Midterm #1 Flashcards
What is Adapted Physical Activity?
- A professional branch of kinesiology
- Directed towards people who require adaptation for participation in PA
- Individualizing instruction and promoting full participation/accessibility
How is APA provided?
Appropriately designed/modified:
- Equipment
- Task criteria - Using a different skill to achieve the same goal
- Instructions/Rules
- Physical and social environments
World Health Report on Disability
- One of the first reports of its kind, many countries involved
- The right to participate especially for people experiencing disability
- > 1 billion people experience disability and have:
- Poorer health
- Lower education achievements
- Fewer economic opportunities
- Higher rates of poverty
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 30)
Right to participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport (enabling people with disabilities to participate on an equal basis in these areas)
Why is APA important?
a) Encourage and promote participation
b) Voice in creating disability-specific sporting events on an EQUAL BASIS
c) Access to sporting venues
d) Children with disabilities have equal access in participation (ex. in school)
e) Access to services from event organizers
World Health Organization (WHO) definition of disability
- Dynamic and complex
- Reflects features of body and interactions with society
- Some aspects are completely internal (ex. pain), and some are completely external (ex. negative attitudes)
- Puts responsibility on both individual and society
Disability is an umbrella term for:
- Impairment - Problem with body function or structure
- Activity limitation - Problem encountered in EXECUTING A TASK
- Participation restriction - Problem in involvement in life situations (imposed by social attitudes, architecture, social policies, etc.)
What qualifies as a disability according to WHO?
Impairment + (activity limitation and/or participation restriction) = disability
Only impairment ≠ disability always, put in a state of disability, EXPERIENCING disability
Impairment disability can be static or dynamic
What is ICF?
ICF = International classification of functioning, disability, and health
Purpose = worldwide initiative to standardize the definition of disability, and create a universal language
Models of Disability (WHO’s ICF)
Medical Model
Social Model
Can’t treat one model with a method of the other
Medical model
Concerns feature(s) of the body, caused by something
- treat and correct approach
- (PRO) useful if it’s something to be treated, a relief
- (CON) Puts responsibility on person, not always so rigid
Social model
Disability is socially constructed, not housed within the individual/inherent, imposed upon person
- Not about the person
- Exclusion, uninclusive physical space
- Demands political response
- (PRO) Puts responsibility on society
- Ex. someone with verbal disability, they speak loudly, do people tolerate?
What is an Attitude?
Deciding to act in a favourable or unfavourable way
A settled way of thinking/feeling about someone/something, usually one that is reflected (shows) in a person’s behaviour
Hierarchy of Preference
- People with and without impairment have different emotional reactions depending on the disability
- What is the most “favourable” disability to have
- Personal depending on experience and level of comfort
- Tend to blanket (I’m comfortable with autism) but much more nuanced)
What affects someone’s hierarchy of preference?
- How visible/easy to understand it is (can you see what’s up?)
- Interference with communication (verbal vs. non-verbal, speech impairments)
- Social stigma (intellectual impairments and mental health especially but getting better, physical impairments have least)
- Reversibility (temporary vs. long-term)
- Extent of functional impairment (ability to execute tasks)
- Perceived responsibility of their own impairment
Where does “Normal” come from?
Statistician (Adolphe Quetelet) applied “law of error” from astronomy to human and social behaviour, measured various traits of people and the middle of the curve was how people “ought to be”
Then people thought that the best place on the curve was above average (insult to be within the mean), which creates even more pressure for people experiencing disability that aren’t even in the middle
A social constructionist’s account of disability
“Understand disability in relation to socially established standards for socially created tasks”, “emergence of normalcy is what creates problems for the disabled”
- Author’s view is that –> disability is a social construct (social model) and we should widen our definition of normal
Attitude Theories
Ways to change attitudes
1) Contact Theory
2) Persuasive Communication Theory
3) Social Cognitive Theories
Contact Theory
- Change attitudes through increased contact
- Nature of contact must include:
- Equal status
- Cooperating to achieve common goal
- Support from authority figures
Persuasive Communication Theory
Persuade
Directly - Lectures, documentaries, one-on-one talks, etc.
Indirectly - Personal contact, simulation activities
(PRO) Gentle
(CON) Unintended consequences
Intended and Unintended Consequences of Persuasive Communication Theory
Intended: Increase sensitivity + compassion, positively change attitudes + behaviours, raise awareness of marginalization + barriers
Unintended: Doesn’t capture lived experience, may trivialize, participant discomfort, offensive to disability community, may reinforce negative stereotypes
Social Cognitive Theories
Group Dynamics Theory - follow norms of group, goal is for groups to have positive attitudes towards disability
Experiential and Observational Theory - learning through experience
Service Delivery Models
(Exclusion doesn’t deliver services)
Segregation
Integration
Inclusion
Segregation
Facilities-based model
- Offered separately
- 1900-1950
- Institutions, residential programs, special schools, etc.
Segregation - Pros and Cons
(PROS) Some choose programs, 1:1 or small group instruction, focus on individual needs
(CONS) treated and viewed as patients/victims, limited choice + interaction with society + education + recreation (unless prescribed), mistreatment + abuse + lack of privacy (eugenics and forced sterilization)
Integration
Services-based model
- Existing in the same space
- 1950s
- Mainstreaming
- Least Restrictive Environments (LRE)
- Reverse integration
Mainstreaming
Putting people with impairments put into programs designed for people without impairments (for mild impairments after assessment)
- Provides special services
“Dumping ground for disability” “too far, too fast”
- Often implemented badly (no planning or staff)
- Severe impairments were put into regular programs without plans/supports
Least Restrictive Environments (LRE)
Matches abilities of all people with services, with a “cascade of services” placement availability, movement through cascade depending on readiness
(CONS) One environment doesn’t prepare for another, movement rarely happens, legitimized segregation/restrictive environments
Reverse Integration
Disabled people/programs are the integration agent (ex. para-sport)
- Equitable participation
- Highlights abilities
- Awareness of architectural and attitude barriers in society
Inclusion
Service delivery readily available for anyone at anytime, we exist in one plane
- Recognizes and accepts diversity, welcoming
- Belonging, acceptance, value
- Subjective
(CONS) Love of the cause distracts from individual needs, ignores parental preferences, problems with quality of educational programs, lack of qualified staff
