lab final

Question 1

Anaphase

Answer 1

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Question 2

telophase

Answer 2

spindle dissembles, chromosomes de-condense and new nuclear envelope forms to create to daughter cells

Question 3

metaphase

Answer 3

the phase of mitosis where the condensed chromosomes align along the equator of the cell

Question 4

prophase

Answer 4

chromosomes are replicated and the mitotic spindle forms
nuclear envelope break down and the chromosomes condense

Question 5

prometaphase

Answer 5

spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes

Question 6

In Lab 2, you inoculated four agar plates with bacteria as part of the genetic engineering lab. On which plate(s) do you expect to find no bacteria at all? Select all that apply.

Answer 6

LB/amp/-pGLO

Question 7

In Lab 2, you inoculated four agar plates with bacteria as part of the genetic engineering lab. On which plate(s) do you expect to find only bacteria that have been transformed? Select all that apply.

Answer 7

LB/amp/+pGLO
LB/amp/ara/+pGLO

Question 8

T-test

Answer 8

To determine whether the difference between two calculated means is statistically significant.

Question 9

What purpose do the control plates serve in our bacterial evolution experiment?

Answer 9

They tell us that the cells we streaked from the previous week are still alive, in case no cells grow on our salinity plates

Question 9

The purpose of using high salt concentration during a DNA extraction is to:

Answer 9

strip away any proteins that are associated with the DNA and make DNA more soluble in water

Question 10

The complementary strand

Answer 10

The DNA strand generated during the replication of a template strand

Question 11

histones

Answer 11

DNA molecules are wound around these proteins

Question 11

the purpose of using detergent during a DNA extraction is to

Answer 11

lyse open the cells and denature proteins

Question 12

synonymous mutation

Answer 12

if the single base substitution codon encodes for the same amino acid

Question 13

nonsense mutation

Answer 13

if the mutated codon changes into a stop codon

Question 14

non-synonymous mutation

Answer 14

if the single base substitution codon encodes for a different amino acid (missense)

Question 15

What characteristics of bacteria make them a good model system for studying evolution?

Answer 15

— They have a simple genome, so it is easier to identify genes associated with evolutionary adaptation
—-Many evolutionary mechanisms are conserved between bacteria and other organisms, including humans
—They have very short life cycles and reproduce very quickly
—They have a high mutation rate and can acquire new genetic traits easily
—They can grow in a wide range of conditions

Question 16

Assuming no crossing over has occurred, sister chromatids will have identical alleles for each of their genes. (T/F)

Answer 16

true

Question 17

null hypothesis of the t-test

Answer 17

there is no statistically significant difference between the two calculated means

Question 18

do homologous chromosomes always have identical alleles?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

A diploid cell with 4 chromosomes (2 homologous pairs) undergoes two rounds of mitosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each daughter cell after round two?

Answer 19

4

Question 20

If a calculated Chi-square or t-value is lower than the value you selected in the respective comparison table, what can you conclude about the results?

Answer 20

the results are not significantly different

Question 21

In Lab 2, you inoculated four agar plates with bacteria as part of the genetic engineering lab. On which plate(s) do you expect to find only bacteria that glow under UV light? Select all that apply.

Answer 21

LB/amp/ara/+pGLO

Question 22

What environmental factors are needed to see fluorescence in transformed E. coli?

Answer 22

UV light and arabinose

Question 23

the purpose of using isopropanol during a DNA extraction is to:

Answer 23

make DNA more soluble in the extraction buffer

Question 24

What properties help us efficiently purify and visualize DNA

Answer 24

— DNA has a negatively-charged backbone that can attract specific dyes
—cell membranes are made of lipids that can be disrupted by detergents
—DNA-interacting proteins have positive changes that can be neutralized by negativley-charged ions from salts

Question 25

polyploidy

Answer 25

multiple copies of each chromosome

Question 26

washing DNA in ethanol accomplishes what?

Answer 26

This allows the salts to dissolve while minimizing DNA solubility.

Question 27

araC

Answer 27

inducer, a DNA sequence from a bacterial gene regulatory operator that allows the transcription of GFP (DNA sequence from the jellyfish) only when the sugar arabinose is present.

Question 28

ampR

Answer 28

selectable marker, DNA sequence from a bacterial source that allows that transformed bacteria to make B-lactamase (catalyzes the breakdown of ampicillin)
confers ampicillin resistance to transformed bacteria.

Question 29

difference between +/- pGLO

Answer 29

-pGLO does not contain the glowing bacteria plasmid.

Question 30

which plates from lab 2 should be compared to determine if any genetic transformation has occurred?

Answer 30

-pGLO (control) and amp/ara/ +pGLO (most bacterial growth occurs)

Question 31

what is a control plate in lab 2? What was its purpose

Answer 31

-pGLO, an E.coli plate without the pGlO plasmid insured and therefore no presence of GFP

Question 32

how is pGLO expression in the transformed bacteria being induced?

Answer 32

the arabinose induces transformation of the pGLO

Question 33

chi-squared test

Answer 33

statistical test to determine how well-observed ratios fit expected ratios.
tells you that the probability that chance alone has caused the deviation between the observed and the expected results

Question 34

if the p-value is </= 5%

Answer 34

the difference is not significant between observed and expected, we would accept the null hypothesis

Question 35

if the p-value is >/= 5%

Answer 35

the difference is significantly different between observed and expected, we would reject the null hypothesis

Question 36

degrees of freedom

Answer 36

one less than the number of possible outcomes (n-1)

Question 37

independent assortment

Answer 37

the arrangement of paternal and maternal copies for each pair of homologous chromosomes occurs independently of other pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Question 38

You are comparing bacterial growth rates at different temperatures and have collected data for three samples each of control (37 degrees Celsius) and experimental condition (42 degrees Celsius). After calculating the mean values for each, you perform a t-test and get a t-value that is very close but just below the threshold value in the table. If you were to repeat this experiment, what would be the best thing to change to increase your likelihood of attaining a statistically significant result?

Answer 38

keep experimental conditions the same, but increase the number of samples collected

Question 39

In Lab 2, you inoculated with UV-sensitive yeast on three agar plates. On which of these three plates do you expect the most UV damage to occur?

Answer 39

no treatment

Question 40

Assuming no chromosomal translocations or deletions have occurred, will homologous chromosomes have the same genes as each other?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

assuming no crossing over has occurred, will sister chromatids have identical alleles for each of their genes?

Answer 41

yes