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BI101 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living things

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2
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of life

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3
Q

What is a fact?

A

Info that can be independently verified by a trained person

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4
Q

What is law of nature?

A

Generalizations about the predictable ways in which matter and energy balance… involves:
- Inductive reasoning…develop a theory from observation
- Observations… repeatable and valid
- Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion… F=ma
- 1st Law of Thermodynamics… set amount of energy in the universe
- energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another

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5
Q

Theory

A

Explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis

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6
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

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7
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an individual

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9
Q

Adaptation vs Accommodation

A

Adaptation: long-term, generational
Accommodation: short term, temporary

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10
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

DNA -> RNA->Protein

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11
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Species with hereditary advantages over competitors or predators
- develop genetic based advantages

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12
Q

What are selection Pressure?

A

Natural forces that promote reproductive/replicative success of some over others

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13
Q

Enzyme vs Protein

A

all enzymes are protein but not all protein are enzymes

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14
Q

What does “cyto” mean?

A

hallow. (cell or container)

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15
Q

What does “cyte” mean?

A

Suffix for cell

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16
Q

How many cells in the human body?

A

10^13 (ten trillion)

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17
Q

Purpose of the cell?

A

vehicle for hereditary information for survival of the species

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18
Q

What does DNA stand for and what is it?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Genetic code for the cell “blueprint” for cell characteristics, dictates everything the cell does
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19
Q

Eukaryote vs prokaryote

A

Eukaryote: DNA in a closed compartment (nucleus), large, varying sizes, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria
Prokaryotes: No distinct nuclear compartment, bacteria, archaea, few microns, DNA, RNA, cell wall

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20
Q

Two important functions of light on earth?

A
  1. source of energy for all organisms
  2. source of information; navigation of physical environment
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21
Q

Where is electromagnetic radiation from?

A

the sun

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22
Q

What is fission

A

split an atom into two atoms

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23
Q

What are the 2 aspects to electromagnetic waves?

A

wavelength and frequency
- the faster the wave oscillates the more energy

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24
Q

What happens when light hits objects?

A

Reflection, refraction, absorbed

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25
Q

Reflection of light

A

when electromagnetic waves bounce off objects… gives rise to visible colours

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26
Q

Refracted light

A

light moves through an object… rays can angle and alter visual image

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27
Q

Absorbed light

A
  • biological organisms
  • light energy excites atoms
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28
Q

What type of cells is life composed up

A

biotic and abiotic

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29
Q

Why can viruses only live in biotic cell?

A

Biotics have nucleic acids, duplication, and evolution
Abiotic cells cannot synthesize own proteins, require a host, can not reproduce

Therefore, can only infect living things

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30
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life forms

A
  1. display order (cell in the fundamental unit)
  2. Harness and use energy (transforming)
  3. Reproduction
  4. Respond to stimuli
  5. homeostasis(internal environment self-regulation)
  6. growth and development
  7. evolution
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31
Q

4 classes of macromolecules

A
  1. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
  2. Proteins (amino acids)
  3. Lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol)
  4. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
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32
Q

3 hypothesis for macromolecules

A

reducing atmosphere, deep sea vents, extrterrestrial origin

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33
Q

Reducing atmosphere hypothesis

A
  • Primordial atmosphere
  • Water vapour, H2, CO2, NH3, CH4.
  • Almost complete absence of… O2
34
Q

Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

A

Early atmosphere was reducing.
Electrons and hydrogen atoms……. react… complex molecules
No oxygen or ozone (O3).
Biological molecules development?…… UV light

35
Q

Modern atmosphere

A

Oxidizing atmosphere.
High levels of O2…… prevents the formation of complex molecules

36
Q

Deep Sea vents hypothesis

A

Complex organic molecules originated on the ocean floor through deep sea vents……. Hydrothermal
Cracks near volcanic activity.
Produced…… nutrient-rich water (300 degrees C)
CH4, NH3, H2S

37
Q

Extraterrestrial Origin hypothesis

A

Key organic molecules originated from…… Outerspace
Carbonaceous chondrites
Meteorites with organic molecules

38
Q

Key Attributes of the cell

A

Cell membrane…… defined compartment
System to store……genetic information
Energy transferring pathways.

39
Q

Protobiont

A

precursors to modern life.
Group of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane.
Formed spontaneously

40
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid- communication molecule, catalyzes reaction

41
Q

What is central dogma

A
  • refers to the process of protein synthesis
  • DNA.-> RNA-> full protein
42
Q

Proteins are more versatile than RNA…..why?

A

1)Catalytic power is greater for enzymes than ribozymes.
2) Cells produce a large array of different proteins
3) Amino acids can interact among the 20.

43
Q

DNA is better at information storage than RNA…..why?

