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Psyco 223 > Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

Graying of the world

A

65+ is the fastest growing generation, significant impacts on society

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2
Q

Lifespan

A

Greatest age reached by any member of a given population

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3
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average number of years that members of a population live

Females tend to live longer

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4
Q

Healthy life expectancy

A

Average number of years of full health any human individual is expected to have

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5
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy- Gene expression

A

Differences in sex chromosomes

Females can express the “better” x genes

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6
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy-Immune system

A

Male’s immunity decreases faster with age

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7
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy-Hormones

A

Estrogen has a protective effect on circulatory systems

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8
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy-Brain development

A

Frontal lobes develop slower in males, worse decision making when they are young

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9
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy-Workplace

A

Men more often work in dangerous occupations

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10
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy-Health behaviour

A

Men are less likely to have health insurance, less likely to see a doctor

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11
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy-Religiosity

A

Women tend to be more religious, associated with healthier behaviours

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12
Q

Young-old

A

65-74 years
Positive life aspects, “golden years:
Similar to midlife for cognition

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13
Q

Old-old

A

75-84 years
More physical impairments
Chronic diseases increase

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14
Q

Oldest-old

A

85-99 years

Serious chronic ailments common

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15
Q

Centenarian

A

100+ years
Tend to have been healthier than peers as they aged
More likely to experience rapid terminal decline

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16
Q

Programmed theories of aging

A

Aging due to a biological timetable, changes in gene expression

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17
Q

Damage/Error theories of aging

A

Environmental factors cause cumulative damage

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18
Q

Gene theory of aging

A

Some genes may promote longevity while other limit longevity

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19
Q

DNA theory of aging

A

DNA may accumulate damage over time

Can’t be repaired, causes cells to deteriorate

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20
Q

Cellular clock theory of aging

A

Biological aging is due to the fact that normal cells cannot divide indefinitely

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21
Q

Telomere

A

Sequence of DNA that protects the rest of the chromosome

Gets shorter with each replication

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22
Q

Cellular Senescence- cellular clock theory

A

DNA stops replicating, turns itself off

Is not dead, can still interact with other cells which causes a risk for diseases

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23
Q

Apoptosis- cellular clock theory

A

Cells stop replicating by dying

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24
Q

Division- cellular clock theory

A

Cells continue to divide but become abnormal (cancer)

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25
Q

Free-radical theory of aging

A

Aging occurs due to cells’ normal metabolism producing free radicals- unstable oxygen molecules
Creates instability and has a snowball effect on the body

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26
Q

Mitochondrial theory of aging

A

Aging due to the decay of the mitochondria
Decay due to the damage and loss of micronutrients
Damage caused by free radicals

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27
Q

Metabolic stress theory of aging

A

Metabolic stress may create biological stress which influence the innate and adaptive immune systems
More susceptible to disease

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28
Q

Hormonal stress theory of aging

A

Aging in the body’s hormone system may lower resistance to stress, increase likelihood of disease
Cortisol levels elevated for longer

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29
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

Integrity: finding meaning in life, accepting accomplishments and shortcomings
Despair: bitterness and resentment in relationships and life events
Successful completion leads to wisdom

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30
Q

Differentiation vs role occupation

A

Redefine worth in terms of something other than work roles

Pursue other valued activities

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31
Q

Body transcendence vs body preoccupation

A

Coping with declining physical health which is a threat to identity and satisfaction

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32
Q

Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation

A

Recognizing that death is inevitable while still realizing contributions to the future

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33
Q

3 Criteria of successful aging

A

Relative avoidance of disease, disability, risk factors
Maintenance of physical and cognitive functioning
Active engagement in productive activities

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34
Q

Selective optimization with compensation theory

A

Successful aging linked with selection (selecting domains to perform), optimization (maintaining performance in these areas through practice), and compensation (finding alternatives when tasks require functioning above their performance potential)

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35
Q

Changes in weight

A

Men gain weight until age 55 then lose weight

Women gain weight until 65 then lose weight

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36
Q

Cataracts

A

Clouding of lens due to clumping of proteins

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37
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Loss of clarity in centre visual field due to degeneration of the macula

