Middle Ages Flashcards
simony
the selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic church
St. Francis of Assisi
Italian saint who founded the Franciscan order of friars; treated all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters; born to wealthy merchant family and willingly gave up a life of comfort
Gothic
a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches and tall spines
Pope Urban the second
in 1095, he issued a call for crusade to regain control of the holy land from the muslims
Crusade
holy war
Saladin
The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.
Richard the Lion-Heart
King of England 1157-1199; participated in the Third Crusade and did not successfully reach Jerusalem.
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
What were the nine major affects of the Crusades?
Byzantine Empire is weakened; Pope’s power declines; Power of feudal nobles weakens; Kings become stronger; Religious intolerance grows; Italian cities expand trade and grow rich ; Muslims increasingly distrust Christians; Trade grows between Europe and the middle East; European technology improves as Crusaders lesrn from muslims
three-field system
a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.
Guild
A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.
Burgher
a medieval merchant-class town Dweller.
Vernacular
the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
Dante Alighieri
an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
Geoffrey Chaucer
English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)
Thomas Aquinas
influential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge
Scholastics
scholars who gathered and taught at medieval Europe
William the Conqueror
the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England.
Henry the second
In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John
Eleanor of Aquitaine
powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him.
Magna Carta
Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility
parliament
a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation.
Philip the second
One of the most powerful Capets, at 15 set out to weaken the power of the kings in English but had little success. Had nickname of Augustus because he expand territory
Louis IX
(1226-1270) Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts; declared only king could mint coins; banned private warfare; weakened feudal ties; made into a saint for his chivalrous behavior
Avignon
city that was home of the popes for 67 years. city where Church was “held captive”
Great Schism
a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
John Wycliffe
This English reformer was at Oxford University where he translated the Bible into Anglo-Saxon, and spread new, radical teachings such as that Jesus is the head of the church, clergy should not be wealthy landowners, and the Bible is the final authority for Christian life.
Jan Hus
After Great Schism, he taught Bible had higher authority than pope, excommunicated and burned at stake.
bubonic plaque
a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people.
Hundred Years’ War
the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.
Joan of Arc
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king, she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake
What were the four major steps toward democracy?
1) centralized government, 2) legal courts led to a unified body of law, 3) magna carta insured legal rights, 4) Parliament included commoners and middle class in making laws
How did the Crusades and the Great Schism change the balance of the power in Medieval Europe?
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How did the English government change during the late Middle Ages, and what caused the change?
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