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1[GCSE History]1 > Middle East > Flashcards

Middle East Flashcards

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1
Q

Yasser Arafat

A
  • Leader of the PLO
  • Palestinian
  • Originally leader of Fatah
  • Set on destroying Israel
  • Took control in 1969
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2
Q

Anwar El-Sadat

A
  • President of Egypt following Nasser
  • Served from 1970 to 1981
  • Assassinated by Muslim extremists who were against peace with Israel
  • Won the Nobel peace prize with Menachem Begin
  • Singed the Camp David Accords in 1978
  • Launched an attack on Israel in 1978 (Yom Kippur war)
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3
Q

Gamal Nasser

A
  • Egyptian President from 1956 to 1979
  • Arab uninoist and anti-zionist
  • Popular
  • Refused to negotiate with Israel after the Six Day War
  • Nationalised the Suez Canal
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4
Q

Yitzhak Rabin

A
  • First Israeli prime minister to sympathise with Yasser Arafat
  • Signed the Oslo Accords 1993
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5
Q

Attempts at a solution

A

The USA and USSR were almost dragged into nuclear war in the Yom Kippur war in 1973. So they both realised a solutin needed to be found

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6
Q

What does OPEC stand for?

A

The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

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7
Q

What is OPEC?

A

A coalition of countries that make up around 80% of the World’s petroleum export

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8
Q

Who are OPEC?

A
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Venezuela
  • Iraq
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9
Q

The oil crisis

A

OPEC refused to sell any oil to the USA and they cut oil production to its allies by 25%. Also, they raised the price of an oil barrel from $3 to $12. This was to show their anger of Israels advance to Israel

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10
Q

Effects of the oil crisis

A
  • Showed the high influence of the Arab states on the world
  • Caused inflation around the world, especially in the US
  • Unemployment rates went up as employers could not afford to employ them
  • Force the US to reconsider its involvement in the Middle East
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11
Q

Superpower involvement in the Oil Crisis

A
  • The US was badly hit by the oil embargo, so they had a large incentive to make peace in the Arab peninsula
  • There could not be another war as the US and USSR could be dragged into nuclear war
  • If the US were to act as peacemakers, they could pull Syria and Egypt away from USSR.
  • The USSR were frustrated with Egypt, they had wasted the Soviet weapons
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12
Q

Henry Kissinger

A
  • US secretary of state in 1974
  • Put in charge by the US to make peace between Israel and its Arab neighbours
  • Neither side wanted to negotiate with each other directly so he had to adopt a shuttle diplomacy
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13
Q

The Shuttle Diplomacy, 1974

A
  • USA could put pressure on Israel to negotiate as it was reliant on it for aid
  • Sadat was difficult to negotiate with has he wanted the IDF to withdraw from the Suez canl so he could reopen it and collect $220 million in tolls a year
  • Assad was more difficult to negotiate with as he did not back down in his claim to the Golan Heights and he did not want to lose faith
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14
Q

Success of the shuttle diplomacy

A
  • Egypt agreed to peaceful negotiations with Israel
  • Golan Heights were made a DMZ
  • Egypt and Israel both agreed to pull back from the Suez canal so UN peacekeeping troops could move in and work could start on cleaning the canal
  • OPEC started to sell oil to the US again in 1974
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15
Q

Failure of the diplomacy

A
  • No permanent solution was found

- There was no reference to the Palestinian refugee crisis

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16
Q

The reopening of the Suez canal, 1975

A

Sadat’s initial goal was to open the Suez Canal from 1970. However it was in a poor state as it was blocked by an Israeli causeway and its banks were covererd by unexploded ammunition and mines

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17
Q

Details of the reopening

A
  • 1700 Egyptian troops spent three months clearing the canal’s banks
  • 96 soldiers died
  • Four navies had to clear the canal itself
  • 10,000 live shells, 15 aircraft, 127 pontoon bridge sections and other obstacles such as trucks had to be cleared
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18
Q

The ceremony

A
  • On 5th June 1975, eight years after the initial closure, the canal reopend.
  • A ceremony was held in Port Said
  • Sadat sailed down the canal
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19
Q

Sadat and Begin

A
  • Sadat wanted to continue the peace progress started by Kissinger. He wanted Sinai back and to achieve permanent peace with Egypt, this was to start rebuilding its economy
  • Sadat visited Israel and spoke at the Knessest to convey his peace policies.
  • He was the first Arab leader to propose peace
  • This broke the Karthoum Resolution
  • Begin agreed to make peace however the Palestinian issue slowed them
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20
Q

Camp David Accords, 1978

A
  • Carter invited Sadat and Begin to continue peace talks
  • Camp David was chosen as it was secluded and it was away from Palestinians
  • After 13 days, agreements had been made and the framework for peace had been made
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21
Q

Issues with the Camp David Accords

A
  • It did not mention Jerusalem
  • It did not mention the Golan Heights
  • It did not mention the Palestinians in refugee camps outside the West Bank and Gaza
  • Palestinians were given a legitimate right but there was no definition
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22
Q

