showed the issue of cross contamination
Forensic entomology
Uses the study of insects to help criminal investigations
Forensic pathology
Studies sudden, unexplained, and violent deaths by using autopsies to determine the cause of death in an individual
Leone Lattes
Figured out a way to determine the type of blood from dried blood stain and began using the new test to criminal investigations
Forensics psychiatry
Focuses on the relationship between human behavior and criminal justice
Francis Galton
Showed the uniqueness of fingerprints and how they could be used for identification
Autopsy
A dissection and examination of the body, often to determine why the person died
Forensic anthropology
Specializes in the identification and examination of skeletal remains
Testimony
Verbal statement given under oath
Mathieu Orfila
Known as the father of toxicology
Pathology
A science that deals with disease
Chain of custody
A list of all persons who had possession of the evidence during the crime investigation
Close-up photographs
Focus on an injury, a weapon, or a piece of evidence to show detail
Crime scene
The place where a crime occurred
Finished sketch
A precise representation of the scene
First responder
The first person that arrives at the scene
Fourth amendment
Protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures
Intermediate photographs
Are closer to the evidence, but they still show the area surrounding the evidence
Known sample
A sample that comes from a particular person or place
Overview photographs
Show the crime scene in wide angles
Physical evidence
Anything that can establish a crime has happened and anything that links the crime and the criminal
Question sample
A sample of physical evidence that is collected at a crime scene
Rough sketches
Show the location of evidence and contain accurate account of the distances between them and the dimensions of the crime scene
Secondary crime scenes
Additional sites where criminal activity might’ve happened
Trace evidence
Evidence that is small and often hard to find
Unknown sample
Example of physical evidence that is collected at a crime scene
Chemical properties
Describe what happens when a substance reacts with another substance
Comparison
The process of testing a suspect sample with a known sample to prove whether or not they share a common origin
Concentric fractures
Fractors that form a circle around the point of impact
Demonstrated evidence
Evidence that is used to help
recreate or illustrate a crime
Documentary evidence
Any type of written or recorded evidence, such as a recording of a telephone conversation or video recording of a crime
Minutiae
The ridge endings, enclosures, and other details that make up a fingerprint
Physical evidence
Includes tangible objects, including weapons, trace evidence like hair, blood or fibers, and fingerprints
Physical properties
Describe a substance or object without referring to any other substance
Probability
The frequency of an event
Radial fractures
Extend outward from the point of impact, almost like the spokes on a wheel
This tend to happen first when pane of glass is struck
Soil
Surface material from the Earth, both natural and artificial
Testimony
The evidence given by witnesses during a trial
Nuclear DNA
Found in the nucleus of the cell and is inherited from both biological parents
Visible fingerprints
Created when a surface is touched after the finger has been in contact with another substance, such as blood, ink, or paint
Hemoglobin
A protein that transports oxygen and gives blood its red coloring
Precipitin test
Used to distinguish between animal and human blood
Medulla
A set of cells that runs through a hair
Mitochondrial DNA
Found in small structures outside the nucleus of a cell and is inherited from the biological mother
Morphology
Hair’s form and structure
Luminol
Very sensitive test today identified blood stains, which can show blood even when it has been diluted up to 300,000 times
Whorl fingerprints
Have Ridge patterns that are circular in shape with two deltas
30 to 35% of the population
Loop fingerprints
Characterized by ridge lines that enter on one side, loop around, and exit on the same side
60 to 65% of the population
Latent fingerprints
Made by the oil and perspiration on a finger that is deposited on a surface
Arch fingerprints
Average lines which start on one side and exit on the other side of the print
5% of the population
Plastic prints
Prints created when the finger touches a soft material like soap or putty
4 types of evidence
Physical
Documentary
Demonstrative
Testimony
3 tasks of a forensic scientist
Collect and analyze evidence
Service an expert witness and give testimony
Train other professionals
4 criteria to establish an expert witness
Education
Number of years of experience in the field
Membership and professional organizations
Any books or other publications that the person has authored
How many crime laboratories in us currently
320
What book has the first written record of medical knowledge to solving crime in a description of how to distinguish between strangulation and drowning
A Chinese book
Individual characteristics
Properties associated with a common source to high degree of certainty
Class characteristics
Those that can only be associated with a group and not a single source
May also have individual characteristics
When the drug heroin comes into contact with the Marquis Regent chemical what happens
It turns purple
3 types of fingerprints
Loop
Whorls
Arch
It’s a fingerprint is discovered on a dark surface what color fingerprint powder might be used
Grey
True or false. The properties of hair do not change as we age
False
What is the best source of nuclear DNA when working with hair samples
Follicular tissue
What system is the first system to classify blood types
ABO system
Cording to the 2015 FBI investigations in trials were here evidence was presented what percentage included flawed testimony on hair samples
95%
What type of fingerprint is invisible to the naked eye
Latent fingerprints
How many full length strands of hair are collected from the scalp to use as a sample
50
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