Lecture Midterm 2 Flashcards
(381 cards)
What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical processes within a cell includes both catabolic and anabolic reactions
What is anabolism?
Biosynthetic reactions smaller substances are joined together, using energy to synthesize larger substances, such as macromolecules for cell structure and products like enzymes organelles, etc.
What is catabolism?
Degradative reactions were large substances are broken down into smaller substances to release energy into supply building blocks for making macromolecules
What are the goals of metabolism?
Through a process of redox reactions catabolize substances, and then utilize them through another series of redox reactions into substances that are usable for the cell.
What is oxidation?
A loss of electrons to an electron acceptor
What is reduction?
A gain of electrons from an electron donor
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction in which products are derived from oxidized and reduced substances they frequently involve electron or hydrogen carriers
What is a metabolic pathway?
Hey series of chemical reactions where the product of the first reaction is the substrate for the subsequent enzyme catalyze step
Why does metabolism occurs in a stepwise manner?
So that its process can be regulated, and over or under production can be mitigated
What are enzymes?
Protein catalysts or RNA catalysts that increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions
What is the function of enzymes?
Increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy needed for chemical reactions
What are the components of enzymes?
Specialized proteins
How are enzymes named?
By adding the suffix – ase they are named according to their substrate, and or function
How do enzymes work?
They are substrate specific, meaning that they act on a single substrate or closely related shape, charge or size, and generally catalyze a single reaction
Name the enzyme that is involved in the first stage of glycolysis?
Hexose kinase
Name the enzyme that is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Hexose kinase, G6PD (glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase)
Name the enzyme that is involved in the Entner-Doudouroff pathway.
Hexose kinase
What are the starting an end products of glycolysis?
Starting products: one molecule of glucose
End products: two molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP 2 NADH
What are the stages of glycolysis?
There are three main stages, the energy investment stage where ATP is input to start the process, the lysis stage where the six carbon glucose molecule is split into 2 3 carbon pyruvate and the third is the energy conserving or pay off stage where ATP is produced canceling out the initial investment of ATP, and having a net gain of two ATP molecules
How many ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolysis
Two ATP
How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?
2 NADH
What is the purpose of glycolysis?
Catabolized glucose and ready the products for further catabolization to eventually produce an end product of ATP
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
In the cytoplasm
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No, it is an anaerobic process