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PSY-160 > Middle Adulthood > Flashcards

Middle Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

What is Primary aging?

A
  • Aging that occurs due to non-controllable factors like biological, molecular, and cellular factors
  • Affects ALL members of a species (even those in good health)
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2
Q

What is Secondary aging?

A

Aging that occurs due to
controllable factors

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3
Q

What happens to hair as we age?

A
  • Melanin & follicle production goes down à gray hair & balding
  • Begins ~30s but can vary based on genes and environment
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4
Q

What happens to skin as we age?

A
  • Loss of fat & muscle tone in the face = visible lines, hollower under eyes, sagging
  • Can be exacerbated due to frequent sun exposure, smoking,
    lack of sleep
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5
Q

What happens to muscle mass as we age?

A
  • Less production of certain hormones PLUS declines in physical activity
  • Can begin as early as age 40 = decreases in quality of life, increases in health care costs
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6
Q

What are some vision changes that happen as we age?

A
  • Presbyopia: loss of elasticity in the lens à harder to focus on nearby objects
  • Floaters: little spots or “hairs” that float around the field of vision
  • Less scotopic sensitivity: ability to see in dim light
  • Dry eye syndrome – most experienced by people over age 50
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7
Q

What are some hearing changes that occur as we age?

A
  • Difficulty hearing high frequency sounds
  • Difficulty understanding speech in noisy
    environments
  • Can be exacerbated by aspects of environment
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8
Q

What are the most common types of cancer?

A

Breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer

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9
Q

What does a buildup of cholesterol lead to?

A

Buildup = atherosclerosis = increased risk of hypertension & heart disease

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10
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol: Waxy, fatty substance carried in the blood = creates hormones and digests fatty foods

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11
Q

What is hypertension and what health risks does it cause?

A

Hypertension is High blood pressure = greater force in flow of blood than is normal
Creates a greater risk of hearth attack, stroke, kidney damage, white matter damage, cognitive problems

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12
Q

Name a few heart defects

A

Heart arrhythmias/murmurs,
narrowed/blocked/stiffened blood vessel, atherosclerosis

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13
Q

Heart disease typically appears in ____.

A

Midlife

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14
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease in which the body is unable to manage or control amount of glucose in the blood because it doesn’t make
enough insulin or use insulin as it should

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15
Q

______ middle age adults have prediabetes, 15% - 30% of then
will dev diabetes

A

1 in 3 middle age adults have prediabetes

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16
Q

What are some risk factors for diabetes?

A

Age, obesity, family history, gestational diabetes, race/ethnicity, physical inactivity, diet

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17
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Inflammatory disease causing pain/swelling/stiffness/loss of function in joints (affects 0.6%
of Americans)

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes?

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational

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19
Q

Which type of diabetes is defined as an autoimmune diesease?

A

Type 1

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20
Q

Which of the following symptoms is/are associated with rheumatoid
arthritis?
* Swollen joints
* Nausea
* Build up of arterial plaque
* Bone erosion

A

Swollen Joints and Bone Erosion

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21
Q

What is the ideal amount of sleep for middle adulthood?

A

7-9 hours (10+ is too much)

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22
Q

In 2013, __% of US adults met the ideal amount of sleep for middle adulthood

A

60%

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23
Q

What are the consequences of sleep deficits?

A

Suppression of immune
responses, obesity, memory impairment,
hypertension, greater risk of cancers and diabetes, more stress hormone

24
Q

Older adults with better _____________ tend
to live longer

A

sleep patterns

25
Q

Only about __% of middle aged adults exercise enough to
achieve health benefits

A

20%

26
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A

Builds muscle, increases metabolism, helps control blood sugar, increases bone density, and
relieves stress

27
Q

How many minutes of moderate-intensive aerobic activity should be done a week?

A

150 minutes

28
Q

How many days a week should muscle strengthening exercises be performed?

A

At least 2 days out of the week

29
Q

True or False? As we move through middle adulthood, we tend to require fewer calories

A

True

30
Q

Is it common to experience weight gain as we age?

A

Yes due to slowing metabolism

31
Q

What are the three things we consume too much of?

