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Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living things

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2
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of life

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3
Q

What is a fact?

A

Info that can be independently verified by a trained person

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4
Q

What is law of nature?

A

Generalizations about the predictable ways in which matter and energy balance… involves:
- Inductive reasoning…develop a theory from observation
- Observations… repeatable and valid
- Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion… F=ma
- 1st Law of Thermodynamics… set amount of energy in the universe
- energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another

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5
Q

Theory

A

Explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis

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6
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

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7
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an individual

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9
Q

Adaptation vs Accommodation

A

Adaptation: long-term, generational
Accommodation: short term, temporary

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10
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

DNA -> RNA->Protein

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11
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Species with hereditary advantages over competitors or predators
- develop genetic based advantages

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12
Q

What are selection Pressure?

A

Natural forces that promote reproductive/replicative success of some over others

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13
Q

Enzyme vs Protein

A

all enzymes are protein but not all protein are enzymes

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14
Q

What does “cyto” mean?

A

hallow. (cell or container)

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15
Q

What does “cyte” mean?

A

Suffix for cell

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16
Q

How many cells in the human body?

A

10^13 (ten trillion)

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17
Q

Purpose of the cell?

A

vehicle for hereditary information for survival of the species

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18
Q

What does DNA stand for and what is it?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Genetic code for the cell “blueprint” for cell characteristics, dictates everything the cell does
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19
Q

Eukaryote vs prokaryote

A

Eukaryote: DNA in a closed compartment (nucleus), large, varying sizes, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria
Prokaryotes: No distinct nuclear compartment, bacteria, archaea, few microns, DNA, RNA, cell wall

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20
Q

Two important functions of light on earth?

A
  1. source of energy for all organisms
  2. source of information; navigation of physical environment
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21
Q

Where is electromagnetic radiation from?

A

the sun

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22
Q

What is fission

A

split an atom into two atoms

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23
Q

What are the 2 aspects to electromagnetic waves?

A

wavelength and frequency
- the faster the wave oscillates the more energy

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24
Q

What happens when light hits objects?

