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9H WH > Middle Ages > Flashcards

Middle Ages Flashcards

1
Q

Middle Ages

A
  • Time period from 5th to 15th Century
  • Began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire
  • Ended due to the Bubonic Plague (fewer people so better conditions for peasants), 100 Years war (weakening of feudalism), and Crusades (weakening of Church)
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2
Q

Secular

A

Concerning worldly affairs rather then spritual matters

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3
Q

Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)

A
  • Domo (mayor of the palace) of the Franks who extended the empire throughout Europe
  • Defeated Muslim army from Spain at the Battle of Tours, preventing Western Europe from being part of the Islamic Empire
  • held more power than the King
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4
Q

Charlemagne

A

-Grandson of Charles Martel
-Reunited western Europe for the first time since the Romans
-Crowned Roman Emperor b/c he aided the Pope
-signified the union of Germanic, Roman, and
Church

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5
Q

Feudalism

A
  • Political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty
  • Lords give vassals land, vassals promise services like protection
  • King > Vassals > Knights > serfs
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6
Q

What were the effects of the Germanic invasions on the Western Roman Empire

A

Germanic invasions lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Without a strong centralized government, the Middle Ages began

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7
Q

To what extent did Charlemagne and Charles Martel influence Europe

A
  1. They unified Europe under their rule and united Roman Heritage, Church, and Germanic power
  2. Prevented Muslim invasion by winning the Battle of Tours (Charles Martel)
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8
Q

How did feudalism become the predominant political system in Europe

A

Muslims, Vikings, Magyars invaded -> disorder

  1. A weak central government meant that Kings couldn’t defend their lands from invasion.
  2. People no longer could depend on the King
  3. Turned to a local ruler for protection instead, who then gained followers and political strength. (Feudalism)
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9
Q

How was society structured der feudalism

A

Society based on land

  1. King at the top
  2. Lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military protection
  3. Landless peasants toiled in the fields in return for protection
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10
Q

Battle of Tours

A

The battle in which Charles Martel defeated Muslim invaders from Spain (732). Prevented Western Europe from becoming part of the Muslim Empire (made Charles Martel a Christian hero)

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11
Q

Reform

A

Making changes for the better

Movement for religious reform, rejection of people’s authority

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12
Q

Gothic

A

A style of church architecture -developed during medieval Europe. Includes the pointed arches, ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, and flying buttresses.

Churches were built very tall to be closer to heaven

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13
Q

Inquisition

A

Court of justice for prosecuting charges of heresy (Roman Catholic)

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14
Q

Vernacular

A

Everyday/common language of homeland used by poets

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15
Q

Battle of Hastings

A

Battle between William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) and Harold Godwinson (Anglo-Saxon) for the throne of England.

Harold was killed so the Normans won (William crowned)

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16
Q

Parliament

A

Group of oboes (legislative group) who met to check on royal power; weakened power of lords

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17
Q

Hindered Years’ War

A

War between England and France on French soil

Brought changes to style of warfare, marked end of medieval society, surge of nationalism,

Power and prestige of French monarchy increased

Internal conflict for the English (2 nobles fought for the throne), and end of Middle Ages

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18
Q

Secular

A

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

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19
Q

Charlemagne

A

King of Franks

Extended Frankish rule,

Spread Christianity to conquered lands,

Crowned “Roman Empire” by the Pope, signified joining of Germanic Power, Church, and heritage of the Roman Empire

Strengthened central authority of the king

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20
Q

Friars

A

Missionaries who lived in poverty

Took vows of chastity and obedience (to god)

21
Q

Pope Urban II

A

Pope who called for the 1st crusade (1095)

22
Q

3 field system

A

Used by peasant farmers, split land into 3 parts, 2/3 used each year while 1/3 was unplanted to rest.