A

§ Too much sodium
§ Too much fat
§ Too much added sugar

32
Q

What is Climacteric?

A

A critical period or event that occurs; typically used to define transitions that occur in adulthood such as menopause

33
Q

What is Perimenopause?

A

A period in which women’s ovaries stop
releasing eggs, estrogen & progesterone decreases

34
Q

What is menopause and it’s symptoms?

A

Biological process that marks the end of
women’s’ menstrual cycles (diagnosed after 12 months without menstruation) Symptoms include: Difficulty falling asleep, Hot flashes, Decreases in vaginal lubrication and thinning of vaginal wall, Mood swings* (more common among women who have prior histories)

35
Q

What are the different cultural perceptions of menopause dicussed in lecture?

A
  • Negative = menopause marks a loss
  • Positive = menopause marks a gain
  • Ambivalent = it is what it is
36
Q

Are experiences and expectations of menopause affected by culture?

A

Yes they can be affected by cultural norms,
values, and traditions about gender roles,
aging, etc

37
Q

Are male climacteric experience varied or universal?

A

Varied

38
Q

What is Late-onset hypogonadism? What are the health consequences of it?

A

Characterized by low testosterone due to impaired endocrine capacity of the testes and pituitary = loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, loss of muscle mass, increased body fat, anemia, osteoporosis, depressed mood, decreased vitality, fatigue, sweating, and hot flashes

39
Q

ED affects ~__% of men ages 40 – 70 but is not due to primary
aging

A

50%

40
Q

True or False. Old adults use more of their brain then young adults

A

True

41
Q

White matter continues to increase until around
age __ (then begins to decline)

A

50 years old

42
Q

Middle aged adults tend to focus more on the ______ information than ______ information

A

Positive information than negative information

43
Q

True or False? Middle-aged brain tends to be erratic, less capable of managing emotions, and less able to negotiate social situations

A

False, Middle-aged brain tends to be calmer, more
capable of managing emotions, and better
able to negotiate social situations

44
Q

Despite some declines in speed of information processing, working memory, and long
term episodic memory, middle adults are able to
maintain knowledge of what?

A

The world and vocabulary

45
Q

How long has the Seattle Longitudinal Study been around?

A

68 years, began in 1956

46
Q

What is the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

A

A study that tracks cognitive abilities of adults by testing them every 7 years.

47
Q

What is fluid intelliegence?

A

Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities quickly & abstractly

48
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Accumulated knowledge of the world that we’ve gathered throughout our lives?

49
Q

When does fluid intelligence peak? When does crystallized intelligence peak?

A

Fluid intelligence peaks in Mid-30s while crystallized intelligence continues until death

50
Q

What factors play a role in cognitive development in adulthood?

A

Influenced by genes, culture, social contexts, personal choices, and age

51
Q

How do we form identities?

A

Through personal schemas

52
Q

What is identity assimilation?

A

Identity assimilation: interpret experiences in terms of existing self-
schemas, used to maintain consistency in face of discrepant information (Ignores information to suggest things are not as we think they are. May prevent compensation for aging due to denial of changes)

53
Q

What is identity accommodation?

A

Identity accommodation: changing oneself in response to experiences (Easily influenced & shaped by new experiences due to
unstable/incoherent sense of self consistency.
Overreliance on accommodation à self-doubt and low self-esteem)

54
Q

What is identity balance?

A

Identity balance: balance between the two processes = most adaptive for aging (Able to make changes when challenged, but still maintain a consistent
sense of self)

55
Q

What is the Public Self-consciousness? What are the negative consequences of it?

A

Public self consciousness: dispositional tendency to be aware of the self as viewed by others
Consequences: tend to score high on measures of depression, neuroticism,
social anxiety, and score lower on measures of self-esteem

56
Q

What is private self-consciousness? What are the negative consequences of it?

A

Private self consciousness: tendency to direct attentional resources inwardly (to introspect and examine one’s inner self and feelings)
Consequences: tend to score high on measures of psychological distress and psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, rumination, and alcohol dependence

57
Q
A

PSY-160 (4 decks)

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