A

Reflection, refraction, absorbed

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25
Reflection of light
when electromagnetic waves bounce off objects... gives rise to visible colours
26
Refracted light
light moves through an object... rays can angle and alter visual image
27
Absorbed light
- biological organisms - light energy excites atoms
28
What type of cells is life composed up
biotic and abiotic
29
Why can viruses only live in biotic cell?
Biotics have nucleic acids, duplication, and evolution Abiotic cells cannot synthesize own proteins, require a host, can not reproduce Therefore, can only infect living things
30
What are the 7 characteristics of life forms
1. display order (cell in the fundamental unit) 2. Harness and use energy (transforming) 3. Reproduction 4. Respond to stimuli 5. homeostasis(internal environment self-regulation) 6. growth and development 7. evolution
31
4 classes of macromolecules
1. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP) 2. Proteins (amino acids) 3. Lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol) 4. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
32
3 hypothesis for macromolecules
reducing atmosphere, deep sea vents, extrterrestrial origin
33
Reducing atmosphere hypothesis
- Primordial atmosphere - Water vapour, H2, CO2, NH3, CH4. - Almost complete absence of… O2
34
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
Early atmosphere was reducing. Electrons and hydrogen atoms....... react… complex molecules No oxygen or ozone (O3). Biological molecules development?...... UV light
35
Modern atmosphere
Oxidizing atmosphere. High levels of O2...... prevents the formation of complex molecules
36
Deep Sea vents hypothesis
Complex organic molecules originated on the ocean floor through deep sea vents....... Hydrothermal Cracks near volcanic activity. Produced...... nutrient-rich water (300 degrees C) CH4, NH3, H2S
37
Extraterrestrial Origin hypothesis
Key organic molecules originated from...... Outerspace Carbonaceous chondrites Meteorites with organic molecules
38
Key Attributes of the cell
Cell membrane...... defined compartment System to store......genetic information Energy transferring pathways.
39
Protobiont
precursors to modern life. Group of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane. Formed spontaneously
40
RNA
Ribonucleic acid- communication molecule, catalyzes reaction
41
What is central dogma
- refers to the process of protein synthesis - DNA.-> RNA-> full protein
42
Proteins are more versatile than RNA.....why?
1)Catalytic power is greater for enzymes than ribozymes. 2) Cells produce a large array of different proteins 3) Amino acids can interact among the 20.
43
DNA is better at information storage than RNA.....why?
1) DNA is more stable than RNA. 2) Nucleotide composition. 3) DNA is double-stranded
44
Heterotrophs
Organisms obtaining carbon from organic molecules. Humans Food to fuel...... respiratory pathways (glycolysis and fermentation) Earliest life forms...... anaerobic (without oxygen)
45
Autotrophs (plants)
Organisms obtaining carbon from the environment...... inorganic form (CO2) Photoautotrophs additionally....... use light as an energy source
46
Organic photosynthesis
Using light to support function.
47
THEORY OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS
large prokaryotic cells engulfed by early ancestral prokaryotes. Mutually advantageous. Mitochondria..... Evolved from aerobic bacteria Chloroplasts..... Evolved from cyanobacteria
48
Mitochondria and chloroplasts features
Morphology...... shape and size similar to prokaryotes Reproduction......mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from previous cell division...... no new synthesis Genetic information....... Both contain DNA Transcription and translation..... Contain ribosomes and tRNA’s Electron transport......chains (ETC’s) and ATP synthases (synthesize.. Makes something).... Generates chemical energy Sequence analysis Close match with cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria of DNA coding genes of the ribosome.
49
What is the endomembrane system?
System of internal membranes separating cells into functional components. Nuclear envelope, ER, GC.
50
Endomembrane hypothesis
Endomembrane derived from infolding of plasma membrane
51
The 3 domains in the tree of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya`
52
What does LUCA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
53
7 common features of the tree of life
Lipid bilayer...... semi-permeable membrane Genetic system based on DNA...... cell “blueprint” System of information transfer...... DNA to RNA System of protein assembly..... ”central dogma” Protein reliance...... enzymes, channels, structure ATP as energy currency...... continual re-synthesis Breakdown of glucose...... fuel combustion for ATP re-synthesis
54
Vertical Gene Transfer
Inheriting genes from a previous generation.
55
Horizontal gene transfer
Movement of genes across...... unrelated organisms
56
Cell theory
1. all organisms are composed of 1 more cells 2. cell is the basic structural/functional unit of all organisms
57
2 basic cell types
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
58
What is smaller prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic
59
3 major shapes in prokaryotic cells
nucleoid, cell wall, cytoskeletal structure
60
Nucleoid
* Region of the cell within highly folded mass of DNA. * Single, circular molecule that unfolds when released (chromosome). * Contains?...... genes
61
cell wall
* Provides rigidity and protection. * Covered by glycocalyx (polysaccharides). * Called the “slime layer…if loose, become a capsule (gelatinous) * Provides protection, attaches to surface of other prokaryotes. * Forms a colony.
62
Cytoskeletal Strucuture
* Filamentous..... .functions: Maintain shape/structure, guides cell division
63
Flagella
* Propels prokaryote through fluid environment.
64
Pili
* Hair-like shafts extending from cell wall....function: Attach prokaryote to surfaces of other cells
65
Eukaryotic cells 4 main groups
fungi, protists, plants, animals
66
Eukaryotic cell - plasma membrane
* Plants, fungal, and protist cells........ Extracellular wall
67
Eukaryotic cell - nucleus
surrounded by nuclear envelope * Embedded with nuclear pore complexes (nucleoporins)....purpose? * Exchange molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm...... selectively * Proteins and RNA molecules. * Space inside nucleus filled with........ CHROMATIN (DNA & proteins)
68
Eukaryotic cell- chromatin
Any collection of eukaryotic DNA molecules and associated proteins.
69
Nucleoi
* Forms around genes (code for rRNA), forms ribosomal units....exported.
70
Plasma membrane
* Encloses the cell, defines boundaries * Maintains life-supporting differences between cytosol and extracellular environment
71
membrane proteins
1. Serves as receptors......detecting extracellular molecules 2. Molecule transport....between cytosol and extracellular environment. 3. Catalyzing membrane-bound reactions (ATP) 4. Structural links with cytoskeleton
72
what are ribosomes?
* Organelles found in cells (eukaryotic and prokaryotic)
73
Ribosome function
* Coordinate the process of making new proteins (protein synthesis).
74
ER - consists, and location
network within the plasma consists: of flattened sacs, tubular membrane Location: continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
75
Golgi apparatus- function
processing and packaging of Proteins * found in cells with rough ER
76
Lysosomes & Secretory Vesicles function
Particle digestion....hydrolases. * Rough ER→ Golgi-→ Lysosome. * Sequestration * High degree of glycosylation
77
what do lysosomes digest
proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids
78
Autophagy
digestion of organells
79
phagocytosis
Cellular ingestion of extracellular particles. * Bacteria, cell debris.......phagocytes
80
what does the mitochondria make
ATP

BI101 (6 decks)

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