Reactions to the Camp David Accords

A
  • Begin and Sadat were awarded the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize
  • The UN rejected it as they had not been consulted
  • Arabs were furious as Sadat went against the Karthoum Resolution
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23
Q

Treaty of Washingtom, 1979

A
  • Sadat and Begin signed a treaty in 1979
  • Israel and Egypt both agreed to accept each others right to exist
  • Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai
  • Egypt agreed to allow Israel use the Suez Canal and the Straits of Tiran
  • The Arab states condemned this
24
Q

Arafat’s speech to the UN, 1974

A
  • In 1974, the Arab league accepted Yasser Arafat as a representation of the Palestinians
  • The UN invited Arafat to give a speech
  • The USA and Israel refused to attend
  • The PLO was given Observer Status
  • “Today, I come bearing an olive branch in one hand and the freedom fighter’s gun in the other
25
Q

PLO in Lebanon

A
  • The PLO was forced into Lebanon after Black September
  • 300,000 Palestinian refugees were already there
  • They built health clinics and schools
  • They provided electricity
  • Injected a sense of hope
26
Q

Issues with the PLO in Lebanon

A
  • For the government it was a nightmare
  • Arafat acted as if he owned the place
  • He set up HQ in Beirut and refugee camps all over South Lebanon
  • South Lebanon became known as Fatahland
  • Despite Lebanon wanting to stay out of Arab-Israeli conflicts, the PLO launched missile attacks over the border
27
Q

Phalange Forces

A
  • Lebanon’s Christians wanted the PLO out. In thr early 1970s they set up their own 10,000 strong paramilitary force, Phalange
  • Lebanese muslims joined Druze forces
  • A civil war broke out killing 70,000 and destroying much of Beirut
  • Israel and Syria were drawn in
28
Q

Raids and Reprisals

A
  • Many PLO members disagreed with Arafat’s approach
  • Most Israelis refused to believe he was genuine
  • They only accepted the complete destruction of Israel
  • Coastal Road Massacre, 1978
  • Operation Litani, 1978
29
Q

The Coastal Road Massace, 1978

A
  • 11th March 1978
  • 13 PLO militants attempted to take control of a luxury resort in Tel Aviv to take international hostages for bargaining
  • They arrived 60km north of Tel Aviv and hijacked a bus
  • They shot at passing cars and killed 38 civilians
  • A police blockade stopped the bus and 9 militants were killed
30
Q

Operation Litani, March 1978

A
  • Response to the massacre
  • 26000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon
  • This was to create a buffer zone between the PLO and Israel
  • 1100 died (muslims)
  • Arafat previously had moved all troops north
31
Q

Mounting tension 1979-81

A
  • The UN immediately called for a ceasefire
  • Phalanges patrolled the border
  • They could not stop PLO attacks
  • The PLO recieved funding from the USSR
32
Q

Israel invasion of the Lebanon, 1982

A

Israel needed an excuse to invade
Three Palestinian militants attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israeli ambassador to London
These were not members of the PLO
6 June 1982 - Operation Peace for Galilee launched to stop further attacks and create a buffer zone

33
Q

Exceeding of aims of the 1982 invasion

A
  • Israeli forces rapidly pushed north, bombing towns as they went
  • They besieged Beirut
  • They installed a new Phalange government led by Bachir Gemayel
  • He was pro-Israel
  • Despite large civilian presence, Israelis still bombed the subjrbs killing 20,000
  • 11,000 Palestinian militants forced to Tunisia
34
Q

Sabra and Shatila massacres, 1982

A

IDF defence minister, Ariel Sharon was not satisfied as he announed 2000 PLO terrorists remained in refugee camps

  • IDF forces surrounded refugee camps to prevent anyone leaving
  • They allowed Phalange forces to then kill any remaining militants
  • The forces were angry as Gemayel had been assassinated two days earlier
  • But the forces massacred everyone killing 3500
35
Q

The impact of the invasion

A
  • Galilee was now free of PLO missiles
  • Ariel Sharon had to resign due to claims of him breaking the Geneva convention by using chemical warfare against civilians
  • Arafat was no longer a threat as he was 2400km away in Tunis
  • Isreal was international condemned for the massacres at Sabra and Shatila
36
Q

Other militants

A

Hezbollah - Lebanese militant group

Hamas - Islamist terrorist group that formed when th PLO left.

