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biology 243 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

%A=%T and %C=%G

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2
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds the double helix, resulting in the replication fork

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3
Q

RNA primase

A

lays down the RNA primer

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4
Q

topoisomerase

A

prevents twisting ahead of the replication fork during unwinding

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5
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

extends RNA primer, synthesizes leading and lagging strand

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6
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes RNA primer of the Okazaki fragments and fills in the gaps with dNTPS

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7
Q

DNA ligase

A

seals nicks by reforming the phosphodiester bond

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8
Q

gene

A

DNA sequences that RNA and proteins, found on the chromosomes

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9
Q

alleles

A

the variant forms of a gene

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10
Q

genotype

A

genes inherited by an organism

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11
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristic of an organism

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12
Q

genome

A

the entire DNA sequence of an organism

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13
Q

nucleosides

A

sugar and a base

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14
Q

nucleotides

A

sugar, base, and phosphate group

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15
Q

ori

A

DNA sequences on the chromosome that initiate DNA replication

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16
Q

centromere

A

DNA sequences are required for the correct segregation of chromosomes by forming the kinetochores

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17
Q

telomeres

A

DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that prevent degradation

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18
Q

histones

A

positively charged molecules that DNA winds around

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19
Q

nucleosomes

A

a histone octamer with DNA wrapped around

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20
Q

histone H1

A

binds linker DNA and nucleosomes to form 30nm chromatin fibre

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21
Q

eurochromatin

A

regions with lower DNA compaction and actively expressed genes

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22
Q

heterochromatin

A

regions with higher DNA compaction and gene expression is silenced

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23
Q

MutH endonuclease

A

nicks daughter strand several nucleotides away from a mismatch

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24
Q

Exo1 5’-3’ exonuclease

A

excises region of the daughter strand surrounding the mismatch

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25
Q

Life Cycle of SARS-CoV-2

A
  1. genome = +sense ssRNA
  2. 28 viral proteins
  3. RNA-dependant-RNA polymerase synthesizes sense ssRNA for viral transcription and replication
  4. Ace 2 receptors are abundantly expressed in alveolar lung cells, heart cells and intestinal cells
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26
Q

Ribozymes

A

ribonucleic acid enzymes catalyze their own synthesis and cleave RNA molecules

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27
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

turns RNA to DNA

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28
Q

integrase

A

integrates DNA into host chromosome by making a nick

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29
Q

integrase

A

integrates DNA into host chromosome by making a nick

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30
Q

protease

A

breaks up polyprotein - helps virus mature

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31
Q

the phosphate is attached to the __ carbon of the sugar, and the base is attached to the __ carbon of the sugar

A

5’;1”

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32
Q

the process of transcription involves the ___

A

synthesis of tRNA, eukaryotic/prokaryotic rRNA, and mRNA from a gene

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33
Q

the positively charged proteins of the histone neutralize the negatively charged ____ of the DNA

A

phosphate groups

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34
Q

in contrast to linear DNA, circular DNA replication typically

A

has a single ori

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35
Q

pentose-phosphate backbone

A

the hydrophilic outside of a DNA molecule

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36
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

hydrophobic interior of DNA, hydrogen bonds in base pairing

37
Q

x-ray diffraction

A

indicates DNA is double-stranded and bases are stacked upon one another

38
Q

prokaryotic chromosomes

A

one single, circular, chromosome in cytosol

39
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

multiple linear chromosomes enclosed in the nucelus. DNA is wrapped around nucelosides. contains telomeres and centromeres

40
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

N-isotope labelling parent and daughter DNA strands to produce a unique banding pattern

41
Q

single-stranded binding proteins

A

coat the exposed single-stranded DNA segments, stabilizing DNA and keeping the two strands from coming back together. replication strands displace them

42
Q

dNTPs

A

deoxyribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates

43
Q

coding strand

A

determines the correct nucleotide sequence of the mRNA. sense strand.

44
Q

template strand

A

the base strand for mRNA transcription

45
Q

reverse transcription

A

converts viral RNA into viral DNA to integrate virus into the host’s chromosome.

46
Q

RNA-dependant-RNA-polymerase

A

synthesizes sense ssRNA for viral transcription and replication

47
Q

the end replication problem

A

on the lagging strand, DNA polymerase needs the 3’ OH end for replication, so the problem rises at the 5’ RNA primer of the daughter strand. Telomeres are the answer

48
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

49
Q

M phase

A

nuclear division (mitosis), chromosome separation

50
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell division

51
Q

G0

A

resting phase or quiescence

52
Q

epigenetics

A

how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence

53
Q

CDK

A

cyclin-dependent kinases, when bound to a cyclin, activate the progression of the cell cycle

54
Q

kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group

55
Q

cyclins

A

activate CDKs which` then regulate the cell cycle

56
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A

G1/S, is DNA okay for replication

57
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A

G2/M is DNA fully replicated for mitosis

58
Q

Mitotic spindle checkpoint

A

M, are the chromosomes properly aligned in metaphase

59
Q

oncogenes

A

positive regulators of the cell cycle (gain-of function)

60
Q

which mutated genes are implicated in cancers?

A

oncogenes and tumor supressor genes

61
Q

tumour suppressor genes

A

negative regulators of the cell cycle (loss of function)

62
Q

n

A

number of unique chromosomes (haploid), gamates

63
Q

2n

A

2 copies of unique chromosomes (diploid), somatic cells

64
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

a paternal and maternal pair of chromosomes, different alleles

65
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

not inherited mutations

66
Q

germline muattions

A

inherited mutations

67
Q

mitosis

A

genetic material is identical in parents and daughters, occurs in somatic cells, centromere splits in anaphase

68
Q

meiosis

A

occurs in germ cells to produce gametes, centromeres do not split in anaphase 1

69
Q

transition mutations

A

purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine changes (ACG to TCG)

70
Q

transversion mutations

A

purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine changes (ACG to ACT)

71
Q

missense mutation

A

codon change causes a change in amino acid

72
Q

nonsense mutation

A

premature stop codon

73
Q

frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame

74
Q

silent mutation

A

codon change that does not change the amino acid

75
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

natuarally occuring mutations

76
Q

induced mutations

A

caused by mutagens , chemicals, base analysis

77
Q

methonine

A

first amino acid in the polypeptide (AUG)a

78
Q

proline

A

causes kink in polypeptide chain

79
Q

cysteine

A

bridge that structures polypeptides

80
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

A

adds the amino acid to the acceptor stem of the correct tRNA

81
Q

aminoacylation

A

charging reaction of translation

82
Q

P site

A

(peptidyl) binds to the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain

83
Q

A site

A

(aminoacyl) binds to the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

84
Q

E site

A

binds the tRNA that carried the previous amino acid added

85
Q

the wobble hypothesis

A

one amino acid can be coded for by several codons , where the third nucleotide is in the wobble position

86
Q

initiation complex

A

ribosome, mRNA and initiator tRNA with methonine

87
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of phosphate to proteins by kinase, which can activate or inhibit their activity

88
Q

ubiquitination

A

addition of ubiquitin to proteins which target them for destruction by the proteosome

89
Q

proteolysis

A

cleavage of the protein, which can induce activity

biology 243 (3 decks)

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