middle ages test Flashcards
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Simony
the practice of bishops selling positions in the church
Gothic
new architectural style - tell spires, pointed arches
Urban II
Catholic Pope who called for holy war against Muslims
Crusade
Christian holy war to recapture Jerusalem
Saladin
famous Muslim leader who fought Crusaders (beat them and Richard the Lionheart)
Richard the Lionhearted
Christian Crusader who fought Saladin
Reconquista
Spanish effort to drive Muslims out of Spain
Inquisition
Church court used to suppress heresy/heretics (ppl whose beliefs differed from the Catholic Church)
Friars
New religious order that traveled - Dominicans and Franciscans
What are the main 3 effects of the Crusades?
1) Increased trade between Europe and SW Asia
2) Power of church and feudal system weakened, monarchical power increased
3) Bitterness among Christians, Muslims, and Jews
What were the 4 main changes in medieval society?
Growth of food supply, growth of guilds, commercial revolution, revival of learning
What was the three-field system?
method of planting 2/3rds of land to increase production)
What was horsepower then?
Using horses instead of oxen increased speed
What were merchant and craft guilds?
organizations of individuals in the same business/occupation working to improve conditions
What was the commercial revolution?
Dramatic expansion of trade and business during the late middle ages
What was happening in medieval towns and cities?
Communities had increasing populations leading to unsanitary conditions
How was education being revived?
vernacular, universities, Thomas Aquinas, scholastic, scholasticism (ppl finding the meaning of life and why ppl believe and seek religion)
What were some nations developing in Europe?
England and France
King John
English king, forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) guaranteeing rights
William the Conqueror
Norman who invaded and conquered the Anglo-Saxons in England, became king
Henry II
English king, used juries and common law
Parliament
English legislative group called together by Edward I)
Philip II
Seized Normandy and other French lands from King John
Hugh Capet
First of the Capetian Dynasty who took over from Carolingians
Philip IV
Created France’s first Parliament called Estates-General
What was the Great Schism?
Split of the Roman Catholic Church during which rival Popes in Avignon and Rome claimed authority to lead church members
John Wycliffe
Englishman who challenged Church, agreed Bible and Jesus were most important
Jan Hus
Bohemian who challenged Church and taught Bible most important; executed
Bubonic Plague
Disease that spread across Asia and Europe in mid-14th century, killing millions
Hundred Years’ War
Over 100 years of war between England and France
Joan of Arc
Teenage French peasant girl called by God to drive the English out of France
What is a manor?
a self-sufficient farm owned by a lord, protected by knights and worked by serfs
Who and how was the Kingdom of the Franks created?
A Germanic tribe converted to Christianity and built the kingdom
Who was Charles Martel
a frank who halted the muslim’s invasion of Europe at the battle of tours
who was Charlemagne?
greatest leader of the Franks, tried to restore the former glory of Rome and was named holy Roman emperor by the pope
what happened after Charlemagne died?
his empire broke up and Europe suffered raids by viking raiders from Scandinavia, Muslim invasions, and Magyars (hungary) attacks from the east
What was a tithe?
A church tax paid by serfs and amounted to 1/10 of their income
What did the kings do that reduced the amount of power nobles held?
They gave more power to representative bodies such as England’s Parliament and France’s Estates-General
What did the Magna Carta do?
English document guaranteeing British citizens certain rights such as a jury trial
What happened in the Hundred years of war?
England and France fought over British territory in France, France won
Which crusade did the Christians defeat the Muslims and took over Spain
The Reconquista
Why did the Christian Church lose respect?
Abuses like the pope interfering with politics and selling church positions (simony)
Who were burghers?
Town-dwellers, example of the emerging middle class
What does secular mean?
Worldly rather than religious (during the late middle ages education became more secular)
Feudalism
political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service (became complicated with vassals under vassals under other vassals)
Vassal
under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity - to become a vassal, a man performed an act of respect to his lord
Carolingian world declining →
more powerful lords and vassals increased
When did great lords and ordinary knights came to form a common group within the aristocracy
early - mid middle ages
Chivalry
an idea of civilized behavior
Knights were expected to treat captives as honored guests (not putting them in a dungeon)
Knights were expected to treat aristocratic women with tenderness and respect
Feudal contract
under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
Eleanor of Aquitaine
famous lady of the castle
Carruca
a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I
Began the Spanish Inquisition and expelled Muslims and Jews
What two countries were the most effected by the black plague?
France and Italy lost over 50% of their populations
Which groups settled in England?
Saxons and Angles
Italy and Rome were settled by___
Vandals and Visigoths
Who settled in Gaul?
Franks and Saxons
What is Gaul today known as?
France