37
Q

Life in Occupied territories

A
  • Conditions were poor as they were unhygenic and crowded
  • They were on,y often unskilled labour
  • Still had to pay Israeli taxes despite having no say in the Israeli parliament
  • Land could be confiscated for Jewish settlers
  • IDF could interrogate anyone they suspected of being a member of the PLO
38
Q

The Palestinian Intifada. 1987-93

A
  • Intifada means to shake off an alludes to the Palestinians struggle in trying to remove the IDF from Palestinian territories
39
Q

Origins of the Intifada

A
  • In December 1987, an Israeli market trader was stabbed in Gaza
  • The following day, an IDF truck collided with two Palestinian trucks killing 4
  • There were riots at the funerals and an Israeli guard post was stoned
  • Another Palestinian was killed three days later
  • This led to the Intifada
40
Q

Tactics of the Intifada

A
  • Initially, their tactic was to use Active Resistance
  • They would get children to throw stones at IDF patrol. The IDF would break the children’s fingers and arms which would portray them as evil. At this point the IDF was leaderless
  • Later, they moved to passive resistance which included boycotting
  • They gained co-ordinated tactics from experts (UNLU)
41
Q

The Iron Fist Policy

A
  • Put in place by Israeli PM, Yitzhak Shamir
  • Reservists were called up and security was increased
  • Schools were closed and censorship and curfews were imposed
  • Thousands were detained
  • Arms and fingers of children were broken
  • Hostile crowds were dispersed sometimes using live ammo
42
Q

The impact of the Intifada on Israelis

A
  • 160 Israelis dies
  • Israeli’s economy collapsed as security costs increased
  • Tourism collapsed
  • Society collapsed as people were divided on wether to tighten or loosen iron fist tactics
43
Q

Inpact of the Intifada on Palestinians

A
  • 1200 Palestinians died and a quarter of them were children
  • 882 Palestinians were accused of working with Israelis
  • Life became more difficult
  • More ordinary people felt empowered
  • Arafat felt irrelevant, so he opted for a two party system. He was willing to negotiated
44
Q

Consequences of the Intifada

A
  • Media coverage changed international opinion as heavily armed IDF troops were breaking childrens arms
  • Americans condemned Iron Fist tactics
  • Arafat introduced a two party system
  • Israel began to question wether it was worth keeping the occupied territories
45
Q

Arafat renounces terrorism

A
  • Arafat decided a change in tactics was needed
    1. Arafat began to be overshadowed by Hamas
    2. After 30 years of trying, Arafa knew Israel was too strong to destroy
    3. In July 1988, King Hussein renounced the Jordanian claim to the West Bank
    4. Arafat could use international sympathy to gain a better deal
46
Q

Arafat’s second speech to the UN

A
  • In December 1988, Arafat made a speech to the UN renouncing all terrorism
  • He called for Israel’s withdrawal from occupied territories and he asked them to join him in peace negotiations
47
Q

Impact of the second speech

A

Positive:
- USA agreed to negotiate with the PLO
- USA put pressure on Israel to negotiate with the PLO
Negative:
- For Israel, the PLO were still considered terrorists
- Hamas and Islamic Jihad rejected the peace initiative as well

48
Q

Gulf War, 1991

A
  • In 1990, Saddam Hussein ordered his Iraqi forces to invade the oil rich state of Kuwait
  • This was to gain oil money to pay off debts
  • He was internationally condemned
  • In January 1991, A UN-approved a US led coalition of 34 countries in Operation Desert Storm
49
Q

The Gulf War’s Imapct on Palestinian-Israeli negotiatons

A
  • Many Arab states began to cooperate with the US
  • US aid led to hostility in the area dying down
  • Israel’s reputation improved as Hussein fired Scud missiles at Israel and they did not retaliate
  • Arafat’s reputation was damaged as he chose to aligne with Hussein putting him in a weaker position to negotiate
50
Q

The end of the Cold War, 1991

A
  • The USSR absolved in 1991
  • The PLO lost its main source of funding
  • He needed peace quickly as 200,000 Soviet Jews migrated during this time
  • ## Israel was damaged. USA was the sole superpower meaning that more pressure could be put on them to negotiate
51
Q

Oslo Accords

A
  • Secret talks began between Israel and Palestine in Oslo
  • Relaxed atmosphere in farmhouses
  • After days of negotiation, both sides agreed
52
Q

Terms of the Oslo Accords

A
  • PLO were to renounce violence
  • Israel were to except the PLO as representative of the Palestinian population
  • Both sides agreed a Palestinian National Authority should be set up to run from the West Bank and Gaza
  • Over five years, Israeli forces were to withdraw from the West Bank and Gaza and border discussions would take place
  • A permanent peace treaty would be signed in five years
53
Q

Why were the first Oslo Accords important?

A
  • Created a sense of optimism
  • Palestinians would gain a sense of security and will be able to rebuild their economy
  • In 1994, Arafat and Rabin won the the Nobel Peace prize
54
Q

Israel-Jordan peace treaty 1994

A
  • King Hussein of Jordan became the second Arab leader to make peace with Israel
  • He needed thid because he needed to rebuild his economy and the Palestinian refugees were becoming too much of an issue
  • In July 1988, Jordan withdrew its claim to the Wes5 Bank
  • He allowed the PLO to take responsibility
  • The 1994 treaty allowed Joram to accept Israelks right to exist
55
Q

Oslo 2, 1995

A
  • Vague about which areas would be controlled by Palestine
  • The majority of the West Bank was to be solely controlled by Israel
  • Hamas, PFLP and Islamic Jihad rejected
  • Moderate Palestinians lost their optimism
  • Most Israelis were delighted

1[GCSE History]1 (9 decks)

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