Middle Ages Flashcards
The rebuilt Greek city of Byzantium built by Constantine
Constantinople
Strait that links the Mediterranean and black seas
Bosporus
Helped Byzantium empires reach its greatest size
Justinian
Means holy wisdom. Was a church rebuilt by Justinian
Hagia Sophia
Corpus Juris Civilis or body of civil law
Justinians code
Sole ruler complete authority
Autocrat
Shrewd politician. Advisor and co ruler to Justinian
Theodora
Long period when Greek Roman Germanic and Christian traditions were blended
Medevial
One of the Germanic tribes that conquered parts of the Roman Empire
Franks
King of the franks, conquered the former Roman province of Gaul
Clovis
Believers in Islam
Muslims
Rallied Frankish warriors when a Muslim army crossed into France
Charles Martel
Christian warriors triumphed. The victory was a sign god was on their side
Battle of Tours
Charles the great. Founder of the empire
Charlemagne
Asked Charlemagne for help against the rebellious nobles in Rome
Pope Leo III
“Second Rome”, where Charlemagne hoped to make his capital
Aachen
Split the empire of Charlemagne into three regions
Treaty of Verdum
Nomadic people that overran Eastern Europe and attacked the Byzantium empire
Magyars
Most destructive raiders
Vikings
Set up a short-lived Viking colony on the continent of North America
Leif Erickson
Became the basis for the political and economic system that governed life in the Middle Ages and beyond
Feudalism
Exchange of pledges, under this system a powerful lord granted his vassal a fief
Feudal Contract
Estate
Fief
Mounted warrior
Knight
Mock battles
Tournaments
Lords homes that were fortified to withstand attack
Castles
Medieval noblewoman who took an active hand in politics. Inherited vast lands in southwestern France
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Code of conduct adopted by knights in the later Middle Ages
Chivalry
Wandering musician poets
Troubadours
Lords estate
Manor
Under this the lord of the manor exercised legal and economic power over the peasants who lived on the estates
Manor system
Peasants bound to the land. Not slaves but not free
Serfs
Sacred rites of the church
Sacraments
Tax paid each year to the church. Tax equal to a tenth of Christian’s income
Tithes
Medieval writer
Geoffrey Chaucer
Larger Churches
Cathedrals
Monk that organized the monastery of Monte Cassino in central Italy
Benedict
Used by montarte rise and convents across Europe
Benedictine rule
Served as abbess heading her own convent. Composed religious music, wrote scholarly books
Hildegard of Bingen
Non religious
Secular
Authority over all secular rulers
Papal supremacy
Body of laws developed by the church
Canon Law
Most severe and terrifying penalty. People cut off from the church and it’s sacraments
Excommunication
An order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial
Interdict
Periods of peace. Demanded that fighting stop between fridays and sundays and on religious holidays
Truce of God
Blending of Jewish and Christian teachings
Judeo -Christian ideas
A former monk, became pope and extended the Cluniac reforms throughout the entire church
Gregory VII
Monks who traveled widely preaching to the poor, especially in Europe’s growing towns
Friars
Wealthy Italian who founded the first order of friars the Franciscans
St Francis of Assisi
Spanish reformer who set up a preaching order of friars to work in the larger world
St Dominic
Worked to teach people about official Christian doctrines so they would not be tempted into heresies
Dominicans
Prejudice against Jews
Anti-Semitism
Practice of lending money at interest
Usury
Schism
Great Divide
East
Byzantine Christian’s
Roman Catholics
West
Byzantine ruler restored the use of these
Icons
Permanent split between eastern and western Christianity
Great Schism
Byzantine Christianchurch became known as this
Eastern Orthodox Church
High ranking clergy
Patriarchs
New way of rotating crops where one field was planted with grain, a second with legumes, like peas and beans and the third they left un planted
Three field system
Kind of crop such as peas and beans
Legumes
Where traders loaded their wares onto pack mules and headed north to Flanders
Venice
Written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town
Charter
Money for investment
Capital
Groups of merchants made these in order to pool their funds to finance a large scale venture that would be too costly as individuals
Partnership
Paid rent for their land
Tenant Farmers
Class between nobles and peasants
Middle class
Associations formed by merchants and artisans
Guilds
Trainee
Apprentice
Salaried workers
Journeymen
A series of wars in which Christian’s battled Muslims for control of land in the Middle East
Crusades
Migrated from Central Asia to middle east where they converted to Islam. They overran most Byzantine lands in Asia Minor and extended their power over the holy land
Seljuks
Area that included Jerusalem and other places where Christian’s believe Jesus had lived and preached
Holy Land
Was asked by Alexius I for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks
Pope Urban II
Where Urban incited bishops and nobles to action
Council of Clermont
Able Muslim leader that took over Jerusalem. He later reopened the holy city to Christian pilgrims
Saladin
Most admires French ruler of this time. Embodied the ideal of the medieval monarch, he was generous noble and devoted to justice and the rules of chivalry
Louis IX
English king, led a crusade that added greatly to his prestige
Richard I
Young Venetian who set out for china with his merchant father and uncle. After staying there he returned and wrote a book about Chinese civilization
Marco Polo
Muslims that carried Islamic civilization to Spain
Moors
Christian’s Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain
Reconquista
Using their combined forces they made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granda
Ferdinand and Isabella
Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Inquisition