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38
Q

Dry macular degeneration

A

Tiny pieces of protein form beneath the retina

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39
Q

Wet macular degeneration

A

Abnormal development of blood vessels, more rapid loss of vision

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40
Q

Glaucoma

A

Loss of peripheral vision due to a build up of fluid damaging the optic nerve
Can lose sight in advanced stages

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41
Q

Hearing loss

A

Less frequencies detected
Greater intensity needed
Degeneration of cochlea
Function of inner ear declines

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42
Q

Pain sensations

A

Presence of pain increases with age, but less sensitive to pain
Decreased sensitivity can conceal illness/injury
Coping effectively with pain is important

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43
Q

Brain development in late adulthood

A

Weight and volume decrease but neurons can continue to form
Less myelin- slower conduction
Decreases in lateralization- use both hemispheres, compensatory

44
Q

Scaffolding theory of aging and cognition

A

Brain adapts to neural atrophy by building alternative connections
Plasticity

45
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Characterized by motor tremors, loss of balance, rigidity, difficulty moving
Deterioration of substantial nigra, loss of dopamine
Risk factor for developing it is being knocked unconscious

46
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

47
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Pauses in breathing during sleep

Reduced oxygen

48
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

Tingling, crawling feeling in legs that is worse at night

49
Q

Period limb movement disorder

A

Jerking and kicking legs during sleep

50
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder

A

Muscles able to move during REM sleep, acting out dreams

51
Q

Sexuality in late adulthood

A

Many find greater satisfaction in sex lives: women have less sexual concerns, fewer distractions, no risk of pregnancy
Chronic illnesses can affect sexual functioning especially in men

52
Q

Chronic illnesses

A

Illnesses that are ongoing, usually incurable, require continued medical attention, affect daily life
Increase with age due to the decline of multiple organ systems

53
Q

Importance of exercise and nutrition for health

A

Minimize physiological changes
Optimize body composition
Prevention of chronic diseases
Improvement of treatment efficacy

54
Q

Most common causes of disability in late adulthood

A

Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions

55
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease that thins and weakens bones to the point that they become fragile and break easily
Common hip, spine, wrist fractures
Hunched posture

56
Q

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Progressive lung disease in which airways become damages which makes it difficult to breath
More common in women- smaller lungs, estrogen
No cure
Smoking is the leading cause

57
Q

Shingles

A

Disease that affects your nerves and results in pain, sensitivity, and a rash
Same virus as chicken pox

58
Q

Post-herpetic neuralgia

A

Ongoing pain left after the rash from shingles subsides
Greater risk with age
Medicine to help with pain then usually goes away

59
Q

3 major systems of working memory

A

Phonological loop: auditory stimuli
Visuospatial sketchpad: visual stimuli
Central executive: allocating resources and monitoring cognitive strategies, most negatively impacted by age

60
Q

Episodic vs semantic memory in aging

A

Episodic memory shows greater declines: need to remember 2 types of information (the event and the time)

61
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering things you need to do in the future

Good in old-age if they have little to do in the meantime

62
Q

Time-based prospective memory

A

Remember to do something at a future time

Shows more age-related decline

63
Q

Event-based prospective memory

A

Remember to do something when an event occurs

64
Q

Processing theory of attention/problem solving

A

As the nervous system slows with age the ability to process information declines
When speed is not imperative older adults perform well

65
Q

Inhibition theory of attention/problem solving

A

Older adults have difficulty with inhibitory functioning (ability to focus on certain info)

66
Q

Pragmatics of intelligence

A

Cultural exposure to facts and procedures, similar to crystallized intelligence
Improvement can be seen into old age

67
Q

Mechanics of intelligence

A

Intelligence dependent on brain functioning, similar to fluid intelligence
Declines with old age, strong influence of biology

68
Q

Wisdom

A

Ability to use the accumulated knowledge about practical matters that allows for sound judgement and decision making
Age combined with experience and personality (living longer does not always bring wisdom)

69
Q

Major neurocognitive disorder

A

Significant cognitive decline, interferes with independent functioning

70
Q

Minor neurocognitive disorder

A

Modest cognitive decline, does not interfere with independent functioning

71
Q

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

A

Blockage of cerebral blood vessels
Personality is less affected
But very abrupt and shorter course to death

