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Psyco 223 > Middle Adulthood > Flashcards

Middle Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Aging

A

Aging that occurs due to biological factors

Molecular/Cellular changes

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2
Q

Secondary aging

A

Aging that occurs due to controllable factors

Unhealthy lifestyle, less physically active, stress

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3
Q

Is aging more stressful for men or women?

A

Women

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4
Q

Hair changes

A

Less melanin causing grey hair

Hair losss

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5
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Loss of muscle mass and strength
Especially in the back and legs
Leads to frailty

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6
Q

Lung functioning in aging

A

thinning of bones in the ribcage

reduced lung capacity

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7
Q

Skin changes

A

Wrinkles, lose fat in the face
Loss of muscle tone in the face
Dark spots from sun exposure

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8
Q

Muscle:fat ratio in aging

A

Accumulation of fat in stomach area

More fat, less muscle

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9
Q

Height and weight in aging

A

Lose height

Gain weight

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10
Q

Presbyopia

A

Loss of elasticity in the lens

Hard time reading small print

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11
Q

Floaters (vision)

A

Spots that float around the visual field

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12
Q

Scotopic sensitivity

A

Declines in middle adulthood

Less ability to see in dimmer light

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13
Q

Poorer night vision in middle adulthood is caused by____

A

The pupil losing ability to accomodate

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14
Q

Light sensitivity in middle adulthood

A

More sensitive to light

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15
Q

Dry Eye Syndrome

A

Does not produce tears properly

More often in women

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16
Q

Hearing Changes

A

Problems understanding speech in loud environments

Lose ability to hear high frequencies

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17
Q

Sleep

A

Require at least 7 hours of sleep per night

Lack in sleep can increase stress, raised cortisol levels

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18
Q

Less deep sleep in middle adulthood

A

Contributes to less growth hormone being released: physical decline

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19
Q

Why is weight gain common in middle age?

A

Diets often haven’t changed but metabolism has slowed

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20
Q

Brain development in middle adulthood

A

Maintains many abilities of early adults, gains new ones
Plasticity
White matter continues to increase
Better management of emotions

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21
Q

Climacteric

A

Midlife transition when fertility declines

Biologically based but impacted by the environment

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22
Q

Age-related changes affecting sexual functioning in women

A

Decreased desire, pain, less lubrication

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23
Q

Age-related changes affecting sexual functioning in men

A

Need more direct stimulation, erectile dysfunction

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24
Q

Menopause

A

12 months without menstruation

Average age is 51 but large variation

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25
Q

Perimenopause

A

Period of transition, ovaries stop releasing ova and hormone production decreases
2-8 years before menopause

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26
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Inability to achieve an erection or inconsistent ability to achieve an erection
Primarily medical, some psychological factors
Increases with age

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27
Q

Testosterone levels in middle age

A

Decline especially after 50s
Slow decline unlike in women
Lower sex drive

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28
Q

Heart failure

A

Heart can’t pump enough blood

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29
Q

Heart attack

A

Blood clot blocks flow to heart

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30
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Narrowed, blocked, or stiffened blood vessels

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31
Q

Sudden Cardiac Arrest

A

Unexpected loss of heart functioning, breathing, and consciousness

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32
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

Blood flows with greater force, strains the heart

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33
Q

Cancer

A 
#2 cause of death 
Collection of diseases in which the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues
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34
Q

Diabetes

A

Disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose in the blood
Does not make enough insulin or use insulin properly

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35
Q

Insulin

A

Type of hormone that helps glucose in the blood enter cells to give them energy

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36
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Inflammatory disease that causes pain, swelling, stiffness, loss of function in joints
Immune system attacks the membrane lining the joints
Begins middle age, increases in frequency with age

37
Q

Heartburn

A

Stomach acid backing up into esophagus
Acid indigestion
If prolonged can lead to more serious complications

38
Q

Gallstones

A

Hard particles that develop in the gallbladder

Take years to develop

39
Q

Stress

A

Pattern of responses after an organism perceives a threatening event that disturbs homeostasis and taxes abilities to cope

40
Q

What is the most important psychological predictor of illness

A

Stress

41
Q

Stressor

A

A stimulus with the effect of stress on the body

42
Q

Type A behaviour

A

Competitive, impatient, hostile

More related to experience of stress, higher risk of heart disease

43
Q

Type B behaviour

A

Easygoing and relaxed

Less stress

44
Q

Problem-focused coping (stress)

A

Actively addressing the stressful event in an effort to solve the problem

45
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Regulates the emotions that come with stress

46
Q

Social integration

A

Concept used to describe the number of social roles an individual has
importance of social relationships for health

47
Q

Which strategy for coping with stress has the greatest impact on mental wellness

A

Problem-focused coping

48
Q

Which strategy for coping with stress is best when events are uncontrollable

A

Emotion-focused coping

49
Q

study examining association between financial hardship, relationship confidence, physical health