A

1) DNA is more stable than RNA.
2) Nucleotide composition.
3) DNA is double-stranded

44
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms obtaining carbon from organic molecules.
Humans
Food to fuel…… respiratory pathways (glycolysis and fermentation)
Earliest life forms…… anaerobic (without oxygen)

45
Q

Autotrophs (plants)

A

Organisms obtaining carbon from the environment…… inorganic form (CO2)
Photoautotrophs additionally……. use light as an energy source

46
Q

Organic photosynthesis

A

Using light to support function.

47
Q

THEORY OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS

A

large prokaryotic cells engulfed by early ancestral prokaryotes.
Mutually advantageous.
Mitochondria….. Evolved from aerobic bacteria
Chloroplasts….. Evolved from cyanobacteria

48
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts features

A

Morphology…… shape and size similar to prokaryotes
Reproduction……mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from previous cell division…… no new synthesis
Genetic information……. Both contain DNA
Transcription and translation….. Contain ribosomes and tRNA’s
Electron transport……chains (ETC’s) and ATP synthases (synthesize.. Makes something)…. Generates chemical energy
Sequence analysis
Close match with cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria of DNA coding genes of the ribosome.

49
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

System of internal membranes separating cells into functional components.
Nuclear envelope, ER, GC.

50
Q

Endomembrane hypothesis

A

Endomembrane derived from infolding of plasma membrane

51
Q

The 3 domains in the tree of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya`

52
Q

What does LUCA stand for?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

53
Q

7 common features of the tree of life

A

Lipid bilayer…… semi-permeable membrane
Genetic system based on DNA…… cell “blueprint”
System of information transfer…… DNA to RNA
System of protein assembly….. ”central dogma”
Protein reliance…… enzymes, channels, structure
ATP as energy currency…… continual re-synthesis
Breakdown of glucose…… fuel combustion for ATP re-synthesis

54
Q

Vertical Gene Transfer

A

Inheriting genes from a previous generation.

55
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Movement of genes across…… unrelated organisms

56
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of 1 more cells
  2. cell is the basic structural/functional unit of all organisms
57
Q

2 basic cell types

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

58
Q

What is smaller prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic

59
Q

3 major shapes in prokaryotic cells

A

nucleoid, cell wall, cytoskeletal structure

60
Q

Nucleoid

A
  • Region of the cell within highly folded mass of DNA.
  • Single, circular molecule that unfolds when released (chromosome).
  • Contains?…… genes
61
Q

cell wall

A
  • Provides rigidity and protection.
  • Covered by glycocalyx (polysaccharides).
  • Called the “slime layer…if loose, become a capsule (gelatinous)
  • Provides protection, attaches to surface of other prokaryotes.
  • Forms a colony.
62
Q

Cytoskeletal Strucuture

A
  • Filamentous….. .functions:
    Maintain shape/structure, guides cell division
63
Q

Flagella

A
  • Propels prokaryote through fluid environment.
64
Q

Pili

A
  • Hair-like shafts extending from cell wall….function:
    Attach prokaryote to surfaces of other cells
65
Q

Eukaryotic cells 4 main groups

A

fungi, protists, plants, animals

66
Q

Eukaryotic cell - plasma membrane

A
  • Plants, fungal, and protist cells…….. Extracellular wall
67
Q

Eukaryotic cell - nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope
* Embedded with nuclear pore complexes (nucleoporins)….purpose?
* Exchange molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm…… selectively
* Proteins and RNA molecules.
* Space inside nucleus filled with…….. CHROMATIN (DNA & proteins)

68
Q

Eukaryotic cell- chromatin

A

Any collection of eukaryotic DNA molecules and associated proteins.

69
Q

Nucleoi

A
  • Forms around genes (code for rRNA), forms ribosomal units….exported.
70
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Encloses the cell, defines boundaries
  • Maintains life-supporting differences between cytosol and extracellular environment
71
Q

membrane proteins

A
  1. Serves as receptors……detecting extracellular molecules
  2. Molecule transport….between cytosol and extracellular environment.
  3. Catalyzing membrane-bound reactions (ATP)
  4. Structural links with cytoskeleton
72
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • Organelles found in cells (eukaryotic and prokaryotic)
73
Q

Ribosome function

A
  • Coordinate the process of making new proteins (protein synthesis).
74
Q

ER - consists, and location

A

network within the plasma
consists: of flattened sacs, tubular membrane
Location: continuous with the outer nuclear membrane

75
Q

Golgi apparatus- function

A

processing
and packaging of
Proteins
* found in cells with rough ER

76
Q

Lysosomes & Secretory
Vesicles function

A

Particle
digestion….hydrolases.
* Rough ER→ Golgi-→
Lysosome.
* Sequestration
* High degree of glycosylation

77
Q

what do lysosomes digest

A

proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids

78
Q

Autophagy

A

digestion of organells

79
Q

phagocytosis

A

Cellular ingestion of extracellular particles.
* Bacteria, cell debris…….phagocytes

80
Q

what does the mitochondria make

A

ATP

BI101 (6 decks)

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