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PSY-160 > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Leading cause of death in adolescents? (15-19)

A

Unintentional Injuries

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2
Q

In what direction does brain develope?

A

Back to front

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3
Q

Which hormones surge during adolescence?

A

Oxytocin and dopamine

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4
Q

Does the brain grow during adolescence?

A

No, but parts of the brain changes throughout adolescence

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5
Q

Neurological changes in puberty?

A

Influx of hormones, increased interconnections/strengthening of neurons, synaptic pruning, development of limbic system, and continued myelination (which increases white matter)

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6
Q

How much sleep do adolescences need?

A

8-10 hours

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7
Q

How much sleep do adolescences get on average?

A

Less than 7 hours on weekdays and less than 8 hours on weekends

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8
Q

What are the three causes of sleep deprivation in adolescences? (according to lecture)

A

Changes in circadian rhythm, screen time, and extracurriculars

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9
Q

What are the four reasons for change in the circadian rhythm of adolescents?

A

Phase delay, later release of melatonin, body has higher tolerance for amount of time spent awake, and school times

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10
Q

Short term consequences of sleep deprivation in adolescents?

A

Poor performance of cognitive skills, emotional regulation, academic performance, social interactions, emotions recognition; as well as increased anxiety and negative affect

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11
Q

What are the long term consequences of sleep deprivation in adolescence?

A

Prefrontal cortex development is senstive to sleep deprivation.

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12
Q

Does sleep consistency play a role in adolescence development?

A

Yes, kids with varied hours of sleep had less development of white matter than kids with consistent hours of sleep

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13
Q

What advice does Glavan give to increase sleep quality?

A

Better bedding and a good pillow

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14
Q

At what ages does puberty begin? Average age for boys and girls?

A

Begins between 8-14. Boys average: 12.
Girls Average: 10.

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15
Q

How long does it take for puberty to complete?

A

4 years

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16
Q

Recent data suggests puberty is starting later or earlier? Why?

A

Puberty is starting earlier because of:
Better nutrition/ health
Obesity
Chemicals
Life style and stress
(All factors but none clear yet)

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17
Q

What is the usual amount of height and weight gained during puberty?

A

10-11 inches and 50-75 pounds

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18
Q

What type of growth do adolescents experience?

A

Distalproximal growth to the center of the body. (from extremities inwards)
[hands-arms torso] [ears, nose, lips then head]

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19
Q

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Primary: changes in reproductive organs.
Secondary: visible/ physical changes; not directly linked to reproduction but signals sexual maturity.

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20
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics in Boys and Girls

A

Boys: Growth in testes, penis, and scrotum. Spermarche (first ejaculation of semen)[11-15 yrs]
Girls: Growth in uterus and menarche (first menstrual period)

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21
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in boys and girls

A

Boys: Broader shoulders, deeper voice, coarser and darker hair, and growth of hair in different areas.
Girls: Growth in breast tissue, broadening of hips, coarser and darker hair, and growth of hair in different areas.

22
Q

What stage of Piaget’s theory do adolescents experience?

A

Formal Operational Stage (ages 11+)

23
Q

Characteristics Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

A

Better understanding of abstract principles, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, ability to understand transitivity, and relativistic thinking

24
Q

What are two primary cognitive distortions experienced in adolescence?

A

Personal fable and imaginary audience

25
Q

What are the consequences of the mismatch between dopamine and oxytocin (sensation seeking and lack of control) in adolescence?

A

Sensitivity to social rewards, Risky choices,
Peer pressure, Heightened emotional reactivity/ impulsivity,
Difficulty making decisions

26
Q

What are the benefits of the mismatch between dopamine and oxytocin (sensation seeking and lack of control) in adolescence?

A

Novelty seeking & risk taking = positive outcomes and
Seeking out novel people or situations to get different experiences can be adaptive

27
Q

What do adolescence experience in regards to social rewards?

A

Adolescence become more sensitive to social rewards which leads them to value peer’s opinions over family’s and tie self esteem to peer acceptance.

