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Neurobiology > Midbrain + Diencephalon > Flashcards

Midbrain + Diencephalon Flashcards

0
Q

Basal plates develop into what in the adult midbrain?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Occulomotor nucleus

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1
Q

The red nucleus and substantia nigra descend from what in development?

A

Alar plates

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2
Q

What are the 3 segment of the midbrain?

A

Tectum
Tegmentum
Basis pedunculi

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3
Q

What is the basis pedunculi? What does it contain?

A

Anterolateral section of midbrain, Cerebellar peduncle

Substantia nigra and crus cerebri

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4
Q

What is the crus cerebri?

A

Descending motor efferent pathways

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5
Q

The rostral limit of midbrain on ventral surface is?

The caudal limit on ventral surface is?

A

Exit of crura cerebri and (caudal limit of) mammillary bodies

Where crus cerebri enter pons

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6
Q

Dorsal surface limits of midbrain?

A

Rostral: rostral limit of superior colliculi

Caudal: caudal limit of inferior colliculi

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7
Q

What is the role of the SUPERIOR colliculi?

A

Receives visual, auditorium and somatosensory input

Produces motor response to direct head and eyes towards stimulus.
- (Projects to colliculospinal tract to cervical SC to control neck muscles)

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8
Q

What is the role of inferior colliculus?

A

Receives auditory input from hindbrain

Sends auditory info to superior colliculus and thalamus

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9
Q

What is the role of the red nucleus?

A 
Motor nucleus, associated with cerebellum 
Parvocellular and magnocellular output
Important in development 
Corticospinal more important in adults 
 ( also has high iron content = red)
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10
Q

What is the role of the midbrain locomotor area?

A

Stimulates pattern generator to unite locomotion

Regulates pattern an speed of movement

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11
Q

What is the role of the Periaqueductal grey?

A

Descending pain modulation

Contains opioid neurones

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12
Q

What do the somatic motor and visceral motor components of the Occulomotor nerve innervate?

A

Somatic - extraocular muscles

Visceral - sphincter and ciliary muscles (pupil constriction: parasympathetic)

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13
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculus gives VESTIBULAR input to which nerves?

A

III, IV and VI

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14
Q

Which is the only cranial nerve to exit from dorsal surface?

A

Trochlear (IV)

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15
Q

Which nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle?

A

Abducens (VI)

16
Q

Where is the abducens nucleus located?

A

Hindbrain

17
Q

Which nerve has a crossed pathway and innervates the superior oblique muscle?

A

Trochlear

18
Q

Describe the response of visceral motor nerve III

A

Bilateral response:

Direct light reflex in IPSILATETAL eye

Consensual reflex in CONTRALATERAL eye

(Pupil constriction - parasympathetic)

19
Q

Where does the substantia nigra (SNC) project to?

A

Striatum

20
Q

Where does the ventral tegmental area project to?

What are these pathways and what are they involved in?

A

1) ventral striatum - mesolimbic pathway - reward + addiction
2) frontal cortex - mesocortical pathway - memory + arousal

21
Q

What type of neurones are VTA projections?

A

Dopaminergic

22
Q

What disorder is caused by loss of dopaminergic pathways from VTA to frontal cortex?

A

Schizophrenia

23
Q

What disorder is caused by loss of dopaminergic pathway from SNC to striatum?

A

Parkinson’s

24
Q

What disorders are caused by loss of dopaminergic pathway from VTA to ventral striatum?

A

Drug addiction
OCD
ADHD

25
Q

What the 3 main components of the diencephalalon?

A

Thalamus
hypothalamus
Epithalamus

26
Q

What is the role of the EPITHALAMUS?

A

Connects limbic system to other brain areas
Contains pineal gland –> melatonin - circadian rhythms

(Also contains habenula)

27
Q

Another structure in the diencephalic is the reticular nucleus. What is it’s role?

A

GABAergic input to thalamus

Brain wave activity

28
Q

What are the functions of the MEDIAL hypothalamus?

A
  • Autonomic
  • Endocrine
  • Homeostasis
  • Survival behaviours (reproduction, feeding, defence etc)
29
Q

What are the functions of the LATERAL hypothalamus?

A

Sleep and wakefulness

30
Q

Is there a neural connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary or posterior pituitary?

A

Posterior

31
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus produces oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular

32
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus produces vasopressin?

A

Supraoptic

33
Q

What causes Benedikt’s sydrome? What does it cause?

A

Damage to tegmentum - Occulomotor nucleus and red nucleus

–> inappropriate eye movement and Cerebellar ataxia

Neurobiology (9 decks)

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