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BI101 > Chapter 5- Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

3 jobs of cellular respiration

A
  1. Breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  2. Converts energy that is liberated into ATP
  3. Allows the cell to do work
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2
Q

What is cellular respiration

A
  • Collection of metabolic reactions within cells that breaks down food molecules (catabolic reactions) to produce ATP
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3
Q

ATP

A

form of chemical energy required for thousands of biosynthetic reactions (anabolic reactions) taking place within the cell

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4
Q

Where is energy coming from?

A

the sun

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5
Q

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

A

Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

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6
Q

LEO GER

A

loss of electrons= oxidation
gain of electrons = reduction

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7
Q

Electron Sharing

A

Sometimes only the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds changes (a relative loss or gain of electrons)

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

partial or full loss of e- to a substance

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9
Q

Reduction

A

partial or full gain of e- to a substance

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10
Q

Redox reaction

A

coupled reactions: The oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction occur simultaneously

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11
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 +6H2O + ENERGY

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12
Q

3 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorlation
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13
Q

Where do glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

glycolysis - cytosol
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle- mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation- mitochondria

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14
Q

where do most cellular respiration reactions occur

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

does glycolysis require O2

A

no

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16
Q

how many reactions in glycolysis

A

series of 10 chemical reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme

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17
Q

What does glycolysis convert

A

converts glucose (6 carbons) in to 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each)

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18
Q

Phases of glycolysis

A

Phase I: Glucose → Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate
Phase II: Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Phase III: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → Pyruvate

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19
Q

Phase I of glycolysis

A
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20
Q

Phase II of glycolysis

A
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21
Q

Phase III of glycolysis

A
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22
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

a phosphate group is transferred from a high-energy donor directly to ADP, forming ATP

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23
Q

When is most of the ATP produced duringing cellular respiration

A

oxidative phosphorlation

24
Q

When is most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration

A

oxidative phosphorylation

25
Q

What happens in the mitochondrial membrane

A
  • electron transfer
  • ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
26
Q

What happens in the mitochondrial matrix

A

pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

27
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

catalyzes the second ATP-consuming step of the pathway

28
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

Pyruvate (3C) is oxidized to an acetyl group (2C)
* CO2 is produced
* Electrons removed are accepted by (or used to reduce) NAD+ to form NADH
* Acetyl group linked to Co-Enzyme A (CoA)

29
Q

is pyruvate oxidation aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

30
Q

What does each pyruvate molecule produce

A

1 acetyl group
1 NADH
1 CO2

31
Q

What does pyruvate oxidation link

A

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

32
Q

what happens to the acetyl group after pyruvate oxidation

A

Acetyl groups attached to coenzyme A
* Delivered to citric acid cycle

33
Q

Citric Acid cycle

A

Acetyl groups completely oxidized to CO2
* Electrons removed in a series of oxidations
* Accepted by NAD+ or FAD (which get reduced to NADH and FADH2)
* Some ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation

34
Q

Produced from the citric acid cycle

A

Each acetyl group that enters the cycle and gets oxidized produces
* 2 CO2
* 1 ATP (by substrate-level phosphorylation)
* 3 NADH
* 1 FADH2

35
Q

What do electrons pass from in the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2 –> O2

36
Q

What does the ETC include

A
  • 4 protein complexed
    2 smaller shuttle carriers
37
Q

how do electrons move along the ETC

A

spontaneously

38
Q

what protein complexes are in the Respiratory ETC

A

3 major protein complexes I, II, Iv

39
Q

What do the respiratory ETC protein complexes do

A
  • Pump H+ from Matrix to IMS
  • Contain prosthetic groups that cycle between reduced and oxidized states
40
Q

What do the electrons do in the respiratory ETC

A
  • Depleted of energy
  • Delivered to oxygen as final electron acceptor
41
Q

Chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

A

involves the ATP synthase complex, which uses the energy of the proton gradient to catalyze the synthesis of ATP.

42
Q

Why does fermentation occur

A

In eukaryotic cells, low oxygen levels result in fermentation

43
Q

What is fermentation

A

the pathway of respiration that oxidizes fuel molecules in the absence of oxygen

44
Q

what are the two types of fermentation

A

lactate fermentation and alcohol fermentation

45
Q

where does lactic acid fermentation occur

A

animals and bacteria

46
Q

how is lactic acid fermentation produced?

A

electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+

47
Q

Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

plants and fungi

48
Q

how does alcohol fermentation happen?

A

Electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate to produce ethanol and NAD+

49
Q

Facultative aerobes:

A

Can grow in presence of oxygen and can grow using fermentative pathways

50
Q

is oxygen dangerous

A

yes, it can be a ROS (reactive oxygen species)
- superoxide and peroxide
- strong oxidizing agents

51
Q

Defence against ROS

A
  • Antioxidant defence system
    * Enzymes
    * Superoxide dismutase and catalase
  • Nonenzymes
    • Antioxidants: vitamin C and vitamin E
52
Q

In eukaryotes what is the terminal electron acceptor

A

oxygen

53
Q

what does aerobic respiration happen in

A

prokaryotes - bacteria
eukaryotes - plants

54
Q

How much ATP is required for glycolysis (input)

A

2

55
Q

At the end of glycolysis, the energy from glucose has been stored in

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP (NET)
2 NADH

BI101 (6 decks)

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