28
Q

Peer pressure increases [BLANK] among adolescents but not adults

A

Risk-taking

29
Q

What is Sensation Seeking?

A

Tendency to seek out varied,
complex, and intense sensations and
experiences (plus the willingness to take risks to
achieve them)

30
Q

What is Risk Taking Behavior?

A

A pattern of unnecessarily
engaging in activities or behaviors that are
dangerous or highly subject to chance

31
Q

What patterns are seen in adolescence who drink?

A

§ Pattern of drinking that elevates BAC to
0.08% or higher
§ In 2 hr timespan: 4+ drinks for women, 5+
for men*
§ In youth, # of drinks is even less (3 for kids,
3 – 4 for boys)

32
Q

What are the effects of earlier alcohol consumption?

A
  • Reductions in the size of the frontal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, and corpus
    callosum
  • Weakens connections between brain areas that regulate emotional and
    cognitive functioning
  • Increased risk of alcohol use disorder
  • Social and behavioral consequences
  • Risk of accident & injury
  • Impact on future opportunities
  • Long term physical health
33
Q

Has underage drinking increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

34
Q

What is storm & stress?

A

The idea that adolescence is
characterized by intense and frequent negative
affect during this period. (suggests turmoil and stress is common at this stage and to be expected)

35
Q

Under the idea of Storm and Stress, why might adolescence be a time of turmoil?

A

Increased contact with situations that may bring about turmoil

36
Q

What is Emotional Granularity?

A

The degree of ability to conceptually distinguish
among similarly valenced discrete emotions (EX: identifying a color as red instead of maroon, cherry, scarlet, etc)

37
Q

What are the benefits of having more emotional granularity?

A

Positive psychological adjustment, wider ER repertoires, less experience of psychopathology & better outcomes following psychotherapy, less aggression in response to anger, and more

38
Q

Is emotional granularity high or low in adolescence?

A

Low

39
Q

What are some coping strategies used by adolescents?

A
  • Substance use
  • Social withdrawal
  • Self-injurious behavior
  • Food restriction or overconsumption
  • Sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia)
  • Aggression
  • Social media
  • Social support
  • Rumination
  • Co-rumination
40
Q

What is the most common regulation strategy used by adolscents?

A

Acceptance

41
Q

According to a study, 86.5% of adolescence use how many coping strategies to regulate negative emotions?

A

One strategy

42
Q

The emotional regulation strategy of rumination & social support is positively correlated with [BLANK] symptoms

A

Depressive symptoms

43
Q

What are some factors that determine wether adolescents will use effective emotional management strategies ?

A
  • The intensity of the emotion
  • What ER strategies they know
  • Contextual factors (stress, build up, )
44
Q

According to Erikson, what stage do adolescents experience?

A

Identity Vs. Role Confusion
§ Identity: fundamental organizing principal which develops constantly throughout the lifespan
§ Role confusion (AKA identity diffusion): lack of clarify & consistency in one’s sense of self

45
Q

What happens when an adolescent forms a coherent identity?

A

Commitment, self-confidence, independence, fidelity, better relationships

46
Q

What happens when an adolescent experiences role confusion?

A

May struggle to make decisions, feel anxiety,
aimlessness, alienation

47
Q

What are the four statuses of identity according to Marcia?

A

Identity diffusion, Identity foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, and Identity Achievement

48
Q

What is Identity diffusion?

A

Have neither explored options nor made a commitment
(Tend to drift aimlessly with little connection to those around them or little sense of
purpose in life)

49
Q

What is Identity Foreclosure?

A

Have made a commitment without exploring the options available (Often when unable to make own choices)

50
Q

What is Identity Moratorium?

A

Those who are actively exploring to try to establish identity, but haven’t committed yet
(Can be fun/interesting but also stressful)

51
Q

What is Identity Achievement?

A

Those who have made a
commitment after exploration (Most ppl don’t achieve this by end of adolescence)

PSY-160 (4 decks)

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