Allowed for more crops to be produced in the long run

23
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

A scholar who argued that the religious truths can be proved by logical argument

24
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

Wife of Henry II of England

Mother of Richard the Lion-Hearted and John

25
Q

Estates General

A

Assembly of representatives from all 3 estates (social classes) of France

26
Q

Joan of Arc

A

French peasant girl who led the French army to victory in the hundred Yeras War

Drove the English from francw

27
Q

Papacy

A

Leaders of the Catholic Church

28
Q

Francis of Assisi

A

Founder of the Franciscans, a group of friars

Treated all creatures equally, like brothers and sisters

29
Q

Crusade

A

Holy war

Christians fought against muslims Turks to regain land in the Levant

30
Q

Guild

A

Group of people in the same business who work together to control wages and conditions

31
Q

Scholastics

A

Scholars who met together to debate on issues like law and government

32
Q

John

A

King of England
Younger brother of Richard the Lino-Hearted
Mother is Eleanor of quitting
Cruel to subjects

33
Q

Great schism

A

French Pope Vs Italian Pope Vs another elected pope

Each excommunicated each other

Division of power lead to forced 3/3 to resign

Newly elected pope (Martin V) gained power of a weakened papacy

34
Q

Tithe

A

Tax (donation) to the Church/priest

Usually 10% of ones income

35
Q

Romanesque

A

Style of architecture

Thick walls, tiny windows, columns

Gloomy and dark inside

36
Q

Spanish Reconquista

A

Effort made by the Spanish monarchy to drive the muslims out of the Iberian peninsula (Spain)

37
Q

Universtiy

A

The place where a group of scholars could meet, anywhere

38
Q

Edward the Confessor

A

English king,

Died without an heir, left a power vacuum -> fight erupted between normans and anglo-saxons

39
Q

Magna Carta

A

Document guaranteeing basic rights in England, basis of modern law used in US and England

40
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

Deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe

Killed 1/3 of the population in Europe

Nicknamed the “Black Death”

41
Q

What were the effects of the Germanic invasions on the Western Roman Empire

1
2
3

A
  1. DISRUPTION OF TRADE
    Merchant businesses failed which destroyed European economic centers
  2. DOWNFALL OF CITIES
    People left cities because of the tattered economy
  3. POPULATION SHIFT
    As government collapsed, people moved to rural areas with communities mostly based on agriculture
42
Q

How did the Church influence European society?

1
2
3
4

A
  1. Acted as a unifying force b/c of shared beliefs
  2. Provided Christians with a sense of security and belonging
  3. Gave people hope in difficult times through salvation
  4. Created justice system
43
Q

To what extent did corruption within the church in the 11th century lead to reforms

What reforms did the church take
1
2
3
4
A
  1. Many priests were married, bishops practiced simony (selling off positions for money) and kings practiced lay investiture (nobles appointing clergy)
  2. Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced laws against simony and marriage of priests
  3. Church restructured to resemble a kingdom
  4. Developed canon law
  5. Monastic reforms
44
Q

Causes and effects of the Crusades

1
2
3
4
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6
7
8
9
A 
Call to get the holy land
Religious fervor from Age of Faith
Wanted to get rid of quarrelsome king it's
People were looking for a place in society + fame
People expanded trade
Led to revival of learning
Lessened power of the Church
Muslim and Christian tension
Weakened Byzantine empire
45
Q

How did agriculture and trade lead to the growth of towns?

A

Switch to horsepower, 3-field system allowed for a large food supply to support a growing population

Better farming technique allowed more people to specialize in other fields

Guilds organized merchants and artisans into one group

Commercial revolution lead to trade and better economy

Towns grew and flourished as centers of trade

46
Q

What lead to the battle between English and French nobles

A

King Edward the Confessor died without an heir

Anglo-Saxons and Normans both claimed the throne

47
Q

How did England’s government take the first steps toward democracy?

A

Henry II used juries in courts
Formed common law
Magna Carta guaranteed rights to citizens
Parliament included representatives from different regions and classes

48
Q

Long lasting effects of the bubonic plague & Hundred Years’ War on Europe

A

BUBONIC PLAGUE:
population decrease, trade decline and good’s prices rose,

serfs left manor in search of better wages

Peasant revolts b/c nobles refused demands of higher wages

Jews were blamed and driven from homes/killed

church lost prestige b/c prayers ineffective against disease and

priests abandoned duty

downfall of feudalism,

HUNDRED YEARS WAR:
Feeling of nationalism emerged ->monarch power increase and local nobles power decrease

English suffered from internal turmoil as 2 noble houses fought each other’s in the War of the Roses

Power and prestige of French monarchy increased

9H WH (4 decks)

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