Middle Ages

Question 1

simony

Answer 1

the selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic church

Question 2

St. Francis of Assisi

Answer 2

Italian saint who founded the Franciscan order of friars; treated all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters; born to wealthy merchant family and willingly gave up a life of comfort

Question 3

Gothic

Answer 3

a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches and tall spines

Question 4

Pope Urban the second

Answer 4

in 1095, he issued a call for crusade to regain control of the holy land from the muslims

Question 5

Crusade

Answer 5

holy war

Question 6

Saladin

Answer 6

The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.

Question 7

Richard the Lion-Heart

Answer 7

King of England 1157-1199; participated in the Third Crusade and did not successfully reach Jerusalem.

Question 8

Reconquista

Answer 8

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Question 9

Inquisition

Answer 9

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Question 10

What were the nine major affects of the Crusades?

Answer 10

Byzantine Empire is weakened; Pope’s power declines; Power of feudal nobles weakens; Kings become stronger; Religious intolerance grows; Italian cities expand trade and grow rich ; Muslims increasingly distrust Christians; Trade grows between Europe and the middle East; European technology improves as Crusaders lesrn from muslims

Question 11

three-field system

Answer 11

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Question 12

Guild

Answer 12

A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.

Question 13

Burgher

Answer 13

a medieval merchant-class town Dweller.

Question 14

Vernacular

Answer 14

the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)

Question 15

Dante Alighieri

Answer 15

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

Question 16

Geoffrey Chaucer

Answer 16

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

Question 17

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 17

influential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge

Question 18

Scholastics

Answer 18

scholars who gathered and taught at medieval Europe

Question 19

William the Conqueror

Answer 19

the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England.

Question 20

Henry the second

Answer 20

In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John

Question 21

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Answer 21

powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him.

Question 22

Magna Carta

Answer 22

Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility

Question 23

parliament

Answer 23

a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation.

Question 24

Philip the second

Answer 24

One of the most powerful Capets, at 15 set out to weaken the power of the kings in English but had little success. Had nickname of Augustus because he expand territory

Question 25

Louis IX

Answer 25

(1226-1270) Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts; declared only king could mint coins; banned private warfare; weakened feudal ties; made into a saint for his chivalrous behavior

Question 26

Avignon

Answer 26

city that was home of the popes for 67 years. city where Church was “held captive”

Question 27

Great Schism

Answer 27

a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Question 28

John Wycliffe

Answer 28

This English reformer was at Oxford University where he translated the Bible into Anglo-Saxon, and spread new, radical teachings such as that Jesus is the head of the church, clergy should not be wealthy landowners, and the Bible is the final authority for Christian life.

Question 29

Jan Hus

Answer 29

After Great Schism, he taught Bible had higher authority than pope, excommunicated and burned at stake.

Question 30

bubonic plaque

Answer 30

a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people.

Question 31

Hundred Years’ War

Answer 31

the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.

Question 32

Joan of Arc

Answer 32

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king, she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake

Question 33

What were the four major steps toward democracy?

Answer 33

1) centralized government, 2) legal courts led to a unified body of law, 3) magna carta insured legal rights, 4) Parliament included commoners and middle class in making laws

Question 34

How did the Crusades and the Great Schism change the balance of the power in Medieval Europe?

Answer 34

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Question 37

How did the English government change during the late Middle Ages, and what caused the change?

Answer 37

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