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Microbiology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

Bacteria that causes disease

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2
Q

Archaea

A

Unicellular prokaryotic organisms

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3
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Organisms, whose cells have a nucleus

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells which lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Protists

A

Informal grouping of eukaryotes that are not plant animal or fungi. Algae and protozoa are examples of this.

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6
Q

Helminths

A

Multicellular, parasitic worms, important to microbiology due to their eggs and larvae

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7
Q

Microbes

A

Biological agents visualized using microscopy

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8
Q

What are the macro nutrients found in cells?

A

 Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur phosphorus

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9
Q

What are micronutrients also referred to as trace elements within cells

A

Sodium, potassium, zinc iron calcium manganese, copper vanadium molybdenum

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10
Q

Biomolecules

A

Molecules that form cells and perform functions that facilitate life

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11
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of microscopic, organisms, micro meeting, small bios, meeting, life, logos, meaning word, or study

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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Pro meaning before karyo, meaning, kernel or nucleus, includes domains, bacteria, and Archaea

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13
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Unicellular organisms, they lack subcellular structures like membrane-bound nuclei are organelles. They are the simplest living organisms.

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14
Q

What are the two main groups of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria (eubacteria) and Archaea

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15
Q

Eubacteria

A

Very small unicellular prokaryotic. Most have a cell wall that contains a very large polymer compound called peptidoglycan.

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16
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Blue, green algae, photosynthetic. These are either free living or symbiotic found mostly in aquatic habitats. Some are nitrogen fixers no known pathogens some make toxins.

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17
Q

Pathogens from first week

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Yersinia pestis (black plague), Klebsiella pneumoniae (pneumonia), Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

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18
Q

Archaea

A

“Ancient bacteria”. Extremely small cell walls lack peptidoglycan they have other bio chemical differences from bacteria no known pathogens.

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19
Q

What does Eukaryotes mean?

A

Means good or true nucleus. They are in the domain Eukarya. 

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20
Q

Protists

A

Formerly kingdom, Protista now are called protists

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21
Q

Algae

A

Plant like protists very diverse, microscopic, unicellular members, filamentous members and colonial organisms. Examples, microscopic, seaweed and kelp’s all free living and aquatic all photosynthetic pathogens include red tide organisms. Prototheca, Pfiesteria piscicida are examples of pathogens.

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22
Q

Protozoa

A

Animal like protists

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23
Q

What caused potato blight and the Irish potato famine in the 1800s?

A

Phytophthora infestans, a water mold

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24
Q

Fungi

A

Kingdom fungi. Unicellular organisms are yeast, multicellular, organisms, mycelium, some have microscopic structures. They are composed of chitin, and are heterotrophs.

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25
Q

Fungi pathogens

A

Coccidiodomycosis imitis, histoplasma capsulata, candida, albicans

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26
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Macromolecules made of monomers called nucleotides

27
Q

Base sequence

A

Nucleotides in a certain order

28
Q

Strepto meaning

A

Chain

29
Q

Cocci meaning

A

Balls

30
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification

31
Q

Phylogeny

A

The grouping of organisms to reflect evolutionarily relationships

32
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukaryota bacteria archaea

33
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

1 Monera
2 protists
3 plantae
4 fungi
5 animalia

34
Q

What two types of pathogens are acellular

A

Viruses and prions

35
Q

What kingdom does algae and protozoa belong to?

A

Protista

36
Q

What kingdom do yeasts and molds belong to?

A

Fungi

37
Q

What kingdom do helminths and arthropods belong to?

A

Animalia

38
Q

What does bacillus mean?

A

Rod

39
Q

What does spirillium mean?

A

Spiral

40
Q

Name two endospore containing rods

A

Bacillus and clostridium

41
Q

How do bacterial cell groupings happen?

A

They occur due to the bacteria, not fully separating after division

42
Q

Characteristics of yeast

A

They are a type of fungi. They are unicellular. Their cell wall is made of chitin they gain nutrition through absorption. They are non-motile.

43
Q

Characteristics of molds

A

They are multicellular they are fungi their cell wall is made of chitin. They are non-motile they gain nutrition through absorption.

44
Q

Characteristics of mushrooms

A

They are fungi, they are non-motile, they gain nutrition through absorption. Their cell walls are made of chitin.

45
Q

Characteristics of Helminths

A

Domain animalia they are motile they do not have a cell wall they get nutrition through ingestion they are multicellular

46
Q

Characteristics of arthropods

A

Domain animalia, no cell wall, they gain nutrition through ingestion, motile

47
Q

Characteristics of slime and water molds

A

Protist kingdom, have cell walls, most non motile, are fungus like, gain nutrition through absorption

48
Q

Characteristics of algae

A

Protists, utilize photosynthesis for nutrition, some are motile, have cell wall

49
Q

Characteristics of protozoa

A

Protists, nutrition through ingestion

50
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

51
Q

What causes a prion?

A

The Miss folding of proteins

52
Q

What is the function of nostoc?

A

It is a nitrogen fixer, it takes N2 that is available in the atmosphere and converts it into N4+

53
Q

What sub cellular structure carries out photosynthesis in plants?

A

Chloroplasts

54
Q

What is a receptor on the cell?

A

A a protein that can selectively bind to molecules outside of the cell, which then cause a reaction inside of the cell.

55
Q

Ligand definition and function

A

The specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor

56
Q

Role of glycoprotein with a cell

A

A glycoprotein extends into the extra cellular area, the carbohydrate tags on the glycoprotein aid in cell recognition.

57
Q

Glycocalyx

A

The fuzzy portion of a glycoprotein, these give the cell “identity”

58
Q

Peripheral proteins location and function in cell?

A

They are found on the inside and outside of the phospholipid bilayer they can also be found on the inside or outside surface of an integral protein. These perform specific functions for the cell one example is acting as a digestive enzyme.

59
Q

Definition of selective permeability

A

It means that the membrane of the cell allows certain molecules to enter and exit the cell, but others cannot.

60
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Moving molecules across the cell membrane utilizing energy to assist in the process. This is utilized to move things such as glucose, ions, and other items that due to their polarity, do not move, possibly through the membrane.

61
Q

Endocytosis

A

It means bringing into the cell, this is when a cell envelop, something outside of a cell membrane in a portion of the cell membrane, and then pinches it off, fully encapsulating the item in a membrane, which then acts as a vesicle

62
Q

Phagocytosis

A

It means cell eating. This is where a cell envelops a particle outside of the cell membrane into the cell membrane and creates a vacuole, which will then be ingested by the cell. This is often seen by bacteriophages.

63
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

The fluid inside of a cell membrane, consisting of chemicals and water

64
Q

What role do ribosomes play within a cell?

A

They assist in the construction of proteins. They are considered an organelle.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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