72
Q

Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies

A

Lewy bodies form in neurons and affect chemicals in the brain
Difficulties in thinking, movement, behaviour, mood

73
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Most common neurocognitive disorder

Gradual onset, hippocampus usually first affected (memory loss)

74
Q

Causes of Alzheimer’s

A

Death of neurons
Breakdown of connections between neurons
Extensive formations of plaques and tau

75
Q

Alzheimer’s- Plaques

A

Abnormal formations of protein pieces, occurs first
Blocks cell communication
Inflammatory response in immune system

76
Q

Alzheimer’s tau

A

Caused by failing immune system from plaques

Protein that helps maintain the brain’s transport system forms tangles, disrupts the transport system

77
Q

Retirement

A

A process, not a one-time event

More older adults are working, economic reasons

78
Q

Remote pre-retirement

A

Fantasize about what they want to do in retirement

79
Q

Immediate pre-retirement

A

Plans for retirement are established

80
Q

Honeymoon retirement

A

Travelling, participating in lots of activites

81
Q

Disenchantment stage of retirement

A

Experience emotional letdown of retirement

82
Q

Reorientation stage of retirement

A

Attempt to adjust to retirement

Form a regular routine

83
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice based on age, negative stereotypes

84
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy of ageism

A

Belief in one’s ability results in actions that make the beliefs come true
Believing a stereotype, making it come true

85
Q

Stereotype threat of ageism

A

Stereotypes impair performance because individuals worry that they will confirm stereotypes

86
Q

Consequences of attributing health problems to age

A

Higher death rate, partake in less preventative measures

87
Q

Living arrangements in late adulthood

A

Number living alone has declined
Women more likely to live with family
Men more likely to live alone

88
Q

Physical elder abuse

A

Physical abuse resulting in injury, pain, impairment

89
Q

Sexual elder abuse

A

Nonconsensual sexual contact

90
Q

Psychological and emotional elder abuse

A

Most common
Infliction of distress through verbal or nonverbal acts
Can be internalized

91
Q

Financial abuse and exploitation of elders

A

2nd most common

Improper use of an elder’s finances, property, assets

92
Q

Neglect and abandonment of elders

A

Intentional or unintentional refusal or failure to fulfill caregiving duties

93
Q

Greatest risk factor for elder abuse

A

Cognitive impairment

94
Q

Substance abuse in late adulthood

A

Have become a serious health concern, especially prescription drugs
Interactions of medications and alcohol

95
Q

Risk factors of substance abuse in late adulthood

A

Social isolation, leads to depression

Medical conditions

96
Q

Why is diagnosing older adults with substance use disorder difficult?

A

Older adults are not looking for a high, usually become dependent by accident
Misdiagnosis of cognitive impairment
Stigma and shame about use so they don’t seek help

97
Q

Generativity in late adulthood

A

Many older adults spend time volunteering

Active as grandparents/great-grandparents

98
Q

Benefits of volunteering in late adulthood

A

Helps with generativity

Tend to be healthier and greater overall well-being

99
Q

Social networks in late adulthood

A

Less close relationships decrease

Close relationships stay stable

100
Q

Convoy model of social relations

A

Social connections that individuals accumulate differ in levels of closeness and are held together by exchanges of social support
Coworkers, acquaintances are in the periphery and less stable

101
Q

Socioemotional selective theory

A

Changes in motivation for actively seeking social contact with others
Focus more on emotional aspects of relationships
Restrict social life to prioritize emotionally close relationships

102
Q

Loneliness

A

Discrepancy between the social contact an individual has and the contacts an individual wants
Being alone does not always result in loneliness

103
Q

Consequences of loneliness for older adults

A

Increase in dementia, stroke, heart disease
Increased stress, anxiety
Less healthy behaviours

104
Q

Widowhood

A

Loneliness is the biggest challenge, support from children is important
Health risks

105
Q

Widowhood mortality effect

A

Higher risk of death after death of a spouse

Psyco 223 (3 decks)

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