A

Indirect link between financial hardship and physical health through relationship confidence
Greater social support can buffer the negative effects of stress on physical health

50
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired throughout life

Increases with age

51
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing actives quickly and abstractly
Decreases with age, poorer working memory

52
Q

Flow

A

The mental state of being completely present and fully absorbed in a task
Blocking out distractions
Associated with intellectual satisfaction and intrinsic rewards

53
Q

Tacit Knowledge

A

Knowledge that is practical and learned through experience rather than explicitly taught
Increases with age
Can’t be written down

54
Q

Expertise

A

Specialized skills and knowledge that pertain to a particular topic of activity
Task-specific
Long process

55
Q

Expert thought characteristics- Intuitive

A

Call upon vast amount of information

Not following steps or rules

56
Q

Expert thought characteristics-Automatic

A

Routine and instinctive

Process information faster

57
Q

Expert thought characteristics- Strategic

A

More effective strategies

Better hypotheses

58
Q

Expert thought characteristics-Flexible

A

More curious and enjoy challenge

59
Q

Sandwich generation

A

Adults who have at least one parent 65+ and are raising/supporting grown children
Supporting their parents and children
Greater financial strain

60
Q

Kinkeeper

A

Person(s) who keep the family connected and promote solidarity and continuity in the family
Tends to be women

61
Q

Empty nest

A

Time period when children are grown and have left home

62
Q

Role loss hypothesis of empty nesters

A

Lose an important role (parent) and experience a decrease in emotional well-being

63
Q

Role stress relief hypothesis of empty nesters

A

The responsibility of raising children is lifted, experience greater satisfaction

64
Q

Boomerang Kids

A

Grown children who return home after having lived independently
Financial reasons, mental health/emotional reasons

65
Q

Return to education in middle adulthood

A

Rate of older individuals entering college rising faster

Developing skills and expertise to launch a 2nd career or a new direction in career

66
Q

Differences in learning approaches in middle adulthood compared to young-adults

A

Greater use of higher order skills- strategies to enhance memory
Take longer to learn but less likely to forget
More task oriented

67
Q

Work in middle adulthood

A

Job satisfaction tends to peak: higher wages, greater involvement in decisions, more goals

68
Q

Job burnout

A

Unsuccessfully managed work place stress

Energy depletion, mental distance from job, job negativism, reduced efficacy

69
Q

Leisure

A

Time off work and duties
Important aspect of middle adulthood
Most common in television
Reduces job stress, improves mental health, improves productivity

70
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Generativity: desires to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
Stagnation: not being active in generative matters, not feeling needed or challenged
Particularly demanding stage

71
Q

4 types of generativity

A

Biological: Birth to a child
Parental: nurturance and guidance to children
Work: developing skills and passing down to others
Cultural: creating or conserving culture

72
Q

Most common relationship status for middle-age

A

Marriage

73
Q

Graying of divorce

A

Greater divorce in later marriage more recently

Less stigma to divorce, women are more financially independent, increase in lifespan

74
Q

Dating after divorce

A

Most have dated 1 year after divorce

Rate of remarriage declining

75
Q

Remote grandparents

A

Rarely see grandchildren

Contact on special occasions

76
Q

Companionate grandparents

A

Do things with grandchildren but have little authority over them

77
Q

Involved grandparents

A

Active role in grandchildren’s’ lives

Frequent contact and authority

78
Q

Friendships in middle adulthood

A

Contribute to life satisfaction and well-being
Shared consumption of alcohol in male friendships
Friendships in the workplace leads to higher job satisfaction

79
Q

Midlife crisis: previous beliefs

A

Believed that many individuals experience a midlife crisis

Re-evaluating previous commitments, dramatic changes, suspended between past and future

80
Q

Midlife crisis: today’s beliefs

A

Most research suggests most individuals do not experience a midlife crisis
Large individual variation in experiences

81
Q

4 main needs for meaning

A

Need for purpose
Need for values
Need for a sense of self-efficacy
Need for self-worth

82
Q

Need for purpose

A

Having goals and fulfillments

83
Q

Need for values

A

Deciding whether certain acts are right or wrong

84
Q

Need for a sense of self-efficacy

A

Belief that one can make a difference

85
Q

Need for self-worth

A

Thought of feeling good and worthy

Individually or collectively

86
Q

Religion and spirituality in adulthood

A

Many adults identify religion and spirituality as being important in their lives
Assists in coping with age-related losses and stress, social support, leading better lifestyles

87
Q

Religiosity

A

Engaging with a formal religious group’s doctrines, values, traditions, and co-members

88
Q

Spirituality

A

Individual’s intrapsychic sense of connection with something
Feelings of gratitude and compassion
Relationship to psychological well-being

Psyco 223 (3 decks)

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