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biol 243 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

%A=%T and %C=%G

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2
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds the double helix, resulting in the replication fork

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3
Q

RNA primase

A

lays down the RNA primer

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4
Q

topoisomerase

A

prevents twisting ahead of the replication fork during unwinding

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5
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

extends RNA primer, synthesizes leading and lagging strand

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6
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes RNA primer of the Okazaki fragments and fills in the gaps with dNTPS

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7
Q

DNA ligase

A

seals nicks by reforming the phosphodiester bond

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8
Q

gene

A

DNA sequences that RNA and proteins, found on the chromosomes

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9
Q

alleles

A

the variant forms of a gene

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10
Q

genotype

A

genes inherited by an organism

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11
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristic of an organism

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12
Q

genome

A

the entire DNA sequence of an organism

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13
Q

nucleosides

A

sugar and a base

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14
Q

nucleotides

A

sugar, base, and phosphate group

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15
Q

ori

A

DNA sequences on the chromosome that initiate DNA replication

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16
Q

centromere

A

DNA sequences are required for the correct segregation of chromosomes by forming the kinetochores

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17
Q

telomeres

A

DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that prevent degradation

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18
Q

histones

A

positively charged molecules that DNA winds around

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19
Q

nucleosomes

A

a histone octamer with DNA wrapped around

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20
Q

histone H1

A

binds linker DNA and nucleosomes to form 30nm chromatin fibre

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21
Q

eurochromatin

A

regions with lower DNA compaction and actively expressed genes

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22
Q

heterochromatin

A

regions with higher DNA compaction and gene expression is silenced

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23
Q

MutH endonuclease

A

nicks daughter strand several nucleotides away from a mismatch

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24
Q

Exo1 5’-3’ exonuclease

A

excises region of the daughter strand surrounding the mismatch

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25
Life Cycle of SARS-CoV-2
1. genome = +sense ssRNA 2. 28 viral proteins 3. RNA-dependant-RNA polymerase synthesizes sense ssRNA for viral transcription and replication 4. Ace 2 receptors are abundantly expressed in alveolar lung cells, heart cells and intestinal cells
26
Ribozymes
ribonucleic acid enzymes catalyze their own synthesis and cleave RNA molecules
27
reverse transcriptase
turns RNA to DNA
28
integrase
integrates DNA into host chromosome by making a nick
29
integrase
integrates DNA into host chromosome by making a nick
30
protease
breaks up polyprotein - helps virus mature
31
the phosphate is attached to the __ carbon of the sugar, and the base is attached to the __ carbon of the sugar
5';1"
32
the process of transcription involves the ___
synthesis of tRNA, eukaryotic/prokaryotic rRNA, and mRNA from a gene
33
the positively charged proteins of the histone neutralize the negatively charged ____ of the DNA
phosphate groups
34
in contrast to linear DNA, circular DNA replication typically
has a single ori
35
pentose-phosphate backbone
the hydrophilic outside of a DNA molecule
36
nitrogenous bases
hydrophobic interior of DNA, hydrogen bonds in base pairing
37
x-ray diffraction
indicates DNA is double-stranded and bases are stacked upon one another
38
prokaryotic chromosomes
one single, circular, chromosome in cytosol
39
eukaryotic chromosomes
multiple linear chromosomes enclosed in the nucelus. DNA is wrapped around nucelosides. contains telomeres and centromeres
40
Meselson and Stahl
N-isotope labelling parent and daughter DNA strands to produce a unique banding pattern
41
single-stranded binding proteins
coat the exposed single-stranded DNA segments, stabilizing DNA and keeping the two strands from coming back together. replication strands displace them
42
dNTPs
deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates
43
coding strand
determines the correct nucleotide sequence of the mRNA. sense strand.
44
template strand
the base strand for mRNA transcription
45
reverse transcription
converts viral RNA into viral DNA to integrate virus into the host's chromosome.
46
RNA-dependant-RNA-polymerase
synthesizes sense ssRNA for viral transcription and replication
47
the end replication problem
on the lagging strand, DNA polymerase needs the 3' OH end for replication, so the problem rises at the 5' RNA primer of the daughter strand. Telomeres are the answer
48
S phase
DNA replication
49
M phase
nuclear division (mitosis), chromosome separation
50
Cytokinesis
cell division
51
G0
resting phase or quiescence
52
epigenetics
how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence
53
CDK
cyclin-dependent kinases, when bound to a cyclin, activate the progression of the cell cycle
54
kinase
enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group
55
cyclins
activate CDKs which` then regulate the cell cycle
56
DNA damage checkpoint
G1/S, is DNA okay for replication
57
DNA replication checkpoint
G2/M is DNA fully replicated for mitosis
58
Mitotic spindle checkpoint
M, are the chromosomes properly aligned in metaphase
59
oncogenes
positive regulators of the cell cycle (gain-of function)
60
which mutated genes are implicated in cancers?
oncogenes and tumor supressor genes
61
tumour suppressor genes
negative regulators of the cell cycle (loss of function)
62
n
number of unique chromosomes (haploid), gamates
63
2n
2 copies of unique chromosomes (diploid), somatic cells
64
Homologous chromosomes
a paternal and maternal pair of chromosomes, different alleles
65
spontaneous mutations
not inherited mutations
66
germline muattions
inherited mutations
67
mitosis
genetic material is identical in parents and daughters, occurs in somatic cells, centromere splits in anaphase
68
meiosis
occurs in germ cells to produce gametes, centromeres do not split in anaphase 1
69
transition mutations
purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine changes (ACG to TCG)
70
transversion mutations
purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine changes (ACG to ACT)
71
missense mutation
codon change causes a change in amino acid
72
nonsense mutation
premature stop codon
73
frameshift mutation
insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame
74
silent mutation
codon change that does not change the amino acid
75
spontaneous mutations
natuarally occuring mutations
76
induced mutations
caused by mutagens , chemicals, base analysis
77
methonine
first amino acid in the polypeptide (AUG)a
78
proline
causes kink in polypeptide chain
79
cysteine
bridge that structures polypeptides
80
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
adds the amino acid to the acceptor stem of the correct tRNA
81
aminoacylation
charging reaction of translation
82
P site
(peptidyl) binds to the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain
83
A site
(aminoacyl) binds to the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added
84
E site
binds the tRNA that carried the previous amino acid added
85
the wobble hypothesis
one amino acid can be coded for by several codons , where the third nucleotide is in the wobble position
86
initiation complex
ribosome, mRNA and initiator tRNA with methonine
87
phosphorylation
the addition of phosphate to proteins by kinase, which can activate or inhibit their activity
88
ubiquitination
addition of ubiquitin to proteins which target them for destruction by the proteosome
89
proteolysis
cleavage of the protein, which can induce activity

biol 243 (3